essay on freedom movement in india

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Indian Freedom Fighter Struggle Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

India is a democratic and liberal country. Citizens are expected to uphold their fundamental rights and perform their essential responsibilities. However, this country was not always like this. It was ruled by the Britishers for more than 200 years. India is a free country today because of the countless sacrifices made by the freedom fighters. It was because of their struggle, hard work and determination which made the Britishers leave India. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Indian Freedom Struggle’.

100 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

We know a lot about India's freedom struggle through books and movies. It's important to recognize the hard work and dedication that gave way to earning India's freedom. For hundreds of years, India and its men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers. Before that, India was divided into many princely states. Following the arrival of the Britishers, every Indian citizen, irrespective of class, caste and religion, came together to fight against the oppression. Freedom fighters such as Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai, Mahatma Gandhi were some of the leaders who fought on the front lines. After years of struggle, India finally became independent on 15 August 1947.

200 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and arduous journey that lasted for nearly 2 centuries. It was a movement that brought together people from all walks of life, united in their desire for freedom from British colonial rule. The struggle for independence was a defining moment in India's history and had a profound impact on shaping the country's political and social landscape.

Causes Of Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was driven by a number of factors, including economic exploitation, political repression, and cultural oppression. The British East India Company, which controlled India's economy, had a monopoly on trade and imposed high taxes on Indian farmers and merchants, leading to widespread poverty and economic hardship.

In addition, British colonial rule was characterized by political repression and the denial of basic rights and freedoms to the Indian people. The British government imposed a number of laws, including the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Arms Act, which restricted the rights of Indians and curtailed their ability to organize and protest.

Moreover, the British colonial authorities imposed their culture and language on India, leading to a loss of national identity and cultural heritage among Indians. This cultural oppression was a major factor in the growth of Indian nationalism sentiment, which was a driving force behind the freedom struggle.

Indian Freedom Struggle Essay 500 Words

The struggle for Indian independence was a lengthy one that lasted close to 200 years. People from various walks of life joined the movement because they shared a goal to be free from British colonial authority. The fight for independence marked a turning point in Indian history and significantly influenced the political and social climate of the nation. Economic exploitation, political tyranny, and cultural oppression were some of the elements that fueled the Indian freedom struggle, and significant personalities and events were crucial to the country's march toward independence. The Indian freedom struggle is an inspiring reminder of the power of unity and determination in the face of oppression and injustice.

Key Events and Leaders

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and complex process that involved a number of key events and leaders. Some of the key events that shaped the struggle for independence include the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, which was the first major uprising against British rule; the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22, led by Mahatma Gandhi, which aimed to achieve independence through non-violent civil disobedience; and the Quit India Movement of 1942, which sought to force the British to leave India.

Story Of Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle against British colonial rule. He was born in 1907 in a small village in Punjab, India, and from a young age, he was deeply influenced by the idea of freedom and the plight of the Indian people under British rule.

In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his fellow HRA members were involved in a bombing in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The bombing was intended to be a symbolic act of protest against British rule and was not intended to cause harm to anyone. However, Bhagat Singh and his associates were arrested and charged with murder. During his trial, Bhagat Singh became a popular figure among the Indian people, and his speeches and writings were widely read and admired. He used his platform to call for freedom and justice for the Indian people and to denounce British colonial rule. Despite the widespread public support for Bhagat Singh, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.

He was hanged on March 23, 1931, at the young age of 24. His execution sparked widespread protests and demonstrations across India, and he became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and justice. Bhagat Singh's life and legacy continue to inspire people in India and around the world. He is remembered as a hero of the Indian freedom struggle and as a symbol of resistance against oppression and injustice. His selflessness, fearlessness, and commitment to the cause of freedom are a source of inspiration for many.

In conclusion, Bhagat Singh's story is an inspiring reminder of the power of one person to make a difference and change the course of history. He was a young man who was deeply moved by the plight of his people and was willing to sacrifice his own life for the cause of freedom. He continues to be a symbol of resistance and a source of inspiration for many.

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The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors or contributions from different parts of the country

Last updated on September 30, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a saga that begins with the onset of British colonialism in the 17th century.

The East India Company initially entered India as traders, gradually expanding their control until they established a full-fledged colonial administration.

With the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Company secured a decisive victory, marking the commencement of British dominance over Indian territories.

Early Resistance (1757-1857)

From the early days of colonization, various sections of Indian society resisted British rule. The period witnessed a series of uprisings, including tribal revolts, peasant movements, and local mutinies, each signifying discontent and opposition against foreign subjugation.

First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857, often termed the First War of Independence, was a significant turning point. Sparked by the introduction of the new Enfield rifles, the uprising saw widespread participation from soldiers, civilians, and royalty alike, reflecting a collective aspiration for freedom.

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Formative Years (1858-1905)

Following the Revolt of 1857, the British government officially took control of the East India Company. The subsequent years saw the formation of early political groups and the articulation of constitutional demands, laying the groundwork for an organized national movement.

Swadeshi and World War I (1905-1918)

The Swadeshi Movement, initiated against the partition of Bengal, advocated for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of self-reliance. World War I further intensified the struggle, as expectations for self-governance grew among Indians who contributed significantly to the war effort.

Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

The entry of Mahatma Gandhi transformed the Indian nationalist movement. With his principles of truth, non-violence, and Satyagraha, Gandhi mobilized masses across the country, leading pivotal campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.

Subaltern and Revolutionary Contributions

Parallelly, subaltern groups, including tribal communities, women, and lower castes, played an indispensable role, fighting for both national independence and social emancipation. The freedom struggle also witnessed the emergence of revolutionary groups seeking to overthrow British rule through armed rebellion.

Towards Independence

The persistent efforts of various factions within the Indian freedom movement eventually bore fruit in 1947 when India gained independence. This triumph was, however, accompanied by the painful partition of the country into India and Pakistan, leaving behind a legacy of both unity and division.

Table of Contents

Early Resistance to British Rule (1757-1857)

The seed of the Indian freedom struggle was sown immediately after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 when the British East India Company took control over Bengal. During this phase, India saw sporadic uprisings mainly due to the oppressive policies of the British.

Major Uprisings

Between 1757 and 1857, numerous revolts erupted in different parts of the country. These were primarily led by local chieftains, peasants, and tribal leaders who were directly affected by the harsh revenue policies and administrative practices imposed by the British. Some notable uprisings include the Sanyasi Rebellion (1763-1800), the Chuar Rebellion in Bengal, and the Paika Rebellion in Odisha in 1817.

Key Figures

Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi: Born as Manikarnika, Rani Laxmibai played a crucial role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Her courage and leadership were evident as she led her army against the British, becoming a symbol of resistance and an inspiration for future generations.
Kunwar Singh: A prominent leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Kunwar Singh led the revolt in Bihar. Despite being in his old age, his commitment to the cause made him a notable figure in the struggle against British rule.
Bahadur Shah II: The last Mughal emperor, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, played a symbolic role in the 1857 Rebellion. He was declared the emperor of India by the rebelling sepoys, providing a symbolic unity to the rebellion against the British.

The First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857 marked a significant turn in the Indian freedom struggle. Often referred to as the First War of Independence, it was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company.

The revolt began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, and soon spread to several parts of northern and central India. Major battles occurred in Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi, with local rulers, sepoys, and civilians participating actively.

Notable Figures

Mangal Pandey: Pandey played a pivotal role in igniting the rebellion. A sepoy in the British East India Company, his act of rebellion in Barrackpore is often considered the first spark of the 1857 uprising.
Tantia Tope: A close associate of Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was instrumental in the recapture of Gwalior and led his troops with agility and surprise against the British forces.

Formative Phase (1885-1905)

Post-1857, nationalistic sentiments were channelled into forming organized movements. The Indian National Congress (INC) was established during this period, marking the beginning of a new phase in the Indian freedom struggle.

Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, the INC played a significant role in the freedom struggle. Initially, it was a platform for civil servants to express their views on British policies, but over time, it became the principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement.

Leaders of the Phase

Dadabhai Naoroji: Known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, Naoroji was a prominent leader of the INC and the first Indian to be a British MP. He was one of the earliest leaders to demand ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule for India.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale : A mentor to Mahatma Gandhi, Gokhale was a senior leader of the INC and founder of the Servants of India Society. He advocated for social reforms and was a strong supporter of constitutional means to achieve political self-rule.

Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)

The Swadeshi Movement was a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom, initiating widespread public protest against British rule for the first time. The Movement began as a response to the partition of Bengal by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905, aimed at dividing and ruling by creating religious divisions.

Context and Overview

Curzon’s decision was ostensibly based on administrative convenience, but it was widely perceived as a ‘divide and rule’ strategy. In response, the Swadeshi Movement emerged with a call for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian-made products. It was not just a form of economic nationalism but also a powerful cultural and social revolution.

Prominent Contributors:

Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Often referred to as ‘Lokmanya’, Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj. He was one of the prime architects of modern India and probably the strongest advocate of Swadeshi. Tilak used the movement to represent the major grievances of the people and exposed the British government’s exploitation of the Indian people.
Bipin Chandra Pal: Known as the ‘Father of Revolutionary Thoughts’, Pal was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate that was at the forefront of the Swadeshi Movement. He advocated the boycott of British goods and emphasized self-reliance and national education as the key to national regeneration.
Lala Lajpat Rai : Rai played a pivotal role in the Swadeshi Movement. Being a fervent nationalist, he supported the boycott of British goods and institutions. He played a key role in promoting Swadeshi goods and ideas through speeches and writings, inspiring many to join the movement.
Rabindranath Tagore : Nobel laureate and cultural icon, Tagore actively participated in the Swadeshi Movement. He promoted the idea of self-reliance through the use of Swadeshi goods and the boycott of foreign products. He also composed many songs and writings during this time to inspire a sense of nationalism and unity among Indians.

Key Events and Impact

Swadeshi and Boycott: The twin strategies of Swadeshi and Boycott were employed. The people were urged to boycott British goods and promote the use of Indian goods. This led to a surge in the Indian indigenous industry.
Formation of banks: Many Indians, inspired by the movement, established indigenous banks and insurance companies to strengthen the economic base of the colonized nation.
Educational Boycott: There was a widespread boycott of government schools and colleges. National educational institutions like the Bengal National College were established.
Spread of the Movement: Initially starting in Bengal, the movement spread to other parts of India, fostering a sense of nationalism and unity among diverse groups of people.

Challenges and Legacy

Though the Swadeshi Movement eventually slowed down due to various reasons including differences within the INC and repressive measures by the British, it left an indelible mark on India’s struggle for freedom. The Movement sowed the seeds for future mass movements led by Gandhi and others, creating a legacy of resistance and self-reliance that would continue until India gained independence in 1947.

Gandhian Era (1915-1947)

The Gandhian Era marks a significant chapter in India’s freedom struggle, embodying non-violent resistance, civil disobedience, and grassroots mobilization. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or Mahatma Gandhi , played an instrumental role during this period, shaping the course of the movement towards attaining Swaraj or self-rule.

The Gandhian Era was characterized by mass participation and the introduction of non-violent resistance as a powerful tool against colonial oppression. Gandhi, with his unique philosophy and methodology, mobilized the common masses, making the struggle for independence truly inclusive and participatory.

Gandhi’s Return & Philosophy

Return to India: Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915, immersing himself in the Indian socio-political environment.
Philosophy: His philosophy centred on truth, non-violence, and simplicity, with Satyagraha or ‘truth force’ being his method for civil resistance.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Overview: Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the repressive Rowlatt Act.
Major Events: Mass boycott of British goods, services, and institutions, including schools, colleges, and courts.
Key Contributors: Alongside Gandhi, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru , Sardar Patel , and Maulana Azad played crucial roles.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

Introduction: It was a mass protest against the British-imposed salt tax, exemplified by the Dandi Salt March led by Gandhi.
Dandi March: Gandhi’s 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea town of Dandi to make salt, symbolically challenged the British monopoly.
Notable Participants: Sarojini Naidu, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Vallabhbhai Patel were active participants.

Quit India Movement (1942)

Background: With World War II intensifying, Gandhi sought to leverage the global situation to push for India’s immediate exit from British rule.
Main Events: Despite mass arrests of leaders, the movement saw widespread participation across India, with protests, strikes, and demonstrations.
Key Figures: Aruna Asaf Ali, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Usha Mehta were among those who played pivotal roles.

Sub-Movements & Other Leaders

Khilafat Movement: Working in tandem with the Non-Cooperation Movement, it sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, showcasing Hindu-Muslim unity.
Subhash Chandra Bose: Though differing from Gandhi’s ideology, Bose contributed immensely to the freedom struggle, notably through the Azad Hind Fauj.

Legacy of the Gandhian Era

Philosophy & Tactics: Gandhi’s philosophies continue to inspire movements for civil rights and social change across the world.
Constitutional Developments: The era witnessed significant constitutional developments, like the Government of India Act 1935, which shaped India’s political future.
Path to Independence: The sustained resistance eventually led to the British conceding to the demand for independence, culminating in the attainment of freedom in 1947.

Subaltern Contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle

Subaltern contributions refer to the efforts of groups that were socially, politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure. These groups, often overlooked in mainstream narratives, played a crucial role in the Indian Freedom Struggle.

The subaltern contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle offer a narrative of resistance and assertion by groups that were marginalized and oppressed. These stories of resilience and struggle are vital to understanding the multifaceted and inclusive nature of India’s journey to independence.

Tribal Movements

Overview: Tribal communities resisted British rules that affected their traditional rights and livelihoods.
Birsa Munda: Leader of the Munda tribe, Birsa led the Munda Rebellion against British rule, aiming to establish the Munda Raj and remove the British government and missionaries.
Alluri Sitarama Raju: He led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24 against the British in response to the implementation of the Madras Forest Act, which restricted the tribal people’s access to forests.

Women in the Freedom Struggle

Overview: Women participated actively in the freedom struggle, breaking traditional norms and contributing significantly to the movement.
Sucheta Kriplani: She was a freedom fighter who worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She was India’s first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government.
Kasturba Gandhi: Kasturba was a political activist involved in the Indian Independence Movement and the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. She was imprisoned in British jails multiple times along with her husband.
Aruna Asaf Ali: Known for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, Ali was a strong supporter of civil rights and an advocate for women’s empowerment.

Lower Caste Movements

Overview: Lower caste movements aimed to eradicate caste-based discrimination and ensure social justice and equality.
B.R. Ambedkar : A jurist, economist, and social reformer, Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables and supported the rights of women and labourers. He played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India.
Periyar E.V. Ramasamy: Founding the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam, Periyar worked against caste-based discrimination and Brahminical supremacy. He was also a strong advocate for women’s rights.

Other Minority Contributions

Overview: Various minority groups also participated actively in the freedom struggle.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : An Indian scholar and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress, Azad was the first Minister of Education in India. He supported education for the underprivileged and played a significant role in developing the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).
Sikh Community: The community played a vital role, with figures like Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh becoming symbols of resistance against British rule.

Revolutionary Movements in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Revolutionary movements formed a vital aspect of the Indian freedom struggle, providing a militant alternative to the non-violent approach advocated by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. These groups sought to achieve independence through armed struggle and subversion against British colonial rule.

The revolutionary movements in the Indian freedom struggle were pivotal in mobilizing and inspiring the masses towards the cause of independence. Although their methods differed significantly from the mainstream, non-violent struggle, the revolutionaries’ courage, and commitment left an indelible mark on India’s journey towards freedom, making them unforgettable heroes of the nation’s history.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

Overview: Established in 1928, the HSRA aimed to overthrow the British colonial authority through an armed revolution.
Bhagat Singh : A prominent leader in the HSRA, Singh is celebrated for his courage and commitment to the independence cause. He was involved in several high-profile actions, including the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly and the killing of British police officer J.P. Saunders.
Chandrasekhar Azad: A mentor to Singh, Azad was involved in the Kakori train robbery and other actions aimed at undermining British rule. He vowed never to be captured alive and kept his promise until his last breath.
Rajguru and Sukhdev: Close associates of Singh and Azad, both played critical roles in various revolutionary activities and were eventually executed alongside Singh.

Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army – INA)

Overview: Founded in 1942, the INA was an armed force comprising Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Southeast Asia, aiming to overthrow British rule with Japanese assistance during World War II.
Subhas Chandra Bose : The most prominent leader of the INA, Bose was a charismatic figure who sought international alliances to support India’s independence struggle. He coined the famous slogan “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!” inspiring many to join the INA.

Other Noteworthy Movements & Figures

Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar: These were two prominent revolutionary organizations in Bengal involved in a series of bombings, assassinations, and robberies as forms of protest against British rule.
Surya Sen: Leader of the Chittagong Armoury Raid, Sen was a school teacher who led a group of revolutionaries in a daring raid on British armouries.
Rash Behari Bose: He played a key role in the Ghadar Conspiracy and later collaborated with Japanese forces to support the Indian independence movement during World War II.

Legacy & Impact

While the revolutionary movements did not directly lead to India’s independence, they had significant impacts:

Inspiring the Masses: The courage and sacrifices of the revolutionaries inspired many Indians to join the independence movement.
Shaping National Consciousness: These movements helped foster a sense of nationalism and urgency among the general population, creating widespread support for India’s struggle for freedom.
Pressurizing Colonial Powers: The activities of these groups kept the British authorities on edge, forcing them to deploy significant resources to maintain control.

The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a journey of countless sacrifices, movements, and leaders, each contributing towards the cherished goal of independence.

It’s a testament to the indomitable spirit of the people of India, their enduring fight for justice, and the diverse paths they tread to secure national freedom.

Understanding this struggle is imperative for appreciating the value of freedom and the democratic principles that modern India is built upon.

Before we finish…

In addition to this overview post, we have created a lot of articles and study materials on Indian History.

Out of these, lovers of Modern Indian History should not miss:

How to Study Modern Indian History for UPSC?
Modern Indian History: From about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present – significant events, personalities, and issues
India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement

How to study the Indian Freedom Struggle in detail?

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Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “, We will read about the overview of the Indian Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

Let’s Start…

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India In 500+ Words

Introduction the indian freedom struggle has great importance in the history of india . the people of entire india fought a lot to get the country freedom from the slavery of the british..

For the sake of freedom, our great freedom fighters sacrificed their lives by laughing without worrying about their lives.

If, at that time, the countrymen had not raised their voice against the British, then perhaps even today the country would have been slavery to the British.

The Arrival Of British In India

Initially, the British came to India in the year 1600 with the objective of doing business under the name of East India Company .

Under the guise of silk, tea, and the cotton trade , he started spreading chaos in India and gradually made the country his slave.

And after that, the British took the rule of the entire country into their hands and started persecuting the Indians.

And due to this, gradually the demand for freedom started arising in the country.

The Revolt Of 1857

Fed up with the dictatorship of the British, the countrymen decided to end British rule.

And in the year 1857, the first freedom struggle was started by an Indian soldier Mangal Pandey .

This struggle was a great event against British rule.

This struggle was not accidental but a result of the discontent of the entire century. A great plan was made and implemented for this.

The revolt of 1857 which began with the revolt of military personnel in Meerut soon spread throughout India and posed a serious challenge to British rule.

Along with soldiers, common citizens, large princely states of the country also participated in this struggle.

Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi fought a glorious war against the British and led her forces.

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Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs , and all other brave sons of India fought against the British and resolved to remove British rule from the country.

This revolution was controlled by the British rule within 1 year which started in Meerut on 10 May 1857 and ended in Gwalior on 20 June 1858.

Indian Freedom Struggle During 1857-1947

The British rule gradually began to falter due to the revolution of 1857. One after the other, many movements were started against the British.

During that time, there were many such movements that played an important role in securing independence for India.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was also one of these major movements that were started against the British monopoly on salt.

It was started in 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , which started with Gandhiji’s famous Dandi March.

Meanwhile, Bhagat Singh is hanged for his country at the age of just 23.

The death of Lala Lajpat Rai encouraged him to fight against the British.

Bhagat Singh avenged this by killing Officer John Sanders and he was also prosecuted for the Lahore Conspiracy.

And on the night of 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged along with Sukhdev and Rajguru . After this, the Quit India Movement started in 1942.

This movement showed a ray of hope to the people of India, but despite difficult struggles, this movement was not so successful. But it shook the roots of British rule.

Similarly, many freedom fighters like Subhash Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, etc . struggled a lot to make the country independent.

Soon the British rulers signed an agreement and decided to leave India and India got independence on 15 August 1947 .

In this way, the country got independence after a stiff struggle of Indian soldiers as well as freedom fighters . And with this, many freedom fighters had sacrificed their lives.

Conclusion (Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India)

The history of the Indian freedom struggle is very vast.

Many such incidents like the Rowlatt Act, Simon Commission, Jallianwala Bagh massacre , etc which played an important role in the independence of India.

All of us should also take inspiration from the struggle for independence and the spirit of dedication towards the country should always be kept in mind.

Thanks For Reading “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “.

If you have any questions regarding “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “. So, please comment.

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History of India’s Independence

Over the course of history, India has faced several invasions. While most of the invaders made their intentions clear right from the word go, the British managed to bring India under their control through a business venture. It all started with the British East India Company, which started off as a mere joint-stock company, but slowly went about spreading its wings and influence, before the British government finally took control of the entire country.

The British company had landed in India in the early seventeenth century as traders, but began interfering in Indian affairs around 1750s. After the battle of Plassey (1757), it began to transform from a trading company to a ruling force. As the British began to spread their tentacles over a large part of India, the exploitation of local resources and people began in full force. The British were concerned just about consolidating their rule and power.

The British rule had a damaging effect on the social, economic, cultural and political life of Indians, which gradually forced common masses and rulers to rise in revolt against the British rule. Several agrarian, tribal, and political rebellions broke out against the foreign rule, but it was the rebellion of 1857, which proved as a launch pad for all the subsequent struggles against the British rule.

The continuously increasing awareness, contact with the outside world, and the urge to free the motherland, gave rise to an organized movement by the end of the nineteenth century, which uprooted the 200-year-old British rule in 1947.

The History of British Colonialism in India

After the fall of the Mughal Empire, the British gained the support of many local rulers by offering them help against their adversaries. Since the British were equipped with huge cannons and newer war technology their support proved helpful to many Indian rulers. In exchange for their support, the East India Company managed to set up trading centers in places like Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The British gradually started to extend their fortification. When they were asked to stop their extension by Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, they defeated him in the Battle of Plassey (1757). This win against Siraj-ud-daulah played a crucial role in colonizing the whole of India.

Early Rebellions Against the British Rule

For their short-term benefit, many Indian rulers supported the British colonization in India, but many of them opposed the idea of foreign rule. This created a conflict between Indian rulers, which was further used by the British to their advantage. Among the early rebellion, South Indian rulers, such as Puli Thevar, Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan, Pazhassi Raja, Rani Velu Nachiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Dheeran Chinnamalai, Maruthu Pandiyar, etc. revolted against the British and fought several wars and battles.

Many rulers like Hyder Ali and Dheeran Chinnamalai sought the help of Maratha rulers in their fight against the British.

Agitated by the ill-impact of the British rule on the social, cultural, tribal, and economic fabric of society, many individuals like Sidhu Murmu, Kanhu Murmu and Tilka Manjhi stood up against the British colonization.

While the British managed to defeat bigger ruler like Tipu Sultan via local alliances (supporting one ruler against the other), they did not have must difficulty in suppressing local agrarian and tribal rebellions. The British not only used better weapons, but they also resorted to devious tactics like the ‘divide and rule policy’ in to consolidate their rule and might.

Even though the British tried their best to suppress rebellions across India, these revolts would not stop as the British not only subjected people to a foreign rule but also exploited people economically.

The Revolt of 1857

Often referred to as the ‘First War of Indian Independence,’ the revolt of 1857 was the result of a series of incidents, but the immediate reason for the revolt was the issue of ‘greased cartridges.’ The East India Company mistreated the Indian soldiers and discriminated between the Indian and the European soldiers. While the soldiers knew that the British were using factors like religion and caste against them, the news of the newly introduced Enfield P-53 rifles using cartridges made out of fat extracted from beef and pork sparked a widespread rebellion against the British. Since the soldiers had to bite the cartridge in order to load the rifle, it did not go down well with the Hindu and Muslim soldiers as it hurt their religious belief. Since consuming beef and pork is against the religious beliefs of Hindus and Muslims respectively, the allegation convinced Indian soldiers that the British were trying to convert them into Christians.

This, along with many other factors, played a crucial role in the revolt of the soldiers. Many Indian rulers from different states followed suit and locked horns with the British. At the end of it all, at least 800,000 people, including many civilians, were killed. As a result of the rebellion, the British government took control of the administration of India from the East India Company.

Organized Movements

The revolt of 1857 was the first large-scale rebellion against the British rule, and inspired the future generation to fight for the independence of the motherland. Slowly and gradually many organizations were formed that started to demand for some sort of self-governance and rights for Indians.

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association, while Surendranath Banerjee came up with the Indian National Association in 1876.

With more and more people coming up with the demand for more rights, several prominent people came forward and decided to form a platform that will demand for self rights and self governance. It led to the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

Since the British failed to grant even the moderate demands set by the Congress, many Indians started questioning the moderate leaders of the Congress, and advocated more radical approach in dealing with the British, which gave rise to several revolutionary organizations that advocated use of force and violence.

Works done by socio-religious groups like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj played a crucial role in creating awareness among Indians. The works of reformers like Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Subramanya Bharathy evoked a sense of nationalism among Indians.

The Rise of Nationalism

Radical leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak straightway pushed for self-rule for Indians. Tilak was also saddened by the fact that the education system of the British government did not portray India’s history and culture in a positive light. He advocated complete freedom (Swaraj) and managed to inspire many Indians with his famous slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” He was joined by other like-minded leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai. The trio together came to be known as ‘Lal-Bal-Pal,’ but they were expelled from the Congress for advocating violence and disorder. However, they had done enough to instill nationalism into the minds of thousands of Indians.

The Partition of Bengal

Since pre-independent Bengal was as big as France in terms of its geography, the then Viceroy and Governor-General, Lord Curzon, ordered the partition of Bengal in 1905. He argued that the partition would lead to a better administration and ease the rising conflict between the Hindus and the Muslims.

The Indian nationalists, however, believed that the move was an attempt to slow down the momentum gathered by the recent nationalist movements. They also believed that Lord Curzon was employing the divide and rule policy to create a rift between Hindus and Muslims. This led to a large-scale protest against the British rule, including boycotting British products and publications of several rebellious newspapers and articles. The government was eventually forced to reunite Bengal in 1911. But a new partition, based on the languages spoken, was created soon after. The partition of Bengal left an indelible mark on the people and political scenario of Bengal.

The Rise of the Muslim League

In 1886, Syed Ahmed Khan, an Islamic reformist and philosopher, founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The conference was set-up in an attempt to provide quality education to Indian Muslims. The conference organized annual meetings to discuss various methods to improve the quality of education, among other things. In 1906, during the 20th session of the conference, the members decided to set up a political party called the ‘All India Muslim League.’ After the creation of the All India Muslim League, the party strived towards achieving equal civil rights for the Muslim population in India. Slowly and gradually, the Muslim league started to propagate the theory that the Indian National Congress was a pro-Hindu outfit, and that the political party was incapable of ensuring equal rights for the Muslim community in India. This belief found many takers, and slowly and gradually more and more Muslim leaders started contemplating the idea of creating another political entity where Muslims would form the majority.

National Movement & the First World War

The national movement started picking-up at the end of the nineteenth century and by the turn of the new century it had gathered a critical mass, which would propel it further in the coming years. More and more people were joining hands with nationalist leaders and the Congress to raise the demand of self-rule. Led by leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, more and more commoners began to protest against the British government.

Though the Indian National Congress was still advocating the importance of the British rule, people had begun to participate in mass movements, which inspired others as well. Meanwhile, just before the beginning of the First World War, the British government had promised special benefits to India in return for their support during the First World War. As many as 1.3 million Indian soldiers were sent to places like the Middle East, Europe and Africa to fight for the British in the First World War. Also, many individual rulers of different princely states supported the British by sending large supplies of money, food and ammunition.

The Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi had mastered the methods of civil disobedience through non-violent means in South Africa, where he worked as a barrister. In 1914, many political prisoners were freed by General Jan Smuts, thanks to Gandhi's non-violent protests. Impressed by his methods, a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress Gopal Krishna Gokhale requested Gandhi to return to India and join the national movement. Upon his arrival, Gandhi joined the Indian National Congress and accepted Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his mentor. He then went on to establish Satyagraha ashram and led a Satyagraha campaign in 1917. For the next three years, Gandhiji led many non-violent protests that included Satyagraha and fasting. The Kheda Satyagraha and the Champaran satyagraha were some of the early movements where he applied the concept of Satygraha to fight for the rights of farmers and other peasants.

The Non-Cooperation Movement

In 1919, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered to shoot at a peaceful gathering of men, women and children in Jallianwala Bagh, who had gathered to celebrate Baisakhi and to condemn the arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satya Pal. This inhuman act of the British sent shockwaves across India, and received strong criticism and protests all over India. Mahatma Gandhi too denounced this cowardly behavior and strongly condemned it.

The national movement was slowly building-up and the Jallianwalah Bagh incident played an important role in the start of the ‘Non-cooperation Movement.’ It was the first big Satyagraha movement under Gandhi’s leadership. He requested the support of other political and religious leaders and gave a call to Indians to stop using British products.

Gandhiji advocated the use of Khadi over British textiles. He also asked government servants to quit their jobs, and return the British titles and honors. Many Indians refused to pay taxes and many teachers and lawyers gave up their respective profession. The non-co-operation movement became a huge success throughout India until it was called off by Gandhiji in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident, in which three civilians and 22 policemen were killed.

The Non-cooperation movement had seen an unprecedented and large-scale participation from the people of all regions and status. The entire country was transformed into a different zone and the protests were largely successful, but the unfortunate incident at Chauri Chaura forced Gandhi to call the movement off. He said that people were still not ready for mass-movements of this nature.

The decision to call-off the non-cooperation movement left many disappointed and was criticized by several leaders.

Revolutionary Movement & its Role in Freedom Movement

While the Indian National Congress, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mahatma Gandhi, advocated civil disobedience and non-violent protests, many firebrand leaders believed in overthrowing the British with the use of force. The revolutionary movement had begun as early as the late 1750s, but it was during the Partition of Bengal that it began to take shape. Under the leadership of Barin Ghosh, many revolutionaries began to collect arms and explosives. They even started manufacturing bombs and some were even sent to foreign countries to acquire knowledge about bomb-making and other military training.

By 1924, Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed and firebrand revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Shivaram Rajguru, Surya Sen, etc. began to involve themselves in various revolutionary activities. Some of the famous revolutionary activities include Alipore bomb conspiracy, Chittagong armoury raid, Kakori train robbery, Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case, etc.

Azand Hind Fauz

Subhas Chandra Bose quit the Indian National Congress and travelled to many countries to seek help for India’s independence. Bose wanted to raise an Indian army to fight against the British. Based on Hitler’s advice, he went to Japan and formed the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Government). During the Second World War, the Indian National Army managed to capture Andaman and Nicobar islands with the help of the Japanese army. However, the setback to Japan in the Second World War impacted the prospects of the INA as well and it’s march was blocked on the Border and many soldiers and officers were arrested.

Quit India Movement

As the World War II progressed, Mahatma Gandhi intensified his protests for the complete independence of India. He drafted a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. The 'Quit India Movement' or the 'Bharat Chhodo Andolan' was the most aggressive movement launched by the Indian National Congress. Gandhi was arrested on 9th August 1942, and was held for two years at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. The Quit India Movement came to an end by the end of 1943, when the British gave hints that complete power would be transferred to the people of India. Gandhi called off the movement which resulted in the release of 100,000 political prisoners.

Partition & Independence of India

Though prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were not willing to accept the formula of partition based on religion, but communal clashes between religious groups hastened the creation of Pakistan. The independence cum partition proposal offered by the British Cabinet Mission in 1946 was accepted by the Congress. Sardar Patel convinced Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war and the Mahatma reluctantly gave his consent. The British Parliament passed the famous Indian Independence Act 1947, and on August 14, Pakistan was declared a free nation. Few minutes later at 12:02 am, India became a democratic nation, much to the joy and relief of the entire Indian subcontinent.

After India's independence, Gandhiji focused on peace and unity among the Hindus and Muslims. He began a fast-unto-death in Delhi, asking for all communal violence to be stopped and the payment of Rs. 55 crores, as per the Partition Council agreement, to be made to Pakistan. Ultimately, all political leaders conceded to his wishes.

The Constituent Assembly was given the responsibility of creating the constitution. Headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect.

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In Pursuit of Freedom: India’s Journey to Independence from 1857 to 1947

Updated on
Feb 29, 2024

With the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence in 1857, started India’s national struggle for independence. This period saw religious, social, military and political developments. From the foundation of Brahmo Samaj in 1828 by Rajaram Mohan Roy to Pandit Nehru’s Tryst With Destiny speech, India grew from a colonial economy to the leader of the Non-Allied Movement (NAM).

Although the struggle for freedom cannot be encapsulated in a single essay or a few hundred words, in this piece we will recount the history of the Indian freedom movement from 1857 to 1947.

Table of Contents

1 Importance of the Topic: 1857 to 1947
2 Indian Freedom Struggle: An Overview
3.1 1. Sepoy Mutiny: Revolt of 1857
3.2 2. Swadeshi Movement
3.3 3. Gaddar Movement: Komagata Maru Incident
3.4 4. Home Rule Movement
3.5 5. Champaran Satyagrah
3.6 6. Rowlatt Satyagraha
3.7 7. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement
3.8 8. Civil Disobedience Movement
3.9 9. Quit India Movement
4 Conclusion

Importance of the Topic: 1857 to 1947

The attainment of independence in 1947 and the Great Revolt of 1857 are both significant events in Indian history and polity. Questions from this topic are frequently a One of the most debated and covered themes that encompasses crucial events and a comprehensive view of Indian history is the Indian National Movement, which is an important part of the country’s freedom struggle.

Indian Freedom Struggle: An Overview

The late nineteenth century saw the emergence of Indian nationalism. India’s fight for independence was a notable period in its history, characterized by unwavering tenacity and all-out bravery. It started in 1857 with the First War of Independence, which was motivated by resentment of British colonial control. There were other titles for the 1857 insurrection, including the Sepoy Mutiny and India’s First War of Independence. Despite its mutinous beginnings, the 1857 uprising quickly extended throughout the nation to topple the foreign hegemony. Despite the failure of the 1857 uprising, it ignited a flame of independence that eventually gave rise to several Indian national movements with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India.

The significant Indian Freedom Movements that took place after 1857 and helped India achieve independence are included in the table below.

Must Read: Significance of Independence Day


1857	The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 started in Meerut and extended to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
1905-1911	Swadeshi movement: Lord Curzon’s partition of Bengal
1914-1917	Gaddar Movement: Komagata Maru Incident
1916-1918	Home Rule Movement: Started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1917	Champaran Satyagrah: First non-violent protest in India by Mahatama Gandhi
1919
1920	Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement: Gandhi started the first mass movement
1930	Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement to Violate the Salt Law
1940	Individual Satyagraha: Started in 1940 in opposition to the August Offer.
1942	Gandhi began his third significant effort against British rule, the “Quit India Movement”.
1942	Cripps Mission: Delegation sent by British Government to India, led by Sir Stafford
1945	Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference
1946	Cabinet Mission Plan
1947	Partition of India

Also Read: Revolutions in India You Must Know About

Indian National Movements: The Road to Freedom

The Indian National Movement, sometimes referred to as the Indian Independence Movement, was a pivotal time in India’s history that was characterized by several movements and conflicts for freedom from British control. Let’s delve a little deeper to understand what the above-mentioned movements were all about.

1. Sepoy Mutiny: Revolt of 1857

On May 10, 1857, the Revolt of 1857, often known as India’s First War of Independence or the country’s first liberation movement, began. It happened in a number of places, including Meerut, Lucknow, Delhi, Agra, and Kanpur.

Famous Personalities Associated: Rani Laxmi Bai, Tantia Tope, Nana Saheb, Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Man Singh, and Kunwar Singh.
Causes of the Revolt: There were multiple reasons behind the great revolt of 1857:
Introduction of the “Enfield’s rifle” and the dissemination of the rumour that its bullets were smeared with pig and cow fat.
British East India Company introduced procedures for collecting land taxes.
British East India Company administration is inefficient and ineffective.
Lord Dalhousie’s introduction of the doctrine of lapse
The Religious Disabilities Act was enacted to change Hindu traditions.
Impact of the Mutiny:
The abolition of dualism, capitalism, and kingship
hiring of British government representatives in both civil and military administration.
British forces were added and Indian soldiers were reduced.
Implementation of the “Divide and Rule” strategy
adoption of the 1861 Indian Civil Service Act

Because community members did not participate and there was no central leadership, the Sepoy Mutiny failed.

2. Swadeshi Movement

Due to the difficulty of governing Bengal’s people as a whole, Lord Curzon announced the division of Bengal in 1905, which led to the birth of the Swadeshi Movement.
To undermine the cohesiveness of the nationalist movement, the British nevertheless, announced the split of Bengal into two provinces.
At a meeting held at the Calcutta Town Hall on August 7, 1905, the “Boycott” resolution was approved, launching the Swadeshi movement and unifying its previously dispersed leadership.
The Swadeshi movement aimed to promote the use of indigenous products and services while criticizing its British rivals. This improved India’s economic situation and showed the British that Indians were capable of supporting themselves. Due to its broader expression of unity, this movement marked a turning point in India’s history.

3. Gaddar Movement: Komagata Maru Incident

Indian immigrants were being transferred to Canada on the Komagatamaru ship, which was then sent back. In an altercation with the British police, while the ship was returning to India, a number of the passengers were killed or imprisoned.
Due to the prejudice and violation of human rights, the Komagata Maru event received criticism and attention from all around the world.
The incident provided the Ghadar party more motivation to fight against colonial authority, indirectly boosting the independence movement in India.

4. Home Rule Movement

The nation’s Home Rule Movement was a potent movement for expressing opposition to British authority and its reaction to the First World War.
Both Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement in 1916, first in Belgaum and then in Madras.
With the help of the British Government remaining out of it, this movement sought to achieve self-rule.
This campaign led to the 1917 Montague Declaration, which promised increased representation of Indians in government, the development of institutions for self-governance, and eventually the establishment of responsible governments in India.

5. Champaran Satyagrah

The Champaran Movement, which took place in the Bihar province of Champaran in 1917, was Mahatma Gandhi’s first instance of civil disobedience during the campaign for freedom.
Rajkumar Shukla, an indigo farmer, convinced Gandhi to travel to Champaran to investigate the situation of the farmers there, who were subjected to harsh constraints and hefty taxes. They were forced to plant indigo by the British colonists under the tinkathia system.
In 1917 and 1918, Gandhi organized three demonstrations in Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda before launching the Rowlatt Satyagraha.

6. Rowlatt Satyagraha

The British Indian government introduced the Rowlatt Act in 1919, also known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act.
The Act gave the government the power to detain anybody charged with participating in terrorism for up to two years without a trial. The Rowlatt Act also severely curtailed the freedom of the press.
On April 6, 1919, Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent Satyagraha known as the Rowlatt Satyagraha to protest the British government’s discriminatory Rowlatt Act.
The protests against the Rowlatt Act also led to the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which occurred in Amritsar on April 13, 1919. This act gave Indians good cause to push their independence struggles even farther.

7. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement

Khilafat Movement: The way the British overthrew the Caliph in Turkey angered Indian Muslims. Therefore, several demonstrations against the British were staged in 1919.
During this period, the Muslim League and Congress merged. These two groups collaborated to plan several political demonstrations.
The Khilafat Committee’s campaign of non-cooperation on August 31, 1920, served as the movement’s official launch date.
On September 5, 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress (INC), under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. One of the major forces in India’s quest for freedom is the Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhi started it as a means of assisting the Khilafat Movement.
To support India’s fight for independence, important social programs, events, workplaces, and schools were to be boycotted. Gandhi urged people to adopt Swadeshi values and struggle for the social elimination of untouchability in his proclamation.
However, Gandhi decided to stop the campaign in response to the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, in which after a confrontation between the police and demonstrators, a mob of thugs set fire to a police station, killing 22 officers.

8. Civil Disobedience Movement

The nonviolent Dandi March, also known as the Dandi Satyagraha, the Salt Satyagraha, and the Salt March were all organized by Mahatma Gandhi in colonial India.
The Congress Party declared in 1930 that Poorna Swarajya, or complete independence, should be the primary objective of the liberation effort. Poorna Swarajya Day was established on January 26, 1930.
Indians were furious by a British tax on the sale and collection of salt in 1930, and Gandhiji decided to ignore the levy in disobedience of the government as a result.
As the movement spread across the country, more than 60,000 people were arrested, including Mahatma Gandhi.
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact stated that the civil disobedience campaign would end in exchange for allowing Indians to produce salt for home use. The release of the Indians from captivity was also approved by Lord Irwin.

9. Quit India Movement

The INC advocated for a massive civil disobedience movement when the Cripps Mission, which arrived in India in March 1942, failed to offer any type of constitutional answer for India’s difficulties.
At its Wardha conference on July 14, 1942, the Congress Working Committee endorsed the notion of an Indian independence struggle.
To get the British to leave India, Gandhi started this initiative in August 1942. The “Bharat Chhodo Andolan,” as it was known, forced the British colonial rulers to think about leaving India.
The government used harsh repression tactics, but people were unaffected and kept up their fight.
The movement prioritized calling for complete independence as the main goal of the freedom movement.

The Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community’s legislator representatives reached an accord with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This was the final independence strategy.

The Viceroy Mountbatten’s plan, which was unveiled on June 3, 1947, had the following guidelines:

The British Government agreed in principle to the division of British India.
It would provide dominion status to succeeding administrations.
Both nations are given autonomy and sovereignty.
The succeeding administrations might draft their own constitution.
The Princely States were given the choice of joining Pakistan or India based on two main considerations: geographic proximity and popular preference.

The India Independence Act of 1947 was enacted as a result of the Mountbatten Plan.

The Dominion of Pakistan and the Dominion of India, later to become the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, respectively, were created from British India by the Indian Independence Act of 1947, which was approved by the British Parliament. On July 18, 1947, this Act was given royal sanction.

On August 15, 1947, both Pakistan and India attained independence. Pakistan, by choices made by its cabinet, elected to commemorate its Independence Day on August 14 while India continued to honour its Independence Day on August 15.

The Indian Freedom Struggle was marked by a variety of events, as described in the Series of National Movements in India. Each national movement has historical value and provides information about modern times and past events.

Ans: The Revolt of 1857

Ans: Historical events that took place for India’s struggle for independence occurred between 1857 to 1947

Ans: Quit India Movement in 1942

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10 most important movements that made India independent

Let us take a look at 15 brave movements that contributed to the independence of india..

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It's been 87 years since two young Indian revolutionaries turned the deaf, aristocrat British ears towards a youth upheaval that changed the course of India's freedom movement. In 1929, in order to court arrest, Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw political handouts and smoke bombs at the Delhi Central Legislative Assembly.

Let us take a look at 15 such brave movements that made India independent:

He played an active role in the killing of John Saunders on 17 December 1928 and was indirectly involved in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train in December 1929.

He was martyred at Alfred Park in Allahabad on 27 February 1931.

3. Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh , a visionary socialist , infused the struggle with a strong ideological foundation, seeking a society free from exploitation and class domination.

Early Life and Joining the Freedom Struggle:

Bhagat Singh was born in Amritsar.
His family background has played an important role in shaping his ideas.
As a soldier, he joined the 23rd Cavalry (Frontier Force) and later established the ' Naujawan Bharat Sabha ' and joined the Hindustan Republican Association .

Plot to Avenge Lala Lajpat Rai's Death:

In December 1928, Bhagat Singh, along with Sukhdev and Rajguru , planned to avenge Lala Lajpat Rai's death by plotting to assassinate Superintendent of Police, James Scott, in Lahore.

Assembly Bombing and Death sentence:

On 8th April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutt threw bombs inside the assembly, shouting the slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad!' and were sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for this action.
On 23rd March, 1931, Bhagat Singh along with Raj Guru and Sukhdev were hanged. They were given the death sentence in the Lahore conspiracy case.

Bhagat Singh's Vision of Socialism:

Bhagat Singh defined socialism scientifically as the abolition of capitalism and class domination.
He believed in a society where all individuals had equal rights and opportunities, free from exploitation and oppression.
‘Why I am an Atheist’
“The Jail Notebook and Other Writings”.

4. Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917)

He was also known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’. He became the first Indian to hold a professorship at Elphinstone College in Bombay, teaching mathematics and natural philosophy.

Economic Analysis and Drain Theory:

Naoroji's significant contribution was his economic analysis of British colonialism in India, highlighted in his " The EconomicDrain Theory ."
He argued that India's wealth was systematically drained to Britain through exploitative economic policies, a concept elaborated in his seminal work, " Poverty and Un-British Rule in India ."

Political Activism and the Indian National Congress:

Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association in 1866.
From 1892 to 1895, he served as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons, becoming the first Indian to achieve this position.
Actively engaged in political activism, Naoroji played a pivotal role in the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) and elected as its President in 1886 Calcutta, 1893 Lahore, and 1906 Calcutta.

Literary work:

Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
The Wants and Means of India
Condition of India

5. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, born on October 2, 1869 , in Porbandar, India, was an Indian lawyer, and political ethicist. He believed in the capacity of every individual for the highest possible development and emphasised the unity of end and means.

Concept of Swaraj:

He defined S waraj as self-rule, encompassing an integral revolution in all aspects of life, including self-assessment, self-purification, and self-reliance.

Satya and Satyagraha:

Truth (Satya) for Gandhi was the response of one's moral self and conscience.
Satyagraha , meaning "urge for truth," was the nonviolent and moral pursuit of truth, appealing to the reasoning of opponents.

The Gandhian Era of National Struggle:

The Gandhian movement began in 1919 and lasted until India gained independence in 1947.
Early movements like Champaran Satyagraha, Ahmedabad Mill Satyagraha, and Kheda Satyagraha strengthened Gandhi's nonviolent methods.
In 1920, Gandhi called for a non-cooperation movement, realising that British rule depended on Indian cooperation.
The INC, under Gandhi's leadership, adopted the goal of " Purna Swaraj " to intensify the freedom movement.

Nationwide Campaigns and the Dandi Salt March:

As INC president in 1924, Gandhi led campaigns for poverty alleviation, women's rights, religious harmony, and the abolition of untouchability.
He popularised anti-colonial nationalism through the iconic Dandi Salt March in 1930.
The Civil Disobedience Movement began with this iconic Dandi March which attempted to paralyse the government by violating particular British laws.
In Yerawada jail, Gandhi wrote his famous autobiography, " The Story of My Experiments with Truth ."
Translated "Songs from Prison," drawing from Sanskrit hymns and Upanishadic scriptures.
Hind Swaraj

Newspapers:

Indian Opinion, Young India, Harijan, Navjivan

6. Subash Chandra Bose (1887-1945)

Born on January 23, 1887, in Cuttack, Subhash Chandra Bose passed I.C.S. examination in England but chose to resign to join the national freedom struggle.

Involvement in the National Freedom Struggle:

Upon returning to India in 1921, Bose met Mahatma Gandhi and actively participated in the non-cooperation movement.
Editor of the news daily 'Forward' initiated by C.R. Das's Swaraj Party.
Supported non-violent methods such as non-cooperation and civil disobedience to mobilise the masses for the cause of freedom.

Congress Leadership and Ideology:

Bose faced repeated incarcerations in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s for his often violent political actions against the British.
Congress president in 1938, winning the elections with leftists' backing.
Differences with Gandhi led to his departure from the Congress, and he founded ' The Forward Bloc '.

Establishing the Azad Hind Government:

In Japan in 1943, he supported the establishment of the Indian National Army (INA) and the 'Azad Hind' or Free India provisional government.
In 1944, the INA and Japanese launched an invasion of India but faced defeat.

Militant Nationalism:

Subhash Chandra Bose advocated militant nationalism as crucial to rejuvenating Indians for freedom.

Adaptation of Socialism in India:

Bose urged the assimilation of socialist principles that suit Indian requirements, distinct from the Bolshevik Socialism of the Soviet Union, which he believed did not align with India's needs.

7. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)

Jawaharlal Nehru was born in 1889 in Allahabad, he went to England for studies and returned to India in 1912. He immediately entered politics, attending the Bankipore Congress as a delegate in 1912 and becoming Secretary of the Home Rule League , Allahabad, in 1919.

Leadership and Contributions to the Independence Movement:

Nehru organised the first Kisan March in Uttar Pradesh's Pratapgarh District in 1920 and was imprisoned during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22.
He played a crucial role in committing the INC to the goal of Independence at the Madras Congress in 1926 and was a signatory to the Nehru Report on Indian Constitutional Reform.
Nehru, along with Srinivasa Iyengar and Subhash Chandra Bose, founded the ‘ Independence for India League in 1928, advocating complete severance of the British connection with India.

Presidency of the INC and Imprisonment:

In 1929, Nehru presided over the Lahore Session of the INC, where ‘ Purna Swaraj’ for the country was adopted as the goal.
He faced multiple imprisonments during 1930-35, notably during the Salt Satyagraha , and completed his ‘Autobiography’ in Almora Jail in February 1935.

First Prime Minister of Independent India:

On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India, holding the post until his death in 1964.

Nehru's Vision of Nationalism and Secularism:

Nehru was a great nationalist with a distinctive form of composite and living nationalism, appealing to the spirit of humanity.
He promoted secularism in India, fostering a sense of unity and freedom among people of diverse backgrounds.
The Discovery of India
Letters from a Father to His Daughter
Glimpses of World History

8. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950)

Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel was born in Nadiad, Gujarat, on October 31, 1875. In 1917, he was elected as the Sanitation Commissioner of Ahmedabad and played a crucial role in handling calamities like the plague and famine in 1917 and 1918.

Kheda Satyagraha:

Sardar Patel and a group of Mahatma Gandhi's supporters organised the Kheda Satyagraha , a major tax revolt where diverse communities rallied together in Kheda to oppose unjust taxation.

Flag Satyagraha (1923):

During Mahatma Gandhi's imprisonment, Sardar Patel led the Nagpur Flag Satyagraha, standing for the right to honour the national flag.

Municipal Leadership:

Sardar Patel secured a majority for Congress in the Ahmedabad Municipal body and became its President.

Bardoli Satyagraha (1928):

He led the Bardoli Satyagraha , opposing the colonial government's increased taxation of farmers in the Bombay Presidency.
This movement demanded the cancellation of a 22% tax hike and earned Vallabhbhai Patel the title of " Sardar ."

Borsad Satyagraha (1923):

Sardar Patel led the Borsad Satyagraha in Gujarat, which opposed the punitive tax imposed on villages in the Anand district, citing the need to protect them from dacoits.

Presidency of the Indian National Congress:

In March 1931, Vallabhbhai Patel presided over the 46th session of the INC, where the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was ratified.

Role in the Integration of Princely States:

Sardar Patel, India's deputy prime minister, was charged with integrating the Indian states.
He came up with numerous plans and persuaded the rulers to unite India by merging their states with it.

Freedom Fighters of India UPSC PYQs

Q) Throw light on the significance of thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times . (UPSC Mains 2018)

Q) Highlight the difference in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom. (UPSC Mains 2016)

Q) How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence without Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss. (UPSC Mains 2015)

Q) Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate. (UPSC Mains 2015)

Q) Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient India religious lyrics in English? ( UPSC Prelims 2021)

a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

b) Jawaharlal Nehru

c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

d) Sarojini Naidu

Answer: (c)

Freedom Fighters of India FAQs

Q1. Who are some of the prominent freedom fighters in India?

Ans. Some prominent freedom fighters in India include Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, and Dadabhai Naoroji.

Q2. Which prominent freedom fighter is known as the Father of India?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi is known as the Father of India.

Q3. Who was the correspondent of the Voice of India newspaper in South Africa?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was the South African correspondent of the Voice of India, a newspaper started by Dadabhai Naoroji.

Q4. What is the role of revolutionary freedom fighters in the freedom struggle of India?

Ans. The role of revolutionaries in the freedom struggle of India was to actively participate in armed and violent actions against British colonial rule to achieve independence.

Q5. Why did Gandhi not support Bhagat Singh?

Ans. Gandhi thought that Bhagat Singh was a 'misguided youth' who had gone wrong. Gandhi never wanted anyone to emulate the act of violence. He only admired the spirit behind their action.

List of Indian National Movement Phases 1857-1947 in Chronological Order

Indian National Movement, a pivotal struggle for independence from British colonial rule, spanning from the late 19th century to 1947. Key events include the Revolt of 1857, formation of Indian National Congress, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement.

Table of Contents

Indian National Movement helped to unite disparate people and social groups into one nation, shaping an important period of Indian history. Awareness began to emerge with the growth of English education in a few important urban areas, including Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, in the late 19th century. Intellectuals at the time opposed the injustices and deceit of the previous societal structure. After focusing on the concept of British rule and its impact on India, the informed Indians became progressively more critical of British policies in India. This article has complete details related to Indian National Movement for UPSC Exam Preparations.

Read More: Socio-Religious Reform Movement

List of 14 National Movements in India – From 1885 to 1947

1857 – Revolt of 1857; Sepoy Mutiny
1885 – Foundation Of Indian National Congress
1905 – Swadeshi Movement
1906 – Muslim League Founded
1914 – Gadar Party Movement
1916-1918 – Home Rule Movement
1917 – Champaran Satyagraha
1917 – Kheda Satyagraha
1918 – Ahmedabad Mill Strike
1919 – Rowlatt Satyagraha
1920 – Khilafat And Non-Cooperation Movement
1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement
1940 – Individual Satyagraha
1942 – Quit India Movement

Indian National Movement Phases

Based on the time period, the leadership, the objectives, the techniques used, and the social base, the National Movement during the years 1885 to 1947 can be divided into the following three phases.



Moderate Phase	1885-1905	Moderates/Early Nationalists	Dominion Status	Constitutional Methods-Petitions, Prayers, Plead	Educated Urban Upper Classes
Extremist/Militant Nationalist Phase	1905-1920	Extremists/Militant Nationalists	Swaraj/Self-Government	Passive Resistance & Swadeshi	All Urban Classes
Gandhian Phase	1920-1947		Sampurna Swaraj/Complete Independence	Satyagraha	All Urban and Rural Classes(including grass-root level population and masses)

Read More: Reformist Movements & Revivalist Movements

List of National movements in India from 1857 to 1947

This List represents all timeline of Indian freedom struggle from 1857 to 1947. Read the List to know all about the Indian national movement:



1857	The or Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 started in Meerut and expanded to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
1905-1911	: Lord Curzon’s
1914-1917	resulted in the
1916-1918	launched by and Annie Besant
1917	resulted in the First non-violent protest in India by Mahatma Gandhi
1919
1920	and : It was the first Mass Movement led by Gandhi.
1930	resulted in to break of the Salt law.
1940	resulted against the , 1940.
1942	where Gandhi launched his third major movement against British rule.

Indian National Movement Moderate Phase (1885-1905)

W.C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dhadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badiruddin Tyabji, and Judge Ranade were among the prominent figures during the first phase (moderate phase) of the National Movement. They were referred to as moderates because they used legal and peaceful means to fulfil their requests. The moderates’ requests included things like:

Reform and expansion of legislative committees.
Greater chances for Indians in higher positions thanks to the simultaneous administration of the ICS test in England and India.
The division of the judicial and administrative branches.
Greater authority for municipal governments.
A cut in military expenditures.

freedom of association, freedom of opinion, and freedom of expression The Moderates were loyal to the British and had complete confidence in them. The Moderates presented their requests through petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memoranda, and representatives. Only the educated classes were allowed to participate in their political actions. Their goal was to gradually achieve political freedom and self-government. The Indian Council Act of 1892 expanded the legislative councils, which was the only request from Congress that the British government approved.

Read More: Reform Movements in Southern India

Important Moderate Personalities

Dhadabhai Naoroji was referred to as India’s “Grand Old Man.” In England, he is considered as India’s unofficial ambassador. The first Asian to hold a seat in the British House of Commons, he made history.
Gandhi looked up to Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his political mentor. He established the Servants of India Society in 1905 to teach Indians how to spend their lives in service of their nation.
The Indian Burke was the moniker given to Surendranath Banerjee. In order to advocate for legislative reforms, he established the Indian Association in 1876. He had called for the 1883 convocation of the Indian National Conference, which in 1886 united with the Indian National Congress .
The Hindu and Swadesamitran were established by G. Subramanya Aiyar.

Indian National Movement Extremist Phase (1905-1916)

The Indian National Movement went through an extreme era from 1905 to 1916. Extremists served as the phase’s leader. Extremists or aggressive patriots thought that success could be attained by using risky tactics. Lala Lajpat Rai , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh were significant radical figures.

Also, Check Freedom Fighter of India

Indian National Movement UPSC

For many government exams, the Indian National Movement is a very pertinent subject in Indian history, and understanding the types of questions that might be asked in the test is the only way to fully comprehend the importance of this topic. Candidates should therefore practice enough queries on the subject. Peasant movements were a part of societal struggles against British atrocities during the British Colonial Period in the 18th and 19th centuries. This article has all the details related to Indian National Movement for UPSC Preparations.

Who started Indian National Movement?

The East India Association was started by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867, and the Indian National Association was started by Surendranath Banerjee in 1876. Seventy-two Indian delegates gathered in Bombay in 1885 and established the Indian National Congress as a result of a proposal made by A.O. Hume, a retired Scottish civil servant.

How many movements were in Indian National Movement?

There were nine Indian National Movement

Who is the father of Indian National Movement?

Bal Gangadhar Tilak is the father of Indian National Movement

Which was the first national movement in India?

Revolt of 1857 was the first national movement in India

What are the 3 phases of Indian national movement?

The Early Nationalist Period is the name given to the movement's initial stage. The Assertive Nationalism Era, which lasted from 1905 to 1919, is known as the second era. The Mahatma Gandhi Era, which ran from 1919 to 1947, was the last stage of the freedom fight.

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Gandhi's Role in Indian Freedom Struggle: A Critical Understanding

Gandhi had an unflinching and unshakable faith in the theory of non-violence. He played a pivotal role in the India's struggle for freedom which was the world's largest democratic movement. Indian nationalism achieved its highest peak under Gandhi's leadership. No doubt it was he, who organized the movement on mass basis and tried his best to unite both Hindus and Muslims, uplift the economic and social status of the untouchables. Gandhi evolved and developed a powerful non-violent method, giving it the name Satyagraha. Though in contemporary period there are various criticisms on him but we must observe him from that particular period of freedom struggle.

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Indian freedom struggle involves the political movements that were widely popularized against the oppressing outlook of the British dominion, both by employing non-violent and violent measures. Broadly speaking, the history of the freedom struggle can be divided into two distinctive phases, i.e., Pre-Gandhian period (1885-1919) and Post-Gandhian period (1919-1947). In the latter phase, Gandhi led millions into active politics and movement for independence mass-centric. However, he was clear that the springs of their activity did not lie with him but with themselves. He was able to grasp the basic dialectic of leader-masses relationship. Through his leadership, Indian National Congress became an effective organization for politics and mass struggle, to mobilize and unite an atomized and dispersed people, to evolve correct strategy and tactics which would correspond to the specific historical situation of exploitation and oppression. Political Background of India before the Arrival of...

A standout amongst the most prominently examined and yet many-a-period dubious figure of Indian politics is Mahatma Gandhi. There is not really any zone in the pre or post-independence period that he had left untramplled for Indian improvement and independence. He is such a socio-political figure who is scarcely incomprehensible for somebody to overlook or disregard. He has impacted each part of human awareness and there is not really any discipline that he has left uncommented. Maybe a couple would debate the idea that Mahatma Gandhi was one of the twentieth century's transformative political and spiritual leaders. Among his numerous prominent commitments, Gandhi is appropriately credited with pioneering Satyagraha, protection from oppression however mass common rebellion and vocalizing an otherworldly message that helped the Indian National Congress procure independence from the British in August 1947. In Gandhi's glorified state, there would be no representative government, no constitution, no army or police constrain; there would be no industrialization, no machines and absolutely no modern cities.

American Historical Review, 2010

Anu Books, 2022

The impact of Non-violence in the nationalist movement of India is beyond criticism. Gandhi wanted to inspire the nation, not for a blood-shedding struggle but rather in a theosophical way i.e. Ahimsa. The arrival of Non-violence waved the women's souls to plunge into nationalist movements such as

SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub, 2022

Mahatma Gandhi's success in South Africa established him as a prominent leader and made him very popular in India also. In 1914, he returned to India and began to actively resist British rule through non-violent means, leading to the development of a strong sense of nationalism sentiment among various groups in Indian society. In 1920, the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, launched the Non-Cooperation Movement based on the principles of Satyagraha and Ahimsa. It was the first nationwide movement of its kind to resist British rule through peaceful means and undermined their power and prestige. Additionally, it helped to unite Hindus and Muslims as it merged with the Khilafat Movement of the Muslim community. The present research paper reviews the history of Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.

Almost seven decades after Mahatma Gandhi passed away and India became independent from the British rule on 15 th August 1947, Gandhi's ideologies are put in practice across the world. "Even if India forgets the world will remember him", Ramachandra Guha, the historian remarks. As a social reformer and political thinker, he won over the enmity of Muslim and Hindu bigots. Ramachandra Guha repeats the narrative of Richard Atten Borough's "1982 biopic Gandhi". On the one hundred and fiftieth centenary Gandhi followed the principles of self-rule (Swaraj), religious tolerance, rule of law and civil disobedience (Satyagraha). The biographical volumes written by Ramachandra Guha visualize him as a liberal icon. As a student of law in London, Gandhi believed in right to equality. Studying India's political past, Gandhi was against social discrimination. As a lawyer in South Africa returning to India at the beginning of the first world war, Gandhi worked against the evils of the caste system.

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Essay on Freedom

The freedom essay portrays the meaning of freedom, the Indian freedom struggle and its importance. Freedom is one of the essential values in our society. It sets us apart from other countries, and it has been our main goal since we were born. For some, freedom means different things. It is the opportunity to voice your opinion without fear. For others, it can be obtaining a higher level of education and knowledge than what is available to the general public. There are many different definitions of freedom, and no two people will have the same interpretation or experience of this word. However, one common idea that unites them is that freedom means having unrestricted rights and privileges.

Freedom is something that humans desire to have. We want to do what we please without any restrictions because it gives us a sense of power. It makes us feel like we are in control. However, freedom can be very challenging. When people are forced to face their challenges due to a lack of choices, they often develop coping mechanisms. An essay on freedom helps the little ones understand the value of freedom and write a better essay.

Indian Freedom Movement

The Indian freedom movement was a mass movement that led to the end of British rule in India and the establishment of an independent nation. The campaign was started by Indian nationalists demanding independence from Britain. This short essay on freedom in English is an excellent way to help kids learn about Indian independence.

India had an active freedom movement that started in the late 19th century. The Indian freedom movement was a significant movement to gain independence from the colonial rule. It started in the early 1800s and led to the Independence of India in 1947. The freedom movement was led by Indian nationalist leaders who wanted to free the country from British rule . These leaders wanted to create an independent and democratic state.

Bhagat Singh, Uddham Singh, Tantia Tope, Mahatma Gandhi and others are the most popular Indian leaders. Among them, Mahatma Gandhi started a nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement against the British Empire.

Importance of Freedom

Freedom is a fundamental human right and an essential element of individual liberty. The value of freedom is the intangible worth of making decisions without outside interference. From the perspective of people who enjoy freedom, there may be no good reason why others should not be free from control or domination.

Freedom is one of the most valuable things people can have. It allows them to do what they want and how they want. This is more valuable than many might think. It also has many benefits for those who have it and those around them.

Teach kids to write the freedom essay by perusing BYJU’S essay on freedom. You can also find more essays, poems, short stories, worksheets, etc., on the website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who are some of the renowned freedom fighters of india.

Bhagat Singh, Uddham Singh, Tantia Tope, Mahatma Gandhi and others are some of the most popular Indian freedom fighters.

When did the Indian freedom movement begin?

The Indian freedom movement began in the late 19th century.

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Journey to India’s Independence

This section contains a collection of rare archival material such as books, photographs, gazetteers, letters, newspaper clippings and much more on the freedom struggle of India. The freedom movement engulfed the entire country and people from all walks of life joined hands to drive the foreign oppressors out of this land. Even after more than 7 decades of freedom, these stories of courage, selflessness and determination continue to inspire and instill pride in us. The present section aims to preserve and bring to light rare glimpses of the fight for freedom in the form of digital records.

Archival Records

Museum Collections

Newspaper Clippings

Unsung Heroes

Freedom Struggle: Symbols and Spaces

Historic cities.

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The Indian Culture Portal is a part of the National Virtual Library of India project, funded by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The portal has been created and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Data has been provided by organisations of the Ministry of Culture.

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Know Your City: Where to look for memories of India’s freedom struggle in Bengaluru

Bengaluru didn’t experience the freedom struggle in the same way as some other parts of the country..

A common thread shared across India is the collective memory of the freedom struggle. Bengaluru is no different. While the city did not experience the freedom movement in the same way as some other parts of the country, partly because it fell under the princely state of Mysore, which had some autonomy and good relations with the British, it was still very much present.

Mahatma Gandhi visited the city five times over the years. As the years of the Quit India Movement approached, the intensity of the freedom movement picked up as well. The Shivapura Satyagraha in 1938 marked the spread of the movement in Karnataka , where freedom fighters including T Siddalingaiah, N V Krishnamachari, and S K Karim Khan hoisted the national flag at Shivapura in Mandya.

The Quit India movement in 1942 saw its fair share of upheavals in Bengaluru as well, with marks still left on the city if one knows where to look for them.

“The freedom movement in Bangalore had started before the Quit India Movement by the 1930s… In 1937, one Mr Nariman, who was the mayor of Bombay (Khurshed Nariman, mayor from ’35 to ’36), had come to Bangalore to address the people,” said city historian Suresh Moona.

When Nariman was prevented from speaking by the police near Banappa Park, it sparked agitation among the participants, who were then fired on by the police. One Gundappa, possibly a resident of Cubbonpet, was killed in the firing.

Moona notes that this was among the incidents that caused the nascent movement in Bengaluru to pick up steam and is one of the more important sites in the history of the struggle to this day. A memorial exists at Banappa Park, capped with a statue of Gandhi weaving on the charka.

Another area where leaders of the freedom struggle congregated was Chikka Lalbagh, with many labourers from the area being part of the movement. Moona said, “Kempe Gowda Road itself has seen the freedom struggle… When Nariman’s movement started, people also started a large movement near this road… To curb this, the Mysore government sent the horseback police. At the time there were many big houses. So people would throw bags of ragi on the road from the tops, after which the police would fall.”

“Unfortunately, there is no board to tell the present generation that Kempe Gowda Road was very active during the freedom movement…There should be placards detailing each place that was part of the movement,” he added.

Another area key to the history of the struggle and Quit India Movement was the Central Jail, which was built where Freedom Park now stands. “Name any freedom fighter of that time, they were all sent to this jail, like S Nijalingappa and H Narasimhaiah….even during the Emergency period, all national leaders like L K Advani and George Fernandes were lodged here,” Moona said.

The factories in Malleswaram also witnessed fierce action with police firing at the place and near the National College circle. “There was a house near National College Circle where a bullet hit the compound wall. A girl was seeing this through the window. I met her when she was about 78, and she showed me the spot where the bullet had struck. Now, a bank has come up over there,” Moona recalled.

Another memorial exists near the old State Bank of Mysore building adjoining a temple. According to Meera Iyer’s book Discovering Bengaluru, the Quit India movement in the city had escalated by August 17, 1942, with gatherings in the vicinity of the bank. A post office was set on fire in Aralepete.

Gundappa, who died in the firing near Banappa Park, is memorialised here along with two others who died in the firing during the Quit India movement — S B Rangappa and G V Thirumalaiah. Another person, Prahlad Shetty, is also memorialised, though the precise circumstance of his death is unclear.

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Essay on Role of Tribal Uprising in Freedom Struggle

Students are often asked to write an essay on Role of Tribal Uprising in Freedom Struggle in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Role of Tribal Uprising in Freedom Struggle

Introduction.

The tribal uprisings played a significant role in India’s freedom struggle. These revolts were a reaction against British exploitation and interference in tribal life.

Resistance Against British

Tribal communities resisted the British by revolting against their oppressive policies. These uprisings were a symbol of their courage and determination to protect their rights and freedom.

Impact on Freedom Struggle

The tribal revolts influenced the national movement by highlighting the struggle against British imperialism. They inspired other communities to fight for their rights, contributing to the broader freedom struggle.

In conclusion, the tribal uprisings were a crucial part of India’s fight for independence, reflecting the spirit of resistance against colonial rule.

250 Words Essay on Role of Tribal Uprising in Freedom Struggle

The tribal uprisings played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence, often overlooked amidst the more documented mainstream movements. These rebellions were the early expressions of dissent against colonial rule, challenging the brutal exploitation and subjugation of the tribal communities.

Resistance against Colonial Exploitation

The tribal societies, traditionally autonomous and self-governing, vehemently resisted the British imposition of alien laws, land regulations, and revenue systems. The Santal Hool of 1855, led by Sidho and Kanhu Murmu, was a significant revolt against the British and the zamindars, triggered by the usurpation of their lands and resources.

Assertion of Indigenous Identity

The tribal uprisings were not merely anti-colonial struggles but also assertions of their indigenous identity, culture, and rights. The Rampa Rebellion of 1879 and the Munda Ulgulan of 1899-1900, under Birsa Munda’s leadership, were potent instances of tribal unity and resistance, challenging both colonial rule and feudal oppression.

Contribution to National Movement

The tribal revolts, though localized, contributed to the broader national movement by exposing the exploitative colonial regime, inspiring other social groups to resist. They also influenced the national leaders, leading to the incorporation of tribal welfare in the post-independence national agenda.

In conclusion, the tribal uprisings were critical components of the Indian freedom struggle, embodying the spirit of resistance against colonial oppression. They foregrounded the tribals’ indomitable courage and their determination to safeguard their rights, culture, and identity, thereby making a significant contribution to the freedom movement.

500 Words Essay on Role of Tribal Uprising in Freedom Struggle

Roots of tribal rebellion.

The British rule disrupted the traditional socio-economic structure of tribal communities, leading to their exploitation and marginalization. The introduction of land revenue systems, forest laws, and new administrative structures threatened the tribal way of life. The tribal communities, traditionally dependent on forests for their livelihood, found their access to these resources severely restricted. The alienation and exploitation led to a series of tribal uprisings across the country.

Major Tribal Uprisings

The Santhal rebellion (1855-56), led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, was one of the most significant tribal uprisings. The Santhals, primarily residing in the present-day states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal, rose against the British and their Indian agents due to oppressive economic policies. Despite the brutal suppression of the rebellion, it served as a symbol of tribal resistance against colonial rule.

Similarly, the Munda rebellion, also known as the Ulugulan (Great Tumult) led by Birsa Munda in the late 19th century, was a powerful revolt against British colonial policies and the exploitation by moneylenders and landlords.

Impact on the Freedom Struggle

The tribal uprisings played a significant role in the broader freedom struggle. They not only challenged the British authority but also created a consciousness about the oppressive nature of colonial rule. The uprisings demonstrated the tribal communities’ desire for freedom and self-rule, contributing to the broader nationalist sentiment.

The tribal uprisings in the freedom struggle underscore the importance of viewing the struggle for independence as a diverse and multifaceted movement. The tribal communities, through their resistance, demonstrated their agency and resilience against colonial rule. Recognizing their role in the freedom struggle allows for a more comprehensive understanding of India’s path to independence. Their uprisings serve as a reminder of their struggle for autonomy, dignity, and rights, which continues to this day in different forms.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

essay on freedom movement in india

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Indian Freedom Fighter Struggle Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

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We Appeared in

The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors or contributions from different parts of the country

Early Resistance to British Rule (1757-1857)

Major Uprisings

Key Figures

The First War of Independence (1857)

Notable Figures

Formative Phase (1885-1905)

Indian National Congress

Leaders of the Phase

Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)

Context and Overview

Prominent Contributors:

Key Events and Impact

Challenges and Legacy

Gandhian Era (1915-1947)

Gandhi’s Return & Philosophy

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

Quit India Movement (1942)

Sub-Movements & Other Leaders

Legacy of the Gandhian Era

Subaltern Contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle

Tribal Movements

Women in the Freedom Struggle

Lower Caste Movements

Other Minority Contributions

Revolutionary Movements in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army – INA)

Other Noteworthy Movements & Figures

Legacy & Impact

The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion

Before we finish…

How to study the Indian Freedom Struggle in detail?

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Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “, We will read about the overview of the Indian Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India In 500+ Words