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114 Child Abuse Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 child abuse research papers examples, 💡 essay ideas on child abuse.

• ✍️ Child Abuse Essay Topics for College

🏆 Best Child Abuse Essay Titles

🎓 simple research topics about child abuse, ❓ child abuse research questions.

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Psychology essay sample: Child sexual abuse is among the common problems facing children. This paper looks at the causes and effects of child sexual abuse, the posttraumatic stress disorder, and its treatment.
• Family Violence: Adult-Child Sexual Abuse Psychology essay sample: This paper explores the risk and protection factors for child abuse in the light of Macro-system, microsystem, mesosystems; and programs that target the prevention of child abuse.
• Childhood Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on Future Life Psychology essay sample: The paper explores how sibling incest and childhood sexual abuse affect persons’ interpersonal relationships and adulthood sexual functioning.
• Child Abuse: Perpetrated by Parents on Children Psychology essay sample: ‘Child neglect’ is an ambiguous and all-encompassing term used to describe actions perpetrated by parents on children which are universally deemed harmful by society.
• The Link Between Child Abuse and Delinquency Psychology essay sample: Five elements of parenting that can be positive or negative influences include: Discipline, Monitoring, Reinforcement, Involvement and Problem-solving.
• Social and Emotional Outcomes of Child Abuse Psychology essay sample: This can be further and in a meaningful manner determine the results by paying attention to a sound and the experience of the child.
• Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect Psychology essay sample: A paper explores reasons for the prevalence of child abuse in society and possible remedies. Child abuse is an activity that subjects a child to physical, emotional, or sexual trauma.
• Child Advocacy. Keeping an Eye Out Psychology essay sample: In the current social settings, the voice of young people and particularly children have been occasionally neglected.
• Child Sexual Abuse Issue Review Psychology essay sample: Posttraumatic stress disorder, increased stress levels and poor health in individuals are some of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse.
• Catholic Church and Child Sexual Abuse Allegations Psychology essay sample: Over the last two years, the Catholic church has come under a lot of criticism due to allegations of its priests sexually assaulting children in their congregation.
• Abuse and Neglect: An Orientation Psychology essay sample: Child abuse and neglect are severe issues, affecting the most vulnerable section of the population and often causing permanent trauma.
• Bullying Children: The Analysis of Various Examples Psychology essay sample: This discussion provides a detailed analysis of various examples of bullying and some of the evidence-based strategies to prevent the malpractice.
• Child Neglect and Abuse: Causes, Effects, Prevention, and Treatment Psychology essay sample: Child maltreatment is a broad and complex concept that entails a wide range of problematic issues, including neglect, sexual, physical, and emotional abuse.
• Should There Be a Law Banning Spanking of Children Psychology essay sample: Spanking is a disciplinary method that has over the years been fought against in many countries, spanking has a long-run negative effect on the child.
• The Children Abuse and Social Behavior Psychology essay sample: This research paper will define child abuse, review the statistics and other data on the topic and discuss the impact of abuse on the social behavior of children.
• The Level of Abuse to Children Psychology essay sample: This paper highlights the extent of child abuse cases in our society with a special focus on its relation to our culture.
• The Long-Term Impact of Abuse and Neglect on Children Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of abuse on children, examine how different types of abuse impact a child’s cognitive and socio-emotional development.
• Child Abuse: The Case Study Psychology essay sample: The abused child is vulnerable because he needs parental care more than any sort of support does. In fact, providing support only caters for the physical aspects of the problem.
• Neglect and Abuse in "Romanian Orphanage" Video Psychology essay sample: This article focuses on the video "Romanian Orphanage" - a good example of how emotional neglect negatively affects the development of young people.
• Child Abuse and Neglect in Daycares Psychology essay sample: Millions of children face acts of negligence in various forms. During the tender age, the child needs and depends on the parent or caregiver critically.
• The False Memories of Abuse in Sexual Child Abuse Psychology essay sample: In circumstances where a child is sexually abused theirs follows trauma on the child leading to a series of memories that occur from time to time.
• Child Abuse and Elder Abuse Psychology essay sample: Child and elder abuses are worldwide problems that are on the increase. The paper represents two recent criminal cases, one of child abuse and the other of elder abuse.
• Child and Elder Abuse Are Underreported Psychology essay sample: Elderly abuse and child abuse take different forms, including physical and psychological. The paper discusses how and why elder abuse and child abuse are underreported.
• Childhood Trauma Etiology Associated With Social and Mental Disorders Psychology essay sample: This paper will showcase the five themes that were revealed during the review process to better understand the associations between childhood trauma and various disorders.
• Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect: Teacher Training Psychology essay sample: Apart from physical and psychological trauma, the experience of abuse or neglect impacts executive functioning and cognitive skills, potentially causing difficulties in learning.
• Child Emotional Neglect and Its Risk Factors Psychology essay sample: Child emotional neglect is a common phenomenon observed in terms of raising healthy children. Negligent parents experience the same attitude from their parents in childhood.
• Childhood Traumatic Experience Psychology essay sample: This paper examines the effect of childhood traumas on adulthood, including cognitive abilities, social behavior, and mental health, through the prism of scientific evidence.
• Physical Punishment as an Ineffective Way to Influence a Child Psychology essay sample: Physical punishments such as spankings always have a more comprehensive range of consequences that increase aggressiveness and violence.
• Child Abuse and Neglect: “A Child Called It” Psychology essay sample: This paper compares symptoms of abuse detailed within the work by Dave Pelzer known as “A child called It” and analyzes them using recognized guidelines for child abuse victims.
• Sexual and Emotional Child Abuse Examination Psychology essay sample: This paper focuses on the issues of sexual and emotional aggression towards children in their homes, discussing relevant concepts, and abuse statistics.
• Experience of Childhood Trauma from Child Abuse/Maltreatment Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to analyze the experience of childhood trauma from child abuse/maltreatment, outcomes included, and relevant literature search results and annotated bibliography.
• Child Abuse and Depression Psychology essay sample: This essay argues that neglect, emotional distress, and limited access to psychological treatment during childhood alleviate depression and other mental conditions.
• Childhood Maltreatment and Behavior Problems Psychology essay sample: The research centers on examining whether or not early childhood maltreatment (before the age of four) affected the long-term behavioral deviations.
• Early-Life Stress and Behavioral Outcomes Psychology essay sample: The study aims to understand the mechanisms behind the long-lasting consequences of early-life stress exposure. It is accomplished by comparing the results of tests.
• Child Abuse: Corporal Punishment, Intimidation Psychology essay sample: The paper describes that the problem of violence and ill-treatment of children in the family today is an issue that needs to be discussed and taken measures to solve.
• Suicidal Ideation as a High-Risk Event Psychology essay sample: People with a tendency toward suicidal ideation represent one of the largest high-risk populations because thoughts of death affect a high percentage of humans.
• Child Neglect and Its Impact on Self-Esteem of a Young Adult Psychology essay sample: The investigation of the theme of child neglect and its mediating effect on the self-esteem of young adults can be conducted with the help of a quantitative questionnaire.
• Spanking as a Punishment Method Psychology essay sample: Raising children is arduous as parents are tasked with introducing their children to society and acceptable norms of behavior in it.
• Death Due to Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses how health risk behavior and various diseases in adults are related to household dysfunction and different types of abuse during childhood.
• Complex a Child Abuse Situation Psychology essay sample: The case of James is a unique illustration of how complex a child abuse situation can become due to the involvement of a multitude of parties.
• Experience of Trauma from Child Maltreatment Psychology essay sample: Summing up the findings of various researchers as well as using databases, studies confirm an undeniable influence of maltreatment on the later development and life of a child.
• Child Abuse and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Psychology essay sample: The given case illustrates child abuse and neglect as a problem involving not only a child and a parent but also grandparents.

✍️ Abuse Child Essay Examples for College

• Child Maltreatment: Background Psychology essay sample: The phenomenon of child maltreatment in the home setting is thoroughly examined by researchers, who intend to present a link between the unhealthy environment in families.
• Impacts of Physical Trauma on Children and Family Psychology essay sample: In the presented scenario the main recipient of physical trauma as a result of abuse is Kolomalu. It discusses the short-term impacts of physical abuse.
• Profiles of Childhood Trauma and Psychopathology Psychology essay sample: This article presents the results of studying the long-term effects of childhood traumas and reveals a connection between types of traumas and mental disorders.
• Child Maltreatment Factor of Personality Formation Psychology essay sample: This research aims to analyze the external factors involved in developing personality formation, particularly race and ethnicity.
• Growth Mindset Considering Spanking Issue Psychology essay sample: On the basis of learning, I have changed my belief related to the spanking of children that had been previously regarded as a common and even beneficial practice.
• Mental Health of Children: A Study of Human Rights Violations Through Terrorism Psychology essay sample: It can be concluded that there is a direct interlink between terrorist acts and various mental health disorders, including those among children, who are highly prone to mental trauma.
• The Problem of Child Abuse and Maltreatment Psychology essay sample: In this paper, the authors focus on how corporal punishment may lead to abusive acts, injury, and maltreatment among children and adolescents.
• Preventing Child Maltreatment by Caregivers Psychology essay sample: In the paper, the strategies to reduce maltreatment involving older children by promoting healthier interactions between them and their caregivers.
• Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Sexual Abuse Psychology essay sample: The paper reviews the literature providing information on the psychological, psychiatric, and physical outcomes of child sexual abuse.
• Sexual Violence and Mental Health Effects Psychology essay sample: Sexual violence is widespread and is used even against children. There are treatment options for negative mental health effects for sexually abused children.
• Childhood Trauma and Attachment Theories Psychology essay sample: Childhood trauma is a life-threatening and violent event in a child's life. It significantly impacts a person's behavioral and emotional functioning.
• Bullying: Collaborating with Parents to Increase Proactive Bystander Message Psychology essay sample: Bullying could potentially lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. These symptoms could be typical also to the bystanders.
• Secondary Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Psychology essay sample: Understanding child PTSD is fundamental in determining or predicting the future tendencies and outcomes of future life in terms of health, behavior, and social well-being.
• Codependence, Narcissism, and Childhood Trauma: Analysis of Article Psychology essay sample: In their research, the authors wanted to test the concept of codependency and how it is relevant to real-life situations.
• Childhood Trauma: Causes, Effects, and Preventive Measures Psychology essay sample: It is salient to understand the causative factors and the effects of childhood trauma while also highlighting applicable preventive measures.
• The Child Maltreatment and Anxiety Relationship Psychology essay sample: This paper discusses the impact of maltreatment on children's well-being and protects their physical and psychological health and research brings attention to the problem.
• Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Psychology essay sample: Child abuse and neglect are cases when an underaged individual's emotional needs are overlooked and three out of eight children in the United States are affected by this problem.
• Spanking Is Detrimental and Should Be Outlawed Psychology essay sample: Spanking teaches children ways of avoiding being caught instead of generating forms of positive behaviors. It is detrimental to children and should be outlawed.
• Children’s Mental Health: Codependency and Alcoholic and Narcissistic Parents Psychology essay sample: The concept of codependency is one of the recurring themes in the discussions of childhood struggles, caused by alcoholic and narcissistic parents.
• Trauma and Its Effect on Children Psychology essay sample: The paper examines the notion of trauma and its effect on children. Moreover, it looks into the consequences, causes, reactivation of trauma, and prospective treatment.
• Child Abuse and Special Needs or Behavioral Challenging Children
• Child Abuse Has Severe Negative Psychological Effects on Children
• The Characteristics and Forms of Child Abuse: Physical Abuse, Physical Neglect, Sexual Abuse, and Emotional Abuse
• Child Abuse Potential: Correlates With Child Maltreatment Rates and Structural Measures of Neighborhoods
• Child Abuse and Children Can Be Saved From Experiences
• Connection Between Child Sexual Abuse & Dissociative Identity Disorder
• The Reasons and Factors Contributing to Child Abuse in Our Society
• Child Abuse and Adolescent Dating Violence
• Defining Child Abuse With the Aid of a Case Study
• Approaching Child Abuse from a Multi-Dimensional Perspective
• The Fine Line Between Child Abuse and Parental Punishment with Justification
• Behind Closed Doors: The Correlation Between Multiple Personality Disorder and Child Abuse
• Protecting Our Children from Domestic Violence and Child Abuse
• Juvenile Who Commit Homicide or Parricide and the Presence of Child Abuse
• Child Abuse and Children Are Being Abused Each Day
• Child Abuse as a Major Social Dilemma Healthcare professionals examine possible signs of child abuse and offer adequate education to empower more members of the community to deal with this problem.
• Child Abuse and Neglect: Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
• The Inspiration and Enlightenment from the Film Confronting Child Sexual Abuse
• Early-Intervention Service for Non-Abusing Parents of Victims of Child Sexual Abuse
• Child Sexual Abuse: The Repressed Memories Recovered
• Describing Child Abuse, Its Different Forms, and Solutions to the Problem
• Child Abuse and Lack of Communication in Marriages the Main Factors of Failed Family
• Long and Short-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and the Different Treatment
• Child Abuse and Its Effects on Social And Personality Development
• Child Abuse and How it Relates to the Developmental Stages
• Child Abuse and Maltreatment Is Not Limited to a Particular Age and Can Occur in the Infant, Toddler, Preschool, and School-Age Years
• Dealing with the Growing Concern About Child Sexual Abuse in Our Society
• Child Abuse and Its Effects on the Physical, Mental, and Emotional State of a Child
• Children are Suffering From a Hidden Epidemic of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Family Interventions With Child Physical Abuse and Neglect
• Child Abuse and Its Effects on Our Nation’s Most Serious Public Health
• Child Sexual Abuse, Sexual Coercion in College, and the Effects of Intervention
• Treatment For Women Survivors Of Years of a Child Abuse
• International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Child Abuse Leads to Anxiety and Social Disorders
• Child Abuse Too Much or Too Little Emphasis in Today’s Society
• Adverse Effects and Prevention of Child Abuse Social Work
• The Difference Between Child Abuse and Child Discipline
• Modern Beliefs Regarding The Treatment Of Child Abuse Victims
• Mass Media’s Role and Possible Solutions on Child Abuse
• The Relationship Between Child Abuse and Adult Psychopathy
• Are There Any Biomarkers for Pedophilia and Sexual Child Abuse? A Review.
• How Childhood Sexual Abuse Affects the Child Through?
• Should Pregnant Drug Abusers Be Charged With Child Abuse?
• Why are Child Victims of Sexual Abuse at Greater Risk of HIV?
• When Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse?
• How Children Carry the Weight of Child Abuse?
• Why Child Abuse Should Be Addressed as a Social Problem?
• How the Government and Society have a Responsibility to Help Child Abuse Victims?
• What are the Negative Effects of Child Abuse?
• When Should Teachers Report Child Abuse?
• Why Might the Experience of Child Sexual Abuse Lead to Mental Health Problems in Adulthood?

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PsychologyWriting . 2024. "114 Child Abuse Research Topics & Essay Examples." May 24, 2024. https://psychologywriting.com/topics/child-abuse-research-topics/.

1. PsychologyWriting . "114 Child Abuse Research Topics & Essay Examples." May 24, 2024. https://psychologywriting.com/topics/child-abuse-research-topics/.

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PsychologyWriting . "114 Child Abuse Research Topics & Essay Examples." May 24, 2024. https://psychologywriting.com/topics/child-abuse-research-topics/.

Essay on Child Abuse

Students are often asked to write an essay on Child Abuse in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Child Abuse

Understanding child abuse.

Child abuse refers to harmful actions against children. It can be physical, emotional, or sexual in nature. It’s a serious issue that affects many children worldwide.

Types of Child Abuse

Physical abuse involves causing physical harm. Emotional abuse includes actions that harm a child’s mental well-being. Sexual abuse involves sexual exploitation.

The Impact of Child Abuse

Child abuse can lead to serious problems, like mental health issues and difficulty in social interactions. It’s important to protect children from such harm.

Preventing Child Abuse

Everyone can help prevent child abuse. If you see signs of abuse, it’s crucial to report it to authorities. Education and awareness are key.

250 Words Essay on Child Abuse

Introduction.

Child abuse, a grave societal issue, is an act that inflicts physical, sexual, or emotional harm or neglect upon children. This pervasive problem transcends geographical boundaries, socio-economic statuses, and cultures, having long-term detrimental effects on the individual’s life and society.

Child abuse manifests in various forms: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse involves deliberate actions causing injuries or harm to a child, while sexual abuse pertains to any sexual activity involving a child. Emotional abuse is the continual emotional mistreatment, and neglect is the consistent failure to meet a child’s basic needs.

Consequences of Child Abuse

The impact of child abuse is profound and long-lasting. Victims often experience cognitive difficulties, emotional instability, and behavioral issues. The psychological trauma can lead to mental health disorders, substance abuse, and even suicide in severe cases.

Prevention and Intervention

Preventing child abuse requires collective societal effort. It involves improving parenting skills, providing family support, and increasing public awareness. Intervention strategies include therapy, counseling, and legal action. Schools and communities play a crucial role in identifying and reporting suspected abuse.

In conclusion, child abuse is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. Understanding its forms and consequences is the first step towards prevention. Society’s collective effort is crucial in creating a safe environment for children, thus ensuring their healthy development and well-being.

500 Words Essay on Child Abuse

Introduction to child abuse, the different forms of child abuse.

Child abuse manifests in various forms, each with its profound impact on a child’s mental and physical development. Physical abuse involves the deliberate use of force against a child, leading to potential bodily harm. Sexual abuse encompasses any sexual activity involving a child, where they are incapable of giving informed consent. Emotional abuse involves persistent negative behavior towards a child, such as belittling, humiliation, or rejection. Lastly, neglect is the failure to provide for a child’s basic needs, including food, shelter, education, and medical care.

Impact of Child Abuse

Child abuse has devastating consequences on the victims, their families, and society at large. Abused children often suffer from physical injuries, psychological disorders, and impaired social development. They may experience difficulties in school, struggle with interpersonal relationships, and are at a higher risk of developing mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, the cycle of abuse often continues into adulthood, with victims more likely to become perpetrators themselves.

The Role of Society and Institutions

Conclusion: towards a safer future for children.

Child abuse is a pervasive issue that demands urgent attention and action. It is essential to foster a culture of respect and protection for children’s rights, where every child can grow up in a safe and nurturing environment. This involves a collective effort from individuals, communities, and governments to recognize, address, and prevent child abuse. By doing so, we can break the cycle of abuse and pave the way for a safer, healthier future for our children.

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108 Child Abuse Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on child abuse, ✍️ child abuse essay topics for college, 🎓 most interesting child abuse research titles, 💡 simple child abuse essay ideas, ❓ child abuse research questions.

• Child Abuse: Risks, Causes, Effects, Treatment
• Child Abuse and Preventive Measures
• Child Abuse and the Minimalist and Maximalist Perspectives
• The Portrayal of Child Abuse and Neglect in Media
• Causes and Results of Child Abuse
• Problem of Child Abuse in Modern Society
• Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect on Perception of Reality in Adulthood
• Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect In this paper, attention is paid to Brandon, a 12-year-old boy who survived his father’s sexual abuse at the age of 6 and experiences post-traumatic stress disorder at the moment.
• Mandatory Reporting in Child Abuse and Neglect Mandatory reporting is the responsibility given to specific individuals in different states in the United States to report cases of child abuse and neglect to the responsible governmental bodies.
• Child Abuse and Neglect in Ukraine This research focuses on child abuse and neglect in Ukraine. Concentrating on statistics will make it clear how widespread the given issue is.
• Child Abuse in the Clothing Production Bangladesh’s garment production is projected to quadruple over the next twenty years, which means that millions of new women, young and old, will enter the garment industry.
• Advocacy for Negligence and Child Abuse Amongst Black Teenagers Negligence and abuse amongst black teenagers require rehabilitation therapy and parental counseling to prevent further negative effects.
• Child Abuse and Neglect in Cleveland, Ohio Adverse health problems in infancy, adolescence, and adulthood are frequently correlated with child maltreatment, which includes neglect, physical, sexual and psychological abuse.
• The Problem of Child Abuse A practical approach to dealing with child abuse is to tackle the social, economic, and human factors that contribute to its prevalence.
• Different Types of Child Abuse There are different types of child abuse. Only half of all cases are associated with physical violence. Neglect, beatings, and rape are the most common types.
• Child Abuse and Its Impact on Society One of the most pressing issues affecting children worldwide is child abuse, which has garnered the attention of countries internationally.
• Child Abuse Problem Overview According to social statistics that focus on child abuse and neglect rates in the United States based on victims’ race and ethnicity, it is possible to notice huge disparities.
• Child Abuse and Family Violence: A Personal Response In the author’s opinion, child abuse and family violence can be compared with a malignant tumor that slowly poisons and erodes the foundations of society.
• Child Abuse: Keep Kids Safe Child abuse is a case when a parent or guardian, regardless of whether through activity or neglecting to act, causes injury, intended damage, or danger of genuine mischief.
• Child Abuse Management: Multidisciplinary Approach This paper investigates the efficacy of multidisciplinary and non-multidisciplinary approaches in child abuse management.
• Child Abuse and Ways for Its Elimination This paper will discuss the problems of violence in various forms of manifestation to find the causes of their occurrence and a solution for them.
• Identifying Child Abuse Scenario It is essential to differentiate between child neglect and child abuse. The World Health Organization puts them under an umbrella term “child maltreatment.”
• Medical Examination for Children with Allegations of Child Abuse There are several functions of medical examination. They include collecting and documenting physical evidence of child abuse.
• Child Abuse or a Parental Discipline According to the state laws within the United States, physical discipline is recommended if it is solely for discipline and does not lead to the injury of a child.
• Shaken Baby Syndrome and Child Abuse The attention of the world was first drawn to the shaken baby syndrome in the widely covered trial of Louse Woodward, a British nanny accused of killing Matthew Eappen, her charge.
• Different Factors and Approaches of Child Abuse and Neglect The discussion centers on the 5 articles cited that relate to child abuse and neglect. Important points are provided to identify the ideas of the reporters in the articles accordingly.
• Child Abuse and Health of Nation: Cause and Effect The fact is that today, regardless of multiple attempts to create a beneficial environment for children, many of them experience various forms of domestic violence.
• The Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse Preventing child abuse or addressing it promptly is much more efficient than handling the consequences which find their way into adulthood.
• Child Abuse: Physical, Emotional, Social Effects The effect of child abuse and abandonment is repeatedly debated in regards to physical, emotional, interactive, and social significances.
• Health Data Reporting: Child Abuse and Security Breaches The healthcare organization at times are obliged to report not only information related to the health status of a population but also to the security of healthcare data.
• Child Abuse Problem and Perspectives on Child Abuse The abuse can be emotional, physical, or sexual. It can be an act of omission or commission that results in harm, potential for harm or threat of harm to a child.
• Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse can be manifested in different forms; however, the most common forms are physical, emotional, and sexual harassment.
• Sexual Assault and Child Abuse: A Deep Dive into Victimization The paper analyzes three types of victimization: child abuse, sexual assault and domestic violence. It gives definitions, describes causes and effects of these crimes.
• Adverse Effects and Prevention of Child Abuse
• Child Abuse and Its Effects on Thousands of Children in the United States and Around the World
• Behind Closed Doors: The Correlation Between Multiple Personality Disorder and Child Abuse
• Child Abuse and Its Role in “Bastard Out of Carolina” by Dorothy Allison
• Approaching Child Abuse From a Multi-Dimensional Perspective
• Child Abuse and Lack of Communication in Marriages – The Main Factors of Failed Family
• How Child Abuse Affects a Hero, a God, and a Monster in Greek Mythology
• Child Abuse and Neglect Is Not About Being Psychical
• Physical and Emotional Child Abuse and Neglect: The Effect on Physical, Emotional, and Social Development
• Defining Child Abuse and Its Different Forms in the 21st Century
• Child Abuse and Neglect: Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
• Localities, Social Services, and Child Abuse: The Role of Community Characteristics in Social Services Allocation and Child Abuse Reporting
• Promoting Help for Victims of Child Abuse: Which Emotions Are Most Appropriate to Motivate Donation Behavior
• Child Abuse and the Importance of Belonging Discussed in David Pelzer’s “A Child Called It”
• How Child Abuse Has Been Conceptualized and Addressed in Terms of Policy and Law Since 1945
• When Child Abuse Overlaps With Domestic Violence: The Factors That Influence Child Protection Workers’ Beliefs
• The Developments, Forms, and Perception of Physical Child Abuse Through History
• Mass Media’s Role and Possible Solutions to Child Abuse in the Philippines
• Child Abuse: Cause and Effect on the Rest of Their Lives
• Risk Factors for Child Abuse and Neglect Among Former TANF Families: Do Later Leavers Experience Greater Risk?
• Child Abuse Prevention and Control: Can Physical, Sexual or Psychological Abuse Be Controlled Within the Household?
• The Impact and Consequences of Child Abuse and Its Portrayal in Mark Twain’s Novel “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”
• The Social Worker’s Role in Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect
• Child Abuse: Too Much or Too Little Emphasis in Today’s Society
• How the United States Is Dealing With Child Abuse Problem
• Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Neighborhood Poverty and Child Abuse and Neglect: The Mediating Role of Social Cohesion
• Child Abuse and How It Relates to the Developmental Stages of Erickson
• Dealing With the Effects of Child Abuse, Overcoming Obstacles, and Friendship in Barbara Kingsolver’s “The Bean Trees”
• Neo-Liberal and Neo-Conservative Perspectives on Child Abuse
• Child Abuse and Neglect of a County Welfare Department
• The Gap Between Child Abuse and Parental Discipline
• Child Abuse and Neglect: The Need for Change
• Exposing Child Abuse and Neglect – Physical Violence Against Kids
• Child Abuse and Its Effects on the Physical, Mental, and Emotional State of a Child
• The Effect of Child Abuse and Neglect in an Urban Community
• Child Abuse and Neglect: A Social and Public Health Concern Worldwide
• Physical and Behavioral Indicators of Possible Child Abuse
• Homosexual: Child Abuse and Sexual Identity
• Child Abuse: Protecting Children From Abuse and Neglect
• Protecting Our Children From Domestic Violence and Child Abuse
• How Sexual Child Abuse Can Affect the Child’s Psychological Development
• Child Abuse: Saddest and Most Tragic Problem Today
• Juvenile Who Commit Homicide or Parricide and the Presence of Child Abuse
• Child Abuse: The Four Major Types of Abuse, Statistics, Prevention, and Treatment
• Relationship Between Domestic Violence and Child Abuse and How to Protect the Children From It
• How the Government and Society Have a Responsibility to Help Child Abuse Victims
• Child Abuse Victims and Whether or Not They Become Abusers in Adulthood
• Modern Beliefs Regarding the Treatment of Child Abuse Victims
• Children Are Suffering From a Hidden Epidemic of Child Abuse
• Does Child Abuse and Neglect Lead to Bullying?
• What Are the Negative Effects of Child Abuse?
• Is There Correlation Between Child Abuse and Schizophrenia?
• How Can Spanking Lead to Child Abuse?
• Are Recovered Memories From Child Abuse Reliable?
• What Are the Types of Child Abuse and How to Prevent Them?
• Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?
• What Does Victimology Say About Child Abuse?
• How Can the Community Stop Child Abuse and Neglect?
• Are There Any Biomarkers for Pedophilia and Sexual Child Abuse?
• What Are the Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse?
• Does Child Abuse Create a Psychopath?
• How Do Child Abuse and Neglect Affect Childhood?
• Why Should Child Abuse Be Addressed as a Social Problem?
• How Does Child Abuse Affect Student’s Education?
• What Are the Signs or Symptoms of Child Abuse?
• How Do Children Carry the Weight of Child Abuse?
• Is There a Link Between Child Abuse and Sexual Identity?
• What Are the Effects of Child Abuse?
• How Can Therapy Help Victims of Child Abuse?
• Does Good Child Abuse Lead to Anxiety and Social Disorders?
• What Are the Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect?
• Is There the Gap Between Health Care and Child Abuse?
• How Can Child Abuse Be Prevented?
• What Is the Connection Between Child Abuse and Delinquency?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, July 14). 108 Child Abuse Essay Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/child-abuse-essay-topics/

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1. StudyCorgi . "108 Child Abuse Essay Topics." July 14, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/child-abuse-essay-topics/.

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StudyCorgi . "108 Child Abuse Essay Topics." July 14, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/child-abuse-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "108 Child Abuse Essay Topics." July 14, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/child-abuse-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Child Abuse were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 20, 2024 .

Essay Curve

Essay on Child Abuse – Samples, 10 Lines to 1500 Words

Essay on Child Abuse: Child abuse is a heartbreaking reality that affects millions of children worldwide. This essay will explore the various forms of child abuse, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect. We will delve into the long-term effects of abuse on a child’s physical and mental health, as well as their overall well-being. By shedding light on this important issue, we hope to raise awareness and encourage action to protect and support vulnerable children.

Table of Contents

Child Abuse Essay Writing Tips

1. Start by defining child abuse: Begin your essay by providing a clear definition of what child abuse is. This can include physical, emotional, sexual, or neglectful abuse of a child.

2. Discuss the prevalence of child abuse: Provide statistics or research findings on the prevalence of child abuse in society. This can help to highlight the seriousness of the issue and emphasize the need for action.

3. Identify the causes of child abuse: Explore the various factors that contribute to child abuse, such as family dynamics, societal pressures, and individual characteristics of abusers. This can help to shed light on why child abuse occurs and how it can be prevented.

4. Discuss the impact of child abuse: Describe the physical, emotional, and psychological effects that child abuse can have on a child. This can help to illustrate the long-term consequences of abuse and the importance of addressing the issue.

5. Explore the signs of child abuse: Provide information on the common signs and symptoms of child abuse, such as unexplained injuries, changes in behavior, or withdrawal from social activities. This can help readers to recognize potential cases of abuse and take action to protect children.

6. Discuss prevention strategies: Offer suggestions on how child abuse can be prevented, such as through education, awareness campaigns, and support services for families in need. This can help to empower readers to take action and make a difference in their communities.

7. Highlight the importance of reporting child abuse: Emphasize the critical role that reporting suspected cases of child abuse plays in protecting children and holding abusers accountable. Encourage readers to speak up if they suspect abuse is occurring.

8. Provide resources for support: Include information on organizations or hotlines that offer support and assistance to children who have experienced abuse, as well as resources for parents and caregivers seeking help.

9. Conclude with a call to action: End your essay by urging readers to take a stand against child abuse and work towards creating a safer and more supportive environment for all children.

10. Proofread and revise: Before submitting your essay, make sure to proofread it carefully for any errors or inconsistencies. Revise as needed to ensure that your message is clear and impactful.

Essay on Child Abuse in 10 Lines – Examples

1. Child abuse is a serious and widespread problem that can have long-lasting effects on a child’s physical and emotional well-being. 2. It can take many forms, including physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. 3. Physical abuse involves the intentional use of force against a child that results in injury or harm. 4. Emotional abuse includes behaviors such as verbal insults, threats, and rejection that can damage a child’s self-esteem and mental health. 5. Sexual abuse involves any form of sexual activity with a child, including molestation, rape, and exploitation. 6. Neglect occurs when a caregiver fails to provide for a child’s basic needs, such as food, shelter, and medical care. 7. Child abuse can occur in any family, regardless of socioeconomic status, race, or religion. 8. It is important for adults to be aware of the signs of child abuse and to report any suspicions to the appropriate authorities. 9. Counseling and therapy can help child abuse survivors heal from their trauma and develop healthy coping mechanisms. 10. Preventing child abuse requires a community-wide effort to educate parents, caregivers, and children about healthy relationships and effective parenting strategies.

Sample Essay on Child Abuse in 100-180 Words

Child abuse is a serious issue that affects millions of children worldwide. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Children who are abused may suffer from long-term physical and psychological consequences, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

Child abuse often goes unreported due to fear, shame, or lack of awareness. It is important for adults to be vigilant and report any signs of abuse to the appropriate authorities. Prevention efforts, such as education and support services for families, can help reduce the incidence of child abuse.

Every child deserves to grow up in a safe and nurturing environment. It is our collective responsibility to protect children from abuse and ensure that they have the opportunity to thrive and reach their full potential. By raising awareness, providing support, and advocating for the rights of children, we can work towards ending child abuse and creating a safer world for all children.

Short Essay on Child Abuse in 200-500 Words

Child abuse is a serious and widespread issue that affects millions of children around the world. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Child abuse can have long-lasting and devastating effects on a child’s physical and mental health, as well as their overall well-being.

Physical abuse is one of the most common forms of child abuse, and it involves the intentional infliction of physical harm on a child by a parent, caregiver, or other adult. This can include hitting, kicking, shaking, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child. Physical abuse can result in bruises, broken bones, and other serious injuries, and can have lasting effects on a child’s physical health.

Emotional abuse is another form of child abuse that can have serious consequences for a child’s mental health. Emotional abuse involves the use of words, actions, or lack of actions to harm a child’s self-esteem, self-worth, or emotional well-being. This can include constant criticism, belittling, or humiliation, as well as neglecting a child’s emotional needs. Emotional abuse can have long-lasting effects on a child’s mental health, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Sexual abuse is a particularly heinous form of child abuse that involves the sexual exploitation of a child by an adult. This can include sexual assault, molestation, or exploitation, and can have devastating effects on a child’s physical and mental health. Sexual abuse can lead to physical injuries, sexually transmitted infections, and psychological trauma, and can have long-lasting effects on a child’s ability to form healthy relationships and trust others.

Neglect is another common form of child abuse that involves the failure of a parent or caregiver to provide for a child’s basic needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and supervision. Neglect can have serious consequences for a child’s physical and emotional well-being, leading to malnutrition, illness, and developmental delays. Neglected children may also experience feelings of abandonment, rejection, and low self-worth.

Child abuse is a complex issue that can have serious and long-lasting effects on a child’s physical and mental health. It is important for society to take a stand against child abuse and to work towards preventing and addressing this widespread problem. By raising awareness, providing support and resources for families in need, and holding abusers accountable for their actions, we can work towards creating a safer and healthier future for all children.

Essay on Child Abuse in 1000-1500 Words

Child abuse is a serious and prevalent issue that affects millions of children worldwide. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Child abuse can have long-lasting and devastating effects on a child’s physical and mental health, as well as their overall well-being. In this essay, we will explore the different types of child abuse, its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.

Physical abuse is one of the most visible forms of child abuse, as it often leaves physical marks or injuries on the child’s body. Physical abuse can include hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or any other form of physical harm inflicted on a child by a caregiver or parent. This type of abuse can result in broken bones, bruises, cuts, and other injuries that can have lasting effects on a child’s health.

Emotional abuse is another common form of child abuse that can have serious consequences on a child’s mental health. Emotional abuse can include verbal insults, threats, rejection, and other forms of psychological harm inflicted on a child. This type of abuse can lead to low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues that can persist into adulthood.

Sexual abuse is a particularly heinous form of child abuse that involves any form of sexual activity or exploitation inflicted on a child. This can include rape, molestation, incest, and other forms of sexual abuse that can have devastating effects on a child’s physical and mental health. Sexual abuse can lead to physical injuries, sexually transmitted infections, and long-term psychological trauma that can impact a child’s relationships and overall well-being.

Neglect is another form of child abuse that involves the failure of a caregiver or parent to provide for a child’s basic needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and supervision. Neglect can have serious consequences on a child’s physical and emotional development, as it can lead to malnutrition, poor hygiene, lack of medical care, and other health issues.

There are many factors that can contribute to child abuse, including poverty, substance abuse, mental illness, family dysfunction, and social isolation. In many cases, child abuse is a result of intergenerational cycles of abuse, where parents who were abused as children go on to abuse their own children. Additionally, societal factors such as lack of access to resources and support services can also contribute to the prevalence of child abuse.

The consequences of child abuse can be devastating and long-lasting. Children who experience abuse are more likely to suffer from physical injuries, mental health issues, developmental delays, and other health problems. They are also at a higher risk of engaging in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse, self-harm, and criminal activity. In severe cases, child abuse can even lead to death.

It is crucial that we take action to prevent and address child abuse in order to protect the well-being of children and ensure their safety. One potential solution is to increase awareness and education about child abuse, its signs and symptoms, and how to report suspected cases of abuse. By educating the public about the importance of child protection and providing resources and support for families in need, we can help prevent child abuse and support children who have experienced abuse.

Another important solution is to strengthen child protection laws and policies to ensure that perpetrators of child abuse are held accountable for their actions. By implementing stricter laws and penalties for child abuse, we can send a clear message that child abuse will not be tolerated in our society. Additionally, we must provide support and resources for children who have experienced abuse, including counseling, therapy, and other services to help them heal and recover from their trauma.

In conclusion, child abuse is a serious and prevalent issue that affects millions of children worldwide. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect, and can have devastating consequences on a child’s physical and mental health. By increasing awareness, strengthening child protection laws, and providing support for children who have experienced abuse, we can work towards preventing child abuse and ensuring the safety and well-being of all children. It is our collective responsibility to protect and support children who are vulnerable to abuse and to create a safe and nurturing environment for all children to thrive.

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Essay on Child Abuse

Child abuse is any intentional harm or mistreatment of a child, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect. It can have serious consequences for a child’s physical and mental health, as well as their future development and relationships. Child abuse is a serious issue that affects a child’s well-being in many ways ( Steele et al., 2023). It can cause immediate and long-term harm to a child’s physical, emotional, and mental health. Some forms of child abuse, such as physical abuse, can result in physical injuries and long-term physical health problems. Sexual abuse can lead to emotional trauma, depression, and sexual health problems. Emotional abuse can cause low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Neglect can result in malnutrition, developmental delays, and behavioral problems.

Moreover, the effects of child abuse can persist into adulthood and affect future relationships, career choices, and overall quality of life (Seddighi et al., 2021). Children who have experienced abuse are also at higher risk of engaging in self-destructive behavior and becoming involved in the criminal justice system. It is important to understand that child abuse can happen to any child, regardless of their background, and can occur in any setting. It is also important to note that child abuse is committed by strangers and people known to the child, such as family members, caretakers, or teachers. It is crucial that child abuse is recognized, reported, and addressed promptly to prevent further harm and promote the child’s well-being.

Reasons for child abuse can vary and include: Substance abuse by a parent or caregiver can lead to impulsive and violent behavior towards a child. Mental health issues: Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can increase the likelihood of child abuse. Poverty: Financial stress, unemployment, and lack of resources can lead to feelings of hopelessness and desperation, increasing the risk of child abuse. Family violence: Children who grow up in homes where violence is present are more likely to become victims of child abuse (Steele et al., 2023). Lack of knowledge and skills: Parents and caregivers who lack knowledge and skills on appropriate child-rearing practices are more likely to resort to physical or emotional abuse.

There are also cultural and societal factors that can contribute to child abuse. For example, in some cultures, physical punishment is accepted as a form of discipline, and this can increase the likelihood of physical abuse. Societal attitudes towards child-rearing, such as the belief that children should be seen and not heard, can also contribute to emotional abuse. Child abuse can also result from intergenerational cycles of abuse, where children who have been abused are more likely to abuse their children (Steele et al., 2023).

It is important to understand that child abuse is never the child’s fault and that abusive behavior is a choice made by the abuser or caregiver. Seeking help and support is crucial in breaking the cycle of abuse and promoting the child’s well-being. Support services such as counseling, support groups, and educational programs can help individuals overcome the reasons behind their abusive behavior and learn appropriate child-rearing practices (Christian et al., 2018).

Consequences of child abuse can include Physical health problems: Children who are physically abused may experience injuries, disabilities, and chronic health conditions. Mental health problems: Child abuse can lead to various mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Difficulty in relationships: Children who have been abused may struggle to trust others and form healthy relationships in the future. Poor academic performance: Children abused are more likely to struggle in school and have lower educational attainment (Lines et al., 2023). Increased risk of criminal behavior: Children who have been abused are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and substance abuse later in life.

Society must recognize the signs of child abuse and take steps to prevent it. This can involve providing support and resources to families in need and increasing public awareness about the issue. Child abuse can have severe and long-lasting effects on children’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. Everyone must play a role in identifying and reporting child abuse cases (Seddighi et al., 2021). This can involve being aware of the signs of abuse, such as bruises, injuries, changes in behavior, and difficulty concentrating.

Individuals can also take steps to prevent abuse by volunteering with organizations that support families and children and by spreading awareness about the issue through conversations and social media. It is also important for schools, healthcare providers, and law enforcement to have proper training in recognizing and reporting abuse (Lines et al., 2023). Governments can play a role in providing funding for resources and services that can help prevent and respond to abuse. Addressing child abuse requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves everyone in society. Working together can create a safer and more supportive environment for children to grow and thrive.

Some other consequences of child abuse can be: Impact on brain development: Child abuse can affect the normal development of a child’s brain, leading to cognitive and behavioral issues. Low self-esteem: Children who are abused often have low self-esteem and negative self-image, which can affect their ability to develop healthy relationships and lead fulfilling lives (Christian et al., 2018). Difficulty in forming attachments: Children who are abused may have trouble forming attachments to others and struggle to develop healthy relationships in adulthood. Risk of substance abuse: Children who have been abused are more likely to turn to drugs and alcohol to cope with their experiences. Victimization: Children who have been abused are more likely to become victims of abuse or violence later in life, in intimate relationships, or other areas of their lives.

Child abuse can devastate children, including physical injuries, emotional trauma, and long-term developmental problems. To prevent child abuse, it is important to understand the various forms it can take, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Preventing child abuse requires a multi-faceted approach that involves education, community support, and the provision of resources for families (Zeanah & Humphreys, 2018). This includes providing access to mental health services and support for parents struggling to provide for their children. It also involves educating the public about the signs of child abuse and the importance of reporting any suspected cases to the appropriate authorities.

Schools and community organizations can also play a role in preventing child abuse by promoting safe and supportive environments for children. This can include educational programs for children and parents on healthy relationships, consent, and boundaries. In addition, community leaders and policymakers can work to create laws and policies that protect children from abuse and provide support for victims and their families. This may include funding for child protective services, strengthening penalties for child abuse, and improving access to resources for families in need. Overall, preventing child abuse requires a collective effort from all members of society (Caron et al., 2020). Working together can create a safer and more supportive environment for children and help break the cycle of violence.

Caron, F., Plancq, M. C., Tourneux., P., Gouron, R., & Klein, C. (2020). Was child abuse under-detected during the COVID-19 lockdown? Archives de pédiatrie, 27(7), 399-400.

Christian, C. W., Levin, A. V., ABUSE, C. O. C., Flaherty, E. G., Sirotnak, A. P., Budzak, A. E., … & Suh, D. W. (2018). The eye examination in the evaluation of child abuse. Pediatrics, 142(2).

Lines, L. E., Kakyo, T. A., Hutton, A., Mwashala, W. W., & Grant, J. M. (2023). How are responses to child abuse and neglect conceptualized in Australian policy? Children and Youth Services Review, 145, 106794.

Saini, S. M., Hoffmann, C. R., Pantelis, C., Everall, I. P., & Bousman, C. A. (2019). A systematic review and critical appraisal of child abuse measurement instruments. Psychiatry Research, pp. 272, 106–113.

Seddighi, H., Salmani, I., Javadi, M. H., & Seddighi, S. (2021). Child abuse in natural disasters and conflicts: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 176-185.

Steele, B., Neelakantan, L., Jochim, J., Davies, L. M., Boyes, M., Franchino-Olsen, H., … & Meinck, F. (2023). Measuring violence against children: a COSMIN systematic review of the psychometric and administrative properties of adult retrospective self-report instruments on child abuse and neglect. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15248380221145912.

Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637–644.

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Understanding and Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect

• Physical Abuse and Violence
• Sexual Assault and Harassment

The Child Abuse and Prevention Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect or child maltreatment as:

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.

Neglect is a failure to meet the child’s basic needs, e.g., not providing enough food, shelter or basic supervision, necessary medical or mental health treatment, adequate education or emotional comfort.

Physical abuse refers to the injury of a child on purpose, e.g., striking, kicking, beating, biting or any action that leads to physical injury.

Sexual abuse is the use, persuasion or forcing of a child to engage in sexual acts or imitation of such acts.

Abuse and neglect of children occurs in families from all walks of life, of all incomes, religions and ethnicities. There is no single cause of child maltreatment; rather, it occurs as a result of many forces working together to impact the family.

Parent or caregiver risk factors

Low self-esteem, poor impulse control, depression, anxiety or antisocial behavior.

Experiencing or witnessing violence as a child, which teaches violent behavior or justifies it as proper behavior.

Substance abuse, which interferes with mental functioning, judgment, self-control, ability to be protective of one’s child and making the child’s needs a priority.

Lack of knowledge about normal child development and unrealistic expectations, frustration and/or inappropriate methods of discipline.

Family risk factors

Children living with single parents are more likely to live in poverty with fewer social supports, which may contribute to stress and increase risks of maltreatment.

Children in violent homes may witness intimate partner violence, may be victims of physical abuse themselves and may be neglected by parents or caregivers who are focused on their partners or unresponsive to their children due to their own fears.

Stressful life events, parenting stress and emotional distress (e.g., losing a job, physical illness, marital problems or the death of a family member) may worsen hostility, anxiety or depression among family members and increase the level of family conflict and maltreatment.

Maltreating parents or caregivers are less supportive, affectionate, playful and responsive with their children and are more likely to use harsh discipline and verbal aggression than positive parenting strategies (e.g., using time outs, reasoning, and recognizing and encouraging the child's successes).

Child risk factors

Infants and young children, because they are small and need constant care, are more likely to experience certain forms of maltreatment such as being shaken by parents or caregivers frustrated or overwhelmed by persistent crying. Teenagers, on the other hand, are at greater risk for sexual abuse.

Children with physical, cognitive and emotional disabilities or chronic illnesses may be at greater risk of maltreatment. Parents or caregivers of children with disabilities are more likely to experience high levels of stress, depression and anger. Children with disabilities may not understand that abusive behaviors are inappropriate and are unable to defend themselves.

Aggression, attention deficits, difficult temperaments and behavior problems in children have been associated with increased risk for maltreatment, especially when parents have poor coping skills, are unable to empathize with the child or have difficulty controlling emotions. Maltreatment often exacerbates the problem. A physically abused child may develop aggressive behaviors that lead to recurring maltreatment.

Environmental risk factors

The vast majority of parents or caregivers who live in these types of environments are not abusive. However, these stresses can increase the risk of abuse for some:

Poverty and unemployment can increase the likelihood of maltreatment, especially in combination with family stress, depression, substance abuse and social isolation.

Parents with less material and emotional support and who do not have positive parenting role models feel less pressure to conform to conventional standards of parenting behaviors.

Children living in dangerous neighborhoods are at higher risk than children from safer neighborhoods for severe neglect, physical abuse and sexual abuse. It is possible that violence may seem an acceptable response or behavior to individuals who witness it more frequently.

Child abuse and neglect can result in physical and psychological developmental delays. A neglectful mother may not feed her baby properly, which can slow brain development, or an emotionally abusive father may damage his child’s ability to form trusting relationships. Abused or neglected children can see the world as an unstable, frightening and dangerous place, which can undermine their sense of self-worth and their ability to cope with and adapt to their environments as they grow up. If unaddressed, maltreatment may contribute to later problems, such alcoholism/substance abuse, depression, domestic violence, multiple sexual partners and exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, suicidal thoughts and attempts.

The impact of abuse can vary depending on:

Age and developmental status of the child when the abuse or neglect occurred,

Type of abuse (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, etc.),

Frequency, duration and severity of abuse,

Relationship between the victim and his or her abuser.

Children’s optimism, high self-esteem, intelligence, creativity, humor and independence, which enhance their coping skills in the face of adversity. 

The acceptance of peers and positive influences such as teachers, mentors and role models

The family’s access to social supports, neighborhood stability and access to safe schools and adequate health care 

The child's experience of love, acceptance, positive guidance and protection from a caring adult, which encourages trust that their parents or caregivers will provide what they need to thrive

Parent's or caregiver’s respectful communication and listening, consistent rules and expectations, and safe opportunities that promote independence

Parents or caregivers who can cope with the stresses of everyday life and have the inner strength to bounce back when things are not going well.

Parents or caregivers with a social network of emotionally supportive friends, family and neighbors

Families who can meet their own basic needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation and know how to access essential services such as childcare, health care and mental health services

Psychologists are heavily involved in the development and implementation of prevention programs for child abuse and neglect. Primary prevention programs raise awareness among the public, service providers and policymakers about the scope of issues involved in child maltreatment. Secondary prevention programs target populations with one or more risk factors for child maltreatment.

Tertiary prevention programs target families where maltreatment has already taken place and aim to reduce the impact and prevent it from reoccurring.

If you suspect someone is abusing or neglecting a child, take action:

Child Welfare Information Gateway Children's Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 (800) 394 3366

Child Help USA 15757 North 78th Street Scottsdale, AZ 85260 (800) 4-A-CHILD

American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children 350 Poplar Avenue Elmhurst , IL 60126 (877) 402 7722

Tennyson Center for Children 2950 Tennyson Street Denver, CO 80212 (877) 224 8223

Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network 2000 L St., NW Suite 406 Washington, DC 20036 (800) 656-HOPE

APA—Resolution on Psychological Issues Related to Child Abuse and Neglect

APA—What is child abuse and neglect? Understanding warning signs and getting help

Child Welfare Information Gateway—Child Abuse and Neglect

Medline Plus—Child Abuse

Information

APA: Act Against Violence Program

APA Topics: Sexual assault and harassment

APA Violence Prevention Office

Find a Psychologist

Love Doesn’t Have to Hurt Teens (PDF, 640KB)

What is child abuse and neglect? Understanding warning signs and getting help

Report of the Working Group on Child Maltreatment Prevention in Community Health Centers  

Resolutions

Bullying Among Children and Youth  (PDF, 38KB)

Psychological Issues Related to Child Abuse and Neglect

Resolution Opposing Child Sexual Abuse

More Children, Youth and Families Resources

Adults and Children Together Against Violence

Contact the Office on Children, Youth, and Families

Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (1993)

Chapter: 1 introduction, 1 introduction.

Child maltreatment is a devastating social problem in American society. In 1990, over 2 million cases of child abuse and neglect were reported to social service agencies. In the period 1979 through 1988, about 2,000 child deaths (ages 0-17) were recorded annually as a result of abuse and neglect (McClain et al., 1993), and an additional 160,000 cases resulted in serious injuries in 1990 alone (Daro and McCurdy, 1991). However tragic and sensational, the counts of deaths and serious injuries provide limited insight into the pervasive long-term social, behavioral, and cognitive consequences of child abuse and neglect. Reports of child maltreatment alone also reveal little about the interactions among individuals, families, communities, and society that lead to such incidents.

American society has not yet recognized the complex origins or the profound consequences of child victimization. The services required for children who have been abused or neglected, including medical care, family counseling, foster care, and specialized education, are expensive and are often subsidized by governmental funds. The General Accounting Office (1991) has estimated that these services cost more than $500 million annually. Equally disturbing, research suggests that child maltreatment cases are highly related to social problems such as juvenile delinquency, substance abuse, and violence, which require additional services and severely affect the quality of life for many American families.

The Importance Of Child Maltreatment Research

The challenges of conducting research in the field of child maltreatment are enormous. Although we understand comparatively little about the causes, definitions, treatment, and prevention of child abuse and neglect, we do know enough to recognize that the origins and consequences of child victimization are not confined to the months or years in which reported incidents actually occurred. For those who survive, the long-term consequences of child maltreatment appear to be more damaging to victims and their families, and more costly for society, than the immediate or acute injuries themselves. Yet little is invested in understanding the factors that predispose, mitigate, or prevent the behavioral and social consequences of child maltreatment.

The panel has identified five key reasons why child maltreatment research should be viewed as a central nexus of more comprehensive research activity.

Research On Child Maltreatment Is Currently Undervalued And Undeveloped

Research in the field of child maltreatment studies is relatively undeveloped when compared with related fields such as child development, so-

cial welfare, and criminal violence. Although no specific theory about the causes of child abuse and neglect has been substantially replicated across studies, significant progress has been gained in the past few decades in identifying the dimensions of complex phenomena that contribute to the origins of child maltreatment.

Efforts to improve the quality of research on any group of children are dependent on the value that society assigns to the potential inherent in young lives. Although more adults are available in American society today as service providers to care for children than was the case in 1960, a disturbing number of recent reports have concluded that American children are in trouble (Fuchs and Reklis, 1992; National Commission on Children, 1991; Children's Defense Fund, 1991).

Efforts to encourage greater investments in research on children will be futile unless broader structural and social issues can be addressed within our society. Research on general problems of violence, substance addiction, social inequality, unemployment, poor education, and the treatment of children in the social services system is incomplete without attention to child maltreatment issues. Research on child maltreatment can play a key role in informing major social policy decisions concerning the services that should be made available to children, especially children in families or neighborhoods that experience significant stress and violence.

As a nation, we already have developed laws and regulatory approaches to reduce and prevent childhood injuries and deaths through actions such as restricting hot water temperatures and requiring mandatory child restraints in automobiles. These important precedents suggest how research on risk factors can provide informed guidance for social efforts to protect all of America's children in both familial and other settings.

Not only has our society invested relatively little in research on children, but we also have invested even less in research on children whose families are characterized by multiple problems, such as poverty, substance abuse, violence, welfare dependency, and child maltreatment. In part, this slower development is influenced by the complexities of research on major social problems. But the state of research on this topic could be advanced more rapidly with increased investment of funds. In the competition for scarce research funds, the underinvestment in child maltreatment research needs to be understood in the context of bias, prejudice, and the lack of a clear political constituency for children in general and disadvantaged children in particular (Children's Defense Fund, 1991; National Commission on Children, 1991). Factors such as racism, ethnic discrimination, sexism, class bias, institutional and professional jealousies, and social inequities influence the development of our national research agenda (Bell, 1992, Huston, 1991).

The evolving research agenda has also struggled with limitations im-

posed by attempting to transfer the results of sample-specific studies to diverse groups of individuals. The roles of culture, ethnic values, and economic factors pervade the development of parenting practices and family dynamics. In setting a research agenda for this field, ethnic diversity and multiple cultural perspectives are essential to improve the quality of the research program and to overcome systematic biases that have restricted its development.

Researchers must address ethical and legal issues that present unique obligations and dilemmas regarding selection of subjects, provision of services, and disclosure of data. For example, researchers who discover an undetected incident of child abuse in the course of an interview are required by state laws to disclose the identities of the victim and offender(s), if known, to appropriate child welfare officials. These mandatory reporting requirements, adopted in the interests of protecting children, may actually cause long-term damage to children by restricting the scope of research studies and discouraging scientists from developing the knowledge base necessary to guide social interventions.

Substantial efforts are now required to reach beyond the limitations of current knowledge and to gain new insights that can improve the quality of social service efforts and public policy decisions affecting the health and welfare of abused and neglected children and their families. Most important, collaborative long-term research ventures are necessary to diminish social, professional, and institutional prejudices that have restricted the development of a comprehensive knowledge base that can improve understanding of, and response to, child maltreatment.

Dimensions Of Child Abuse And Neglect

The human dimensions of child maltreatment are enormous and tragic. The U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect has called the problem of child maltreatment ''an epidemic" in American society, one that requires a critical national emergency response.

The scale and severity of child abuse and neglect has caused various public and private organizations to mobilize efforts to raise public awareness of individual cases and societal trends, to improve the reporting and tracking of child maltreatment cases, to strengthen the responses of social service systems, and to develop an effective and fair system for protecting and offering services to victims while also punishing adults who deliberately harm children or place them in danger. Over the past several decades, a growing number of state and federal funding programs, governmental reports, specialized journals, and research centers, as well as national and international societies and conferences, have examined various dimensions of the problem of child maltreatment.

The results of these efforts have been inconsistent and uneven. In addressing aspects of each new revelation of abuse or each promising new intervention, research efforts often have become diffuse, fragmented, specific, and narrow. What is lacking is a coordinated approach and a general conceptual framework that can add new depth to our understanding of child maltreatment. A coordinated approach can accommodate diverse perspectives while providing direction and guidance in establishing research priorities and synthesizing research knowledge. Organizational mechanisms are also needed to facilitate the application and integration of research on child maltreatment in related areas such as child development, family violence, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.

Child maltreatment is not a new problem, yet concerted service, research, and policy attention toward it is just beginning. Although isolated studies of child maltreatment appeared in the medical and sociological literature in the first half of the twentieth century, the publication of "The Battered Child Syndrome" by C. Henry Kempe and associates (1962) is generally considered the first definitive paper in the field in the United States. The efforts of Kempe and others to publicize disturbing medical experience with child abuse and neglect led to the passage of the first Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act in 1974 (P.L. 93-247). The act, which has been amended several times (most recently in 1992), established a governmental program designed to guide and consolidate national and state data collection efforts regarding reports of child abuse and neglect, conduct national surveys of household violence, and sponsor research and demonstration programs to prevent, identify, and treat child abuse and neglect.

However, the federal government's leadership role in building a research base in this area has been complicated by changes and inconsistencies in research plans and priorities, limited funding, politicized peer review, fragmentation of effort among various federal agencies, poorly scheduled proposal review deadlines, and bias introduced by competing institutional objectives. 1 The lack of comprehensive, long-term planning for a research base has resulted in a field characterized by contradictions, conflict, and fragmentation. The role of the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect as the lead federal agency in supporting research in this field has been sharply criticized (U.S. Advisory Board, 1991). Many observers believe that the federal government lacks leadership, funding, and an effective research program for studies on child maltreatment.

The Complexity Of Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment was originally seen in the form of "the battered child," often portrayed in terms of physical abuse. Today, four general categories of child maltreatment are generally recognized: (1) physical

abuse, (2) sexual abuse, (3) neglect, and (4) emotional maltreatment. Each category covers a range of behaviors, as discussed in Chapter 2.

These four categories have become the focus of separate studies of incidence and prevalence, etiology, prevention, consequences, and treatment, with uneven development of research within each area and poor integration of knowledge across areas. Each category has developed its own typology and framework of reference terms, revealing certain similarities (such as the importance of developmental perspectives in considering the consequences of maltreatment) but also important differences (such as the predatory behavior associated with some forms of sexual abuse that do not appear in the etiology of other forms of child maltreatment).

In addition to the category of child maltreatment, the duration, source, intensity, timing, and situational context of incidents of child victimization are now recognized as important factors in studying the origin and consequences of child maltreatment. Yet information about these factors is rarely requested or recorded by social agencies or health professionals in the process of identifying or documenting reports of child maltreatment. Furthermore, research is often weakened by variation in research definitions of child maltreatment, bias in the recruitment of research subjects, the absence of information regarding circumstances surrounding maltreatment reports, the absence of measures to assess selected variables under study, and the absence of a developmental perspective in many research studies.

The co-occurrence of different forms of child maltreatment has been examined only to a limited extent. Relatively little is known about areas of similarity and differences in terms of causes, consequences, prevention, and treatment of selected types of child abuse and neglect. Inconsistencies in definitions often preclude comparative analyses of clinical studies. For example, studies of sexual abuse have indicated wide variations in its prevalence, often as a result of differences in the types of behavior that might be included in the definition adopted by each research investigator. Emotional abuse is also a matter of controversy in some quarters, primarily because of broad variations in its definition.

Research on child maltreatment is also complicated by the fragmentation of services and responses by which our society addresses specific reports of child maltreatment. Cases may involve children who are victims or witnesses to single or repeated incidents of child abuse and neglect. Sadly, child maltreatment often involves various family members, relatives, or other individuals who reside in the homes or neighborhoods of the affected children. Adult figures may be perpetrators of offensive incidents or mediators in intervention or prevention efforts.

The importance of the social ecological framework of the child has only recently been recognized in studies of maltreatment. Responses to child abuse and neglect involve a variety of social institutions, including commu-

nities, schools, hospitals, churches, youth associations, the media, and other social structures that provide services for children. Such groups and organizations present special intervention opportunities to reduce the scale and scope of the problem of child maltreatment, but their activities are often poorly documented and uncoordinated. Finally, governmental offices at the local, state, and federal levels have legal and social obligations to develop programs and resources to address child maltreatment, and their role is critical in developing a research agenda for this field.

In the past, the research agenda has been determined predominantly by pragmatic needs in the development and delivery of treatment and prevention services rather than by theoretical paradigms, a process that facilitates short-term studies of specialized research priorities but impedes the development of a well-organized, coherent body of scientific knowledge that can contribute over time to understanding fundamental principles and issues. As a result, the research in this field has been generally viewed by the scientific community as fragmented, diffuse, decentralized, and of poor quality.

Selection of Research Studies

The research literature in the field of child maltreatment is immense—over 2000 items are included in the panel's research bibliography, a portion of which is referenced in this report. Despite this quantity of literature, researchers generally agree that the quality of research on child maltreatment is relatively weak in comparison to health and social science research studies in areas such as family systems and child development. Only a few prospective studies of child maltreatment have been undertaken, and most studies rely on the use of clinical samples (which may exclude important segments of the research population) or adult memories. Both types of samples are problematic and can produce biased results. Clinical samples may not be representative of all cases of child maltreatment. For example, we know from epidemiologic studies of disease of cases that were derived from hospital records that, unless the phenomenon of interest always comes to a service provider for treatment, there exist undetected and untreated cases in the general population that are often quite different from those who have sought treatment. Similarly, when studies rely on adult memories of childhood experiences, recall bias is always an issue. Longitudinal studies are quite rare, and some studies that are described as longitudinal actually consist of hybrid designs followed over time.

To ensure some measure of quality, the panel relied largely on studies that had been published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. More rigorous scientific criteria (such as the use of appropriate theory and methodology in the conduct of the study) were considered by the panel, but were not adopted because little of the existing work would meet such selection

criteria. Given the early stage of development of this field of research, the panel believes that even weak studies contain some useful information, especially when they suggest clinical insights, a new perspective, or a point of departure from commonly held assumptions. Thus, the report draws out issues based on clinical studies or studies that lack sufficient control samples, but the panel refrains from drawing inferences based on this literature.

The panel believes that future research reviews of the child maltreatment literature would benefit from the identification of explicit criteria that could guide the selection of exemplary research studies, such as the following:

For the most part, only a few studies will score well in each of the above categories. It becomes problematic, therefore, to rate the value of studies which may score high in one category but not in others.

The panel has relied primarily on studies conducted in the past decade, since earlier research work may not meet contemporary standards of methodological rigor. However, citations to earlier studies are included in this report where they are thought to be particularly useful and when research investigators provided careful assessments and analysis of issues such as definition, interrelationships of various types of abuse, and the social context of child maltreatment.

A Comparison With Other Fields of Family and Child Research

A comparison with the field of studies on family functioning may illustrate another point about the status of the studies on child maltreatment. The literature on normal family functioning or socialization effects differs in many respects from the literature on child abuse and neglect. Family sociology research has a coherent body of literature and reasonable consensus about what constitutes high-quality parenting in middle-class, predominantly White populations. Family functioning studies have focused predominantly on large, nonclinical populations, exploring styles of parenting and parenting practices that generate different kinds and levels of competence, mental health, and character in children. Studies of family functioning have tended to follow cohorts of subjects over long periods to identify the effects of variations in childrearing practices and patterns on children's

competence and adjustment that are not a function of social class and circumstances.

By contrast, the vast and burgeoning literature on child abuse and neglect is applied research concerned largely with the adverse effects of personal and social pathology on children. The research is often derived from very small samples selected by clinicians and case workers. Research is generally cross-sectional, and almost without exception the samples use impoverished families characterized by multiple problems, including substance abuse, unemployment, transient housing, and so forth. Until recently, researchers demonstrated little regard for incorporating appropriate ethnic and cultural variables in comparison and control groups. In the past decade, significant improvements have occurred in the development of child maltreatment research, but key problems remain in the area of definitions, study designs, and the use of instrumentation.

As the nature of research on child abuse and neglect has evolved over time, scientists and practitioners have likewise changed. The psychopathologic model of child maltreatment has been expanded to include models that stress the interactions of individual, family, neighborhood, and larger social systems. The role of ethnic and cultural issues are acquiring an emerging importance in formulating parent-child and family-community relationships. Earlier simplistic conceptionalizations of perpetrator-victim relationships are evolving into multiple-focus research projects that examine antecedents in family histories, current situational relationships, ecological and neighborhood issues, and interactional qualities of relationships between parent-child and offender-victim. In addition, emphases in treatment, social service, and legal programs combine aspects of both law enforcement and therapy, reflecting an international trend away from punishment, toward assistance, for families in trouble.

Charge To The Panel

The commissioner of the Administration for Children, Youth, and Families in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services requested that the National Academy of Sciences convene a study panel to undertake a comprehensive examination of the theoretical and pragmatic research needs in the area of child maltreatment. The Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect was asked specifically to:

The report resulting from this study provides recommendations for allocating existing research funds and also suggests funding mechanisms and topic areas to which new resources could be allocated or enhanced resources could be redirected. By focusing this report on research priorities and the needs of the research community, the panel's efforts were distinguished from related activities, such as the reports of the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, which concentrate on the policy issues in the field of child maltreatment.

The request for recommendations for research priorities recognizes that existing studies on child maltreatment require careful evaluation to improve the evolution of the field and to build appropriate levels of human and financial resources for these complex research problems. Through this review, the panel has examined the strengths and weaknesses of past research and identified areas of knowledge that represent the greatest promise for advancing understanding of, and dealing more effectively with, the problem of child maltreatment.

In conducting this review, the panel has recognized the special status of studies of child maltreatment. The experience of child abuse or neglect from any perspective, including victim, perpetrator, professional, or witness, elicits strong emotions that may distort the design, interpretation, or support of empirical studies. The role of the media in dramatizing selected cases of child maltreatment has increased public awareness, but it has also produced a climate in which scientific objectivity may be sacrificed in the name of urgency or humane service. Many concerned citizens, legislators, child advocates, and others think we already know enough to address the root causes of child maltreatment. Critical evaluations of treatment and prevention services are not supported due to both a lack of funding and a lack of appreciation for the role that scientific analysis can play in improving the quality of existing services and identifying new opportunities for interventions. The existing research base is small in volume and spread over a wide variety of topics. The contrast between the importance of the problem and the difficulty of approaching it has encouraged the panel to proceed carefully, thoroughly distinguishing suppositions from facts when they appear.

Research on child maltreatment is at a crossroads—we are now in a position to merge this research field with others to incorporate multiple perspectives, broaden research samples, and focus on fundamental issues that have the potential to strengthen, reform, or replace existing public policy and social programs. We have arrived at a point where we can

recognize the complex interplay of forces in the origins and consequences of child abuse and neglect. We also recognize the limitations of our knowledge about the effects of different forms of social interventions (e.g., home visitations, foster care, family treatment programs) for changing the developmental pathways of abuse victims and their families.

The Importance Of A Child-Oriented Framework

The field of child maltreatment studies has often divided research into the types of child maltreatment under consideration (such as physical and sexual abuse, child neglect, and emotional maltreatment). Within each category, researchers and practitioners have examined underlying causes or etiology, consequences, forms of treatment or other interventions, and prevention programs. Each category has developed its own typology and framework of reference terms, and researchers within each category often publish in separate journals and attend separate professional meetings.

Over a decade ago, the National Research Council Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy published a report titled Services for Children: An Agenda for Research (1981). Commenting on the development of various government services for children, the report noted that observations of children's needs were increasingly distorted by the "unmanageably complex, expensive, and confusing" categorical service structure that had produced fragmented and sometimes contradictory programs to address child health and nutrition requirements (p. 15-16). The committee concluded that the actual experiences of children and their families in different segments of society and the conditions of their homes, neighborhoods, and communities needed more systematic study. The report further noted that we need to learn more about who are the important people in children's lives, including parents, siblings, extended family, friends, and caretakers outside the family, and what these people do for children, when, and where.

These same conclusions can be applied to studies of child maltreatment. Our panel considered, but did not endorse, a framework that would emphasize differences in the categories of child abuse or neglect. We also considered a framework that would highlight differences in the current system of detecting, investigating, or responding to child maltreatment. In contrast to conceptualizing this report in terms of categories of maltreatment or responses of the social system to child maltreatment, the panel presents a child-oriented research agenda that emphasizes the importance of knowing more about the backgrounds and experiences of developing children and their families, within a broader social context that includes their friends, neighborhoods, and communities. This framework stresses the importance of knowing more about the qualitative differences between children who suffer episodic experiences of abuse or neglect and those for whom mal-

treatment is a chronic part of their lives. And this approach highlights the need to know more about circumstances that affect the consequences, and therefore the treatment, of child maltreatment, especially circumstances that may be affected by family, cultural, or ethnic factors that often remain hidden in small, isolated studies.

An Ecological Developmental Perspective

The panel has adopted an ecological developmental perspective to examine factors in the child, family, or society that can exacerbate or mitigate the incidence and destructive consequences of child maltreatment. In the panel's view, this perspective reflects the understanding that development is a process involving transactions between the growing child and the social environment or ecology in which development takes place. Positive and negative factors merit attention in shaping a research agenda on child maltreatment. We have adopted a perspective that recognizes that dysfunctional families are often part of a dysfunctional environment.

The relevance of child maltreatment research to child development studies and other research fields is only now being examined. New methodologies and new theories of child maltreatment that incorporate a developmental perspective can provide opportunities for researchers to consider the interaction of multiple factors, rather than focusing on single causes or short-term effects. What is required is the mobilization of new structures of support and resources to concentrate research efforts on significant areas that offer the greatest promise of improving our understanding of, and our responses to, child abuse and neglect.

Our report extends beyond what is, to what could be, in a society that fosters healthy development in children and families. We cannot simply build a research agenda for the existing social system; we need to develop one that independently challenges the system to adapt to new perspectives, new insights, and new discoveries.

The fundamental theme of the report is the recognition that research efforts to address child maltreatment should be enhanced and incorporated into a long-term plan to improve the quality of children's lives and the lives of their families. By placing maltreatment within the framework of healthy development, for example, we can identify unique sources of intervention for infants, preschool children, school-age children, and adolescents.

Each stage of development presents challenges that must be resolved in order for a child to achieve productive forms of thinking, perceiving, and behaving as an adult. The special needs of a newborn infant significantly differ from those of a toddler or preschool child. Children in the early years of elementary school have different skills and distinct experiential levels from those of preadolescent years. Adolescent boys and girls demon-

strate a range of awkward and exploratory behaviors as they acquire basic social skills necessary to move forward into adult life. Most important, developmental research has identified the significant influences of family, schools, peers, neighborhoods, and the broader society in supporting or constricting child development.

Understanding the phenomenon of child abuse and neglect within a developmental perspective poses special challenges. As noted earlier, research literature on child abuse and neglect is generally organized by the category or type of maltreatment; integrated efforts have not yet been achieved. For example, research has not yet compared and contrasted the causes of physical and sexual abuse of a preschool child or the differences between emotional maltreatment of toddlers and adolescents, although all these examples fall within the domain of child maltreatment. A broader conceptual framework for research will elicit data that can facilitate such comparative analyses.

By placing research in the framework of factors that foster healthy development, the ecological developmental perspective can enhance understanding of the research agenda for child abuse and neglect. The developmental perspective can improve the quality of treatment and prevention programs, which often focus on particular groups, such as young mothers who demonstrate risk factors for abuse of newborns, or sexual offenders who molest children. There has been little effort to cut across the categorical lines established within these studies to understand points of convergence or divergence in studies on child abuse and neglect.

The ecological developmental perspective can also improve our understanding of the consequences of child abuse and neglect, which may occur with increased or diminished intensity over a developmental cycle, or in different settings such as the family or the school. Initial effects may be easily identified and addressed if the abuse is detected early in the child's development, and medical and psychological services are available for the victim and the family. Undetected incidents, or childhood experiences discovered later in adult life, require different forms of treatment and intervention. In many cases, incidents of abuse and neglect may go undetected and unreported, yet the child victim may display aggression, delinquency, substance addiction, or other problem behaviors that stimulate responses within the social system.

Finally, an ecological developmental perspective can enhance intervention and prevention programs by identifying different requirements and potential effects for different age groups. Children at separate stages of their developmental cycle have special coping mechanisms that present barriers to—and opportunities for—the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Intervention programs need to consider the extent to which children may have already experienced some form of maltreatment in order to

evaluate successful outcomes. In addition, the perspective facilitates evaluation of which settings are the most promising locus for interventions.

Previous Reports

A series of national reports associated with the health and welfare of children have been published in the past decade, many of which have identified the issue of child abuse and neglect as one that deserves sustained attention and creative programmatic solutions. In their 1991 report, Beyond Rhetoric , the National Commission on Children noted that the fragmentation of social services has resulted in the nation's children being served on the basis of their most obvious condition or problem rather than being served on the basis of multiple needs. Although the needs of these children are often the same and are often broader than the mission of any single agency emotionally disturbed children are often served by the mental health system, delinquent children by the juvenile justice system, and abused or neglected children by the protective services system (National Commission on Children, 1991). In their report, the commission called for the protection of abused and neglected children through more comprehensive child protective services, with a strong emphasis on efforts to keep children with their families or to provide permanent placement for those removed from their homes.

In setting health goals for the year 2000, the Public Health Service recognized the problem of child maltreatment and recommended improvements in reporting and diagnostic services, and prevention and educational interventions (U.S. Public Health Service, 1990). For example, the report, Health People 2000 , described the four types of child maltreatment and recommended that the rising incidence (identified as 25.2 per 1,000 in 1986) should be reversed to less than 25.2 in the year 2000. These public health targets are stated as reversing increasing trends rather than achieving specific reductions because of difficulties in obtaining valid and reliable measures of child maltreatment. The report also included recommendations to expand the implementation of state level review systems for unexplained child deaths, and to increase the number of states in which at least 50 percent of children who are victims of physical or sexual abuse receive appropriate treatment and follow-up evaluations as a means of breaking the intergenerational cycle of abuse.

The U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect issued reports in 1990 and 1991 which include national policy and research recommendations. The 1991 report presented a range of research options for action, highlighting the following priorities (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1991:110-113):

This report differs from those described above because its primary focus is on establishing a research agenda for the field of studies on child abuse and neglect. In contrast to the mandate of the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, the panel was not asked to prepare policy recommendations for federal and state governments in developing child maltreatment legislation and programs. The panel is clearly aware of the need for services for abused and neglected children and of the difficult policy issues that must be considered by the Congress, the federal government, the states, and municipal governments in responding to the distress of children and families in crisis. The charge to this panel was to design a research agenda that would foster the development of scientific knowledge that would provide fundamental insights into the causes, identification, incidence, consequences, treatment, and prevention of child maltreatment. This knowledge can enable public and private officials to execute their responsibilities more effectively, more equitably, and more compassionately and empower families and communities to resolve their problems and conflicts in a manner that strengthens their internal resources and reduces the need for external interventions.

Report Overview

Early studies on child abuse and neglect evolved from a medical or pathogenic model, and research focused on specific contributing factors or causal sources within the individual offender to be discovered, addressed, and prevented. With the development of research on child maltreatment over the past several decades, however, the complexity of the phenomena encompassed by the terms child abuse and neglect or child maltreatment has become apparent. Clinical studies that began with small sample sizes and weak methodological designs have gradually evolved into larger and longer-term projects with hundreds of research subjects and sound instrumentation.

Although the pathogenic model remains popular among the general public in explaining the sources of child maltreatment, it is limited by its primary focus on risk and protective factors within the individual. Research investigators now recognize that individual behaviors are often influenced by factors in the family, community, and society as a whole. Elements from these systems are now being integrated into more complex theories that analyze the roles of interacting risk and protective factors to explain and understand the phenomena associated with child maltreatment.

In the past, research on child abuse and neglect has developed within a categorical framework that classifies the research by the type of maltreatment typically as reported in administrative records. Although the quality of research within different categories of child abuse and neglect is uneven and problems of definitions, data collection, and study design continue to characterize much research in this field, the panel concluded that enough progress has been achieved to integrate the four categories of maltreatment into a child-oriented framework that could analyze the similarities and differences of research findings. Rather than encouraging the continuation of a categorical approach that would separate research on physical or sexual abuse, for example, the panel sought to develop for research sponsors and the research community a set of priorities that would foster the integration of scientific findings, encourage the development of comparative analyses, and also distinguish key research themes in such areas as identification, incidence, etiology, prevention, consequences, and treatment. This approach recognizes the need for the construction of collaborative, long-term efforts between public and private research sponsors and research investigators to strengthen the knowledge base, to integrate studies that have evolved for different types of child maltreatment, and eventually to reduce the problem of child maltreatment. This approach also highlights the connections that need to be made between research on the causes and the prevention of child maltreatment, for the more we learn about the origins of child abuse and neglect, the more effective we can be in seeking to prevent it. In the same manner, the report emphasises the connections that need to be made between research on the consequences and treatment of child maltreatment, for knowledge about the effects of child abuse and neglect can guide the development of interventions to address these effects.

In constructing this report, the panel has considered eight broad areas: Identification and definitions of child abuse and neglect (Chapter 2) Incidence: The scope of the problem (Chapter 3) Etiology of child maltreatment (Chapter 4) Prevention of child maltreatment (Chapter 5) Consequences of child maltreatment (Chapter 6) Treatment of child maltreatment (Chapter 7)

Human resources, instrumentation, and research infrastructure (Chapter 8) Ethical and legal issue in child maltreatment research (Chapter 9)

Each chapter includes key research recommendations within the topic under review. The final chapter of the report (Chapter 10) establishes a framework of research priorities derived by the panel from these recommendations. The four main categories identified within this framework—research on the nature and scope of child maltreatment; research on the origins and consequences of child maltreatment; research on the strengths and limitations of existing interventions; and the need for a science policy for child maltreatment research—provide the priorities that the panel has selected as the most important to address in the decade ahead.

1. The panel received an anecdotal report, for example, that one federal research agency systematically changed titles of its research awards over a decade ago, replacing phrases such as child abuse with references to maternal and child health care, after political sensitivities developed regarding the appropriateness of its research program in this area.

Bell, D.A. 1992 Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism . New York: Basic Books.

Children's Defense Fund 1991 The State of America's Children . Washington, DC: The Children's Defense Fund.

Daro, D. 1988 Confronting Child Abuse: Research for Effective Program Design . New York: The Free Press, Macmillan. Cited in the General Accounting Office, 1992. Child Abuse: Prevention Programs Need Greater Emphasis. GAO/HRD-92-99.

Daro, D., and K. McCurdy 1991 Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1990 Annual Fifty State Survey . Chicago: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.

Fuchs, V.R., and D.M. Reklis 1992 America's children: Economic perspectives and policy options. Science 255:41-46.

General Accounting Office 1991 Child Abuse Prevention: Status of the Challenge Grant Program . May. GAO:HRD91-95. Washington, DC.

Huston, A.C., ed. 1991 Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy . New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kempe, C.H., F.N. Silverman, B. Steele, W. Droegemueller, and H.R. Silver 1962 The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 181(1): 17-24.

McClain, P.W., J.J. Sacks, R.G. Froehlke, and B.G. Ewigman 1993 Estimates of fatal child abuse and neglect, United States, 1979 through 1988. Pediatrics 91(2):338-343.

National Commission on Children 1991 Beyond Rhetoric: A New American Agenda for Children and Families . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Research Council 1981 Services for Children: An Agenda for Research . Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect 1990 Child Abuse and Neglect: Critical First Steps in Response to a National Emergency . August. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. August. 1991 Creating Caring Communities . September. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Public Health Service 1990 Violent and abusive behavior. Pp. 226-247 (Chapter 7) in Healthy People 2000 Report . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

The tragedy of child abuse and neglect is in the forefront of public attention. Yet, without a conceptual framework, research in this area has been highly fragmented. Understanding the broad dimensions of this crisis has suffered as a result.

This new volume provides a comprehensive, integrated, child-oriented research agenda for the nation. The committee presents an overview of three major areas:

• Definitions and scope —exploring standardized classifications, analysis of incidence and prevalence trends, and more.
• Etiology, consequences, treatment, and prevention —analyzing relationships between cause and effect, reviewing prevention research with a unique systems approach, looking at short- and long-term consequences of abuse, and evaluating interventions.
• Infrastructure and ethics —including a review of current research efforts, ways to strengthen human resources and research tools, and guidance on sensitive ethical and legal issues.

This volume will be useful to organizations involved in research, social service agencies, child advocacy groups, and researchers.

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Child Abuse: Preventive Measures Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Many people take advantage of children since they are defenseless and have little power. Child abuse is a human rights violation committed against minors in a community. Families with step-parents may subject children to inhumane conditions like deprivation of basic needs. Moreover, many companies have exploited children and subjected them to hard labor with insufficient salaries. “Preventing child abuse” is my topic of interest since I have grown up in a society where many children have been abused. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are significant for campaigning against child abuse. Infographics, videos, and other content can be shared over social media to sensitize the public about child abuse. Therefore, I designed an infographic entitled “Child Abuse Prevention: My Responsibility” that details the impacts of child abuse and how it can be prevented.

Topic of the Artifact and Its Relevance

Child abuse is a social vice that is manifested in various forms and harms minors. Child abuse is the exploitation of children due to their inability to defend or protect themselves (Camilo et al., 2021). There are different types of torture, such as physical abuse — the intentional causing of injury to children by way of bodily contact (Wilson & Lee, 2021). A common form of physical child abuse is the overworking of children in harmful chemical companies. For instance, discriminating against kids based on their social status and skin color can psychologically affect them. Meanwhile, neglect involves denying children basic needs like shelter (Camilo et al., 2021). Therefore, children can be abused sexually, physically, emotionally, and negligently.

Rationale: Why I Chose the Topic

Child abuse is a common delinquency that is detrimental to a society’s success. This phenomenon subjects children to harsh situations, making it difficult for them to concentrate on education and other development programs. Sexual harassment among kids can lead to early pregnancies and, consequently, school dropouts. Meanwhile, emotional abuse among children can be detrimental to their future families and society at large. Children born into abusive families are likely to become irresponsible parents in the future (Harman et al., 2021). Moreover, psychologically tormented children can easily engage in criminal activities (Quiones et al., 2022). However, many people are unaware of the different forms of child abuse and how to prevent them. Raising awareness about child abuse is significant since it enables society to become more informed on the issue. Therefore, I chose the topic because child abuse is detrimental to society but many people are unaware of its manifestations.

Additionally, the selection of the topic is based on my experience. Growing up in a diverse community can be motivating since one can learn from the life experiences of different people. I grew up in a society where African American children were discriminated against for their race. In my community, the school had children from various races, including Asians and Africans, among other nationalities. However, the black students in my school were less favored. Many of the African American students in my high school were denied access to quality education. Some of our teachers outrightly neglected the African American students who would poorly perform in class. At home, the atrocities against black children were similar to those done at schools. The majority of the black children dropped out of school and worked in our neighboring shops, among other places.

Moreover, our neighbors, an African American family of three, were raised by a single mother. The mother got married to a Caucasian husband who frequently abused the children. Every time I passed by our neighbor, I could see the two sisters sitting in the cold and crying. Although child abuse was common in that house, very few individuals took the initiative of reporting the abusive stepfather. In 2020, one of the two sisters was shot dead by police who accused her of robbing a neighboring jewelry shop. The surviving young woman is a drug addict and has attempted suicide several times. The lives of the African American community in my society are a perfect example of the negative impact of child abuse in society. Therefore, having witnessed child abuse as I grew up, I was motivated to raise awareness of the issue.

How I Created the Artifact

My artifact is an infographic that communicates the various forms of child abuse and how to report them to the necessary authorities. The infographic has four sections: a definition of child abuse; forms of child abuse; why child abuse is wrong; and the importance of preventing it. The graphic can be converted into various forms depending on the choice of sharing medium. Although designing the graphic requires the use of complex software such as Adobe Photoshop, I chose free online infographic designers. I used Canva for designing the artifacts by following various steps as outlined on the website. I adopted the following steps in creating the infographic that raises awareness about child abuse.

Step 1: Information Gathering

This was the initial step of gathering all the information related to child abuse. I read through various articles on child abuse and summarized the information collected. An article by Camilo et al. (2021), provided information on the psychological effects of child abuse. Meanwhile, an article by Wilson and Lee (2021) helped in understanding barriers associated with reporting child abuse. Furthermore, the information on the neglected form of child abuse was gathered from an article written by Harman et al. (2021). Additionally, I gathered information from various videos posted on YouTube and the United Nations website. The gathered information helped me develop the four sections of my infographic.

Step 2: Analyzing the Collected Information

After collecting information on child abuse, I answered four research questions: what is child abuse? What are the forms of child abuse? What are the impacts of child abuse? And how can child abuse be prevented? The different articles described child abuse and explored its various aspects. I concluded the impact and prevention of child abuse from the articles. The analyzed information was sufficient in raising awareness about child abuse.

Step 3: Logging in to Canva.com and Designing the Infographic

Canva.com is one of the websites that allows users to create an infographic using the available templates. Firstly, I created a Canva account that allowed me to access the available templates. I followed the steps provided on the website to add text and other graphic features to my infographic. I added the analyzed information to the chosen template and designed it in a manner that is presentable and attractive. Moreover, I ensured that the text was well summarized to avoid a boring artifact. After that, I downloaded the created infographic that was ready to be shared through various social media.

Step 4: Converting the Infographic into Various Formats

Since my artifact was to be shared on various social media platforms, I converted it into various formats that are shareable on the platforms. Firstly, I converted the infographic into pdf format that I shared through WhatsApp and other messaging apps like Telegram and Facebook Messenger. Secondly, I converted the infographic into jpeg and other image formats. The image formats were shared through my WhatsApp status, Facebook and Instagram stories, and Twitter. The photo format was also shared with various institutions that printed for their students. The infographic was converted into various formats that were shareable with relevant audiences.

Targeted Audience

The chosen topic, “preventing child abuse”, is relevant to various stakeholders. Firstly, I targeted business corporations that are on the verge of abusing children’s rights. The information was communicated to the firms through social media posts. When posting the infographic, I tagged global organizations like the United Nations. Secondly, I targeted parents who are likely to deny their children’s basic needs. The printouts were shared on bus shelters and in parents’ online groups on Facebook and WhatsApp. Finally, I targeted teachers and educational stakeholders who play a significant role in imparting knowledge and skills to children. The teachers could share the information with their students at school. Therefore, businesses, schools, parents, children, and teachers are crucial in raising awareness and preventing child abuse.

How the Audience Will Benefit from the Artifact

The targeted audience will benefit from the infographic in various ways: they will understand child abuse and its negative impact and take part in its prevention. The infographic has information on the definition and forms of child abuse that is crucial in understanding it. Moreover, the infographic contains information on how to prevent child abuse. Therefore, the artifact will benefit the audience by equipping them with the necessary skills to resist the inhumane action. While businesses will understand the risks of exploiting children, parents and educational stakeholders will adopt mechanisms for reducing the menace.

Artifact Post Media

The infographic will be shared on various platforms with a targeted audience. Facebook and Twitter will allow parents, businesses, and the public at large to access the information. The post can be tagged with major conversations on human rights as discussed on Facebook and Twitter. Meanwhile, WhatsApp will be used to share information across various social groups. For instance, the images of the infographic will be shared on WhatsApp and Instagram statuses to engage more audiences interested in the topic. Therefore, Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram will be used to post the artifact to the targeted audience.

Seeking Feedback and Making Changes

After designing the infographic, I shared it with my classmate who is good at graphic designing. The classmate gave feedback on the attractiveness of my artifact and the achievement of my project goals. The peer-review involved a quality check of the color choice, textual presentation, and overall design. After the review, I made changes to the choice of color and contrast as the peer recommended selecting more neutral colors. The final design was more attractive than the draft. The revised design was converted into various formats shareable on different social media platforms.

Child abuse is detrimental to society and should be prevented. Raising awareness about child abuse helps prevent the exploitation of children. I chose the topic of ‘preventing child abuse’ because I have witnessed the negative impacts of misuse of children. Therefore, I decided to create an infographic to spread awareness about child abuse and its prevention. The artifact was shared on various social media platforms while targeting children, parents, teachers, and businesses. Therefore, the prevention of child abuse is a public obligation, and all stakeholders must take part in raising awareness about the issue.

Camilo, C., Vaz Garrido, M., & Calheiros, M. M. (2021). Recognizing children’s emotions in child abuse and neglect. Aggressive Behavior , 47 (2), 161-172. Web.

Harman, J. J., Maniotes, C. R., & Grubb, C. (2021). Power dynamics in families affected by parental alienation. Personal Relationships , 28 (4), 883-906. Web.

Quiñones, M., Gold, S. N., & Ellis, A. (2022). Defining trauma, adversity, & toxic stress. In Not Just Bad Kids (pp. 67-101). Academic Press.

Wilson, I. A., & Lee, J. (2021). Barriers and facilitators associated with child abuse and neglect reporting among child care professionals: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services , 59 (6), 14-22. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2023, May 9). Child Abuse: Preventive Measures. https://ivypanda.com/essays/child-abuse-preventive-measures/

"Child Abuse: Preventive Measures." IvyPanda , 9 May 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/child-abuse-preventive-measures/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Child Abuse: Preventive Measures'. 9 May.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Child Abuse: Preventive Measures." May 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/child-abuse-preventive-measures/.

1. IvyPanda . "Child Abuse: Preventive Measures." May 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/child-abuse-preventive-measures/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Child Abuse: Preventive Measures." May 9, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/child-abuse-preventive-measures/.

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My brother travelled here recently on a volunteer program and he had the worst experience ever!!! The people are very racist. He is brown skinned and people here dont like them! He was once trvaelling by bus and was asked by a lady who entered the bus after him to give up his seat. Mind you nor was he sitting on a seat reserved for women/elderly and nor was she old. And there were orther locals on the bus with him and he was th eonly one asked to get up. In another instance the storekeeper would not ring him up at the cash register and kept him wiating until the locals were attended to. All in all he said its a very messed up place and he was back in a week as opposed to a month of volunteering. So people please do not go here!!!!

I feel genuinely sorry for your brother but I cannot believe it was all that bad. Yes there do happen isolated acts of racism all around Russia, but writing off a whole city as racist is a bit over the board.

> Mind you nor was he sitting on a seat reserved for women/elderly and nor was she old

There are no seats "reserved for women/elderly" in Russian buses but it's considered common courtesy for younger people to give up a seat to a lady. Maybe your brother was just sitting the closest to the lady or was the youngest-looking?

When somebody believes that any mishap that happens to him is because of the colour of his skin, this makes the whole world look racist and sad.

My brother also works in Novosibirsk, and finds that the idea of "service " which we expect in a store is sometimes lacking there. However, as to the issue of the bus, it has been the custom in Australia, as, obviously, in Novosibirsk, that young men give up their seat to women or elderly men. This custom seems to be diminishing in the days of equal opportunity. However, I am in my fifties and if I should ever travel on a crowded tram or train, one or two young men will always jump up to offer a seat, which I decline, at the same time thanking them profusely for their courtesy. However, should a lady ask for a seat, many people would offer her one, assuming that she is perhaps not feeling well. I am surprised to find that this is not the custom also in Chicago. Maybe I won't visit there.

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Collection Meeting of Frontiers

Collections from siberia and the russian far east, aleksandrovsk municipal history and literature museum "a.p. chekhov and sakhalin" (55 items).

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Ivan Nikolaevich Krasnov's Views of Sakhalin Island (55 items)

Sakhalin Island was used by imperial Russia as a penal colony and place of exile for criminals and political prisoners. Between 1869 and 1906, more than 30,000 inmates and exiles endured the difficult conditions of the forced-labor colony on the island. This collection, consisting of an album and individual photographs, is preserved in the Aleksandrovsk Municipal History and Literature Museum "A.P. Chekhov and Sakhalin" in Alekandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Sakhalin Island (off Russia’s southeast coast). The photographs were taken on the island during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and provide rare glimpses of its settlements, prisons, and inhabitants. Most of the photographs in the collection were taken by Sakhalin artist Ivan Nikolaevich Krasnov, although some are unattributed. The collection depicts public life and institutions in the town of Aleksandrovsk Post, convicts working under harsh conditions or in chains, and political prisoners. The photographs also show the daily life both of the Nivkh people, indigenous to the northern part of the island, and the Russian settler population. The predecessor of the Aleksandrovsk Municipal History and Literature Museum "A.P. Chekhov and Sakhalin" appears in some of the photographs. The name of the museum refers to a trip taken to Sakhalin Island by the Russian writer and medical doctor Anton Chekhov in 1890, during which Chekhov researched the plight of island’s prisoners and native populations. The publication of his Sakhalin Island in 1895 highlighted the depravity of the situation in this remote corner of Russia and led to public protests that helped bring about the closure of the penal colony.

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Altai State Regional Studies Museum (221 items)

Photographs by the topographer g. i. ivanov, gornaia shoria, 1913 (109 items).

This collection consists of 109 photographs taken by G. I. Ivanov (1876-192?) during a 1913 topographic expedition to the Gornaia Shoria in the Altai region. That same year, Ivanov participated in another topographic expedition--to the Mrasskii region, Kuznetskii District (central part of the Gornaia Shoria). The photographs reflect both expedition activities and the life of the people in this region. The negatives were transferred to the Altai State Museum of Regional History and Folklife in the 1920s; prints were made and sets from both expeditions were added to the museum’s collections.

Sergei Ivanovich Borisov's Color Photo-Cards of the Altai Mountains (52 items)

A collection of color postcards made from negatives taken by photographer Sergei Ivanovich Borisov (1859–1935) in the Altay, or Altai, Mountains region of southern Siberia early in the 20th century. Borisov was born into a family of serfs in Simbirsk (present-day Ulyanovsk) and was forced to work from an early age. In the late 1880s he moved to the city of Barnaul in Altayskiy Kray, where in 1894 he opened a photography studio. This studio later became the largest and most popular in the city. In 1907, Borisov began his expedition in the Altay Mountains, which lasted until 1911. He took around 1,500 photographs during this expedition, which, upon his return to Barnaul, he presented to the public through the use of a magic lantern. The photographs depict views of nature in remote corners of the Altay Mountains and the Altay and Kazakh peoples indigenous to this region. Borisov offered the photographs to various European publishers for the production of postcards. The collection includes two series of color postcards. The first series was issued by the Swedish printing company Granberg Society in Stockholm, but it is not known where the second series was published.

V.V. Sapozhnikov. Photo Materials from Expeditions in the Southern Altai Region, 1895-1899 (60 items)

A collection of 60 photos by V.V. Sapozhnikov (1861‒1924), a geographer, botanist, ethnographer, and professor at Tomsk State University (the first institution of higher education established in Siberia), who made significant contributions to the study of the South Siberian region. The photographs were taken by Sapozhnikov during his expeditions to the Altai Mountains in 1895‒99 and later reproduced from his negatives for the Altai State Regional Studies Museum in Barnaul. The explorer gave his photograph collection and related materials from his expeditions to the museum in 1904. Each photograph is accompanied by an annotation with a geographic reference written by Sapozhnikov. The collection is unique for its complex and spectacular views, covering a variety of geographic features of the South Siberian region. In many of the photos, Sapozhnikov or other members of the expeditions are shown, struggling with difficult terrain and swollen rivers. Sapozhnikov's scientific activity was closely connected with the Russian Geographical Society, to which he was elected in 1898.

Amur Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife (101 items)

Investigations of the zeya river in 1907-1909 (101 items).

Izyskaniia reki Zei v 1907-1909 gg. (Investigations of the Zeya River in 1907-1909) is a unique integrated collection of documentary photographs that presents a vivid picture of the state of the Amur region up to 1909. The album was prepared in 1909‒10 by the mechanical engineer Vladimir I. Fedorov (1876‒1956) on the instructions of the waterways administration of the Amur basin. Its 100 photographs show natural scenes, indigenous peoples, settlers, river transport, and Russian surveyors at work. The photographs are captioned. The Zeya River is one of the most important tributaries of the Amur River. It rises in the Stanovoy range in the Russian Far East and runs southward and slightly to the west for 1,242 kilometers before joining the Amur near Blagoveshchensk.

Berdsk Historical Art Museum (153 items)

Berdsk in siberia during the 19th and 20th centuries (153 items).

A collection of 153 photographs and documents held in the Berdsk Historical Art Museum, drawn from the personal archives of people who lived in the town of Berdsk in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The collection offers glimpses into everyday life, the atmosphere, and the activities in Berdsk, a major center of grain processing at that time. The photographs show groups of students and teachers, local mills, people at work in agriculture and industry, soldiers, and children and youth.  Most appear to date from the early Soviet era. The documents include tickets, ration cards, membership cards, and other items relating to farming, trade, crafts, mining, and so forth. Berdsk is located in Novosibirsk Oblast in central Russia, along the Novosibirsk Reservoir just south of Novosibirsk city. Founded at the beginning of the 18th century as a fortress, it became a city in 1944.

Center for Documentation of Tomsk Oblast Recent History (101 items)

Tomsk regional committee documents regarding deported baltic peoples (101 items).

A collection of 101 documents from the archives of the Tomsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union relating to the mass deportation to Siberia of Baltic peoples from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The documents, which date from the period 1941–60, are nearly all stamped "Secret." They shed light on such aspects of the deportations as the numbers of people involved, how the reception of deported peoples was organized, the resettlement and placement of deportees, material support, methods of ideological control and the assessment of the communist authorities of the ideological and political influences on the deportees, and the eventual lifting of legal restrictions on these population groups. The Soviet Union invaded the Baltic countries in the summer of 1940 and the deportations of Baltic peoples were carried out the following year, just before the Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Estimates of the numbers of deported citizens of the Baltic countries vary, but probably about 50,000 were sent to camps in Siberia in this period. The deportations were aimed out eliminating resistance to communist rule and targeted the political and intellectual elites in the Baltic countries. Deportations were halted following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, but a second mass deportation of Baltic peoples to Siberia occurred after World War II, in March 1949, as the authorities sought to stamp out continued resistance to Soviet rule.

Igarka Museum of Permafrost (82 items)

Dead road: construction project 503 (82 items).

A collection of materials related to the Salekhard‒Igarka Railway, an unfinished Soviet railroad sometimes called the “Dead Road.” This railroad was intended to unite European Russia with the northern regions of Siberia and to facilitate the export of minerals from the industrial city of Noril’sk. Construction began in 1949 but was abandoned in 1953 after Stalin’s death. Stalin had ordered the construction of the railroad without heeding the advice of specialists, who knew that a railroad built on permafrost would be difficult to maintain. Stalin considered the railroad strategically necessary to facilitate the defense of Russia’s northern coast; however, actual demand for the railway was low. Construction was divided into two projects, number 501 and number 503, and was carried out by prisoners of the infamous gulag system. According to eyewitness accounts, conditions in the camps of these projects and in Yermakovo, the central settlement of construction project 503, were better than in most parts of the gulag system. This collection consists of photographs, documents, maps, letters, and memoirs housed in the Igarka Museum of Permafrost. Photographs depict daily life in Yermakovo, a settlement near Igarka, abandoned buildings and railroad equipment, and musicians and actors of the projects’ cultural and educational divisions. Many of the photographs were taken by Walter Ruge (1915–2011) and depict his wife Irina Andreevna Alferova. Ruge completed a ten-year sentence as a political prisoner in 1951 before he was released to live as an exile in Yermakovo, where he met Alferova, a fellow exile. The collection’s documents and maps provide information about the planning and construction of the railroad and the administration of the camps, while the memoirs and letters describe the experiences of prisoners, exiles, and civilian residents of Yermakovo and the camps.

Institute for the Study of Buddhism, Mongol, and Tibetan Culture of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (95 items)

Albazinskii prison. materials of archaeological research (95 items).

A collection of 95 drawings, color photographs, and slides documenting the results of the archaeological excavations at the fortress of Albazin, the first Russian settlement on the Amur River (at the present-day village of Albazino in the Amurskaya Oblast). The Russians established the fort at Albazin in 1651, and it soon became the largest fortified settlement of Russian pioneers in the Amur region. In 1686, after a long siege by Manchu troops, Russian Cossack troops surrendered the fortress. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, concluded in 1689 to establish peace between Russia and China, the fortress was demolished and the territory around it transferred to China. The photographs, slides, and drawings in the collection show views of the remains of the towers, walls, residential buildings, and household items discovered during the excavations. They offer insight into the economic activities, construction methods, and armament of the Russian soldiers and settlers of the 16th century.

Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (405 items)

Photographs from archeographic expeditions to the schismatic monasteries on the upper malyi enisei river (tuva, 1966-75) (43 items).

The schismatic monasteries along the headwaters of the Little Yenisey River came into being in February 1917, when one of the splinter groups of the well-known monastery of Father Nifont moved to the Tuva (or Tyva) area, near the Mongolian-Russian border, from the Ural region. The Tuva copy of the Genealogy of the Schismatic Sect, composed by Father Nifont between 1887 and 1890, contains an appendix by Father Palladii, the head of monasteries in Tuva, laying out this succession of 20th-century monastic fathers-superior in Tuva: Nifont, Sergii, Ignatii and Palladii. Father Ignatii died in prison before World War II; shortly thereafter, Father Palladii’s brother committed suicide while under arrest by jumping into the frigid rapids of the Little Yenisey. Father Palladii was arrested three times, but he was able to escape (from exile in Krasnoyarsk and then from the camp near Vladivostok where the poet Osip Mandel’shtam is known to have perished). Toward the end of his life, Father Palladii was director of the Tuva monasteries, having gained the consent of the authorities to assume this position by promising that he no longer would object to military service for Old Believers. Father Palladii was a skilled transcriber and binder of manuscripts and early printed books who owned a large library of these materials. In 1966 he acquainted Novosibirsk archeographers with previously unknown and unstudied literary works composed in the Urals and Siberia from the 17th to the 20th centuries by Old Believer schismatic writers. The residents of these monasteries refuse to be photographed. They explain this refusal in the following way: upon christening, a person acquires an invisible aura around the head and, after death, this aura serves as a pass into heaven; the aura is diminished each time the person sins, and it is further weakened by photography. Outside monasteries, however, this prohibition is not enforced nearly as strictly, even in the families of spiritual teachers.

Photographs from Archeological Expeditions to Old Believer Monasteries (Rudnyi Altai, Headwaters of the Uba River, 1970-71) (42 items)

The monasteries of the Pomorskie Sect of Old Believers, visited by archeographers from Novosibirsk, were the successors to the Pokrovskii women’s monastery built there at the very beginning of the twentieth century with the financial support of Savva Morozov, a well-known textile mill owner who belonged to the Pomorskie Sect. (During this same period he was also financing underground Bolshevik-Leninist organizations.) Old photographs of the nuns at this monastery have been preserved.This monastery traditionally maintained close religious and economic ties with the local peasantry and the wealthy farming families of Old Believers in the Altai. The prosperous Altai peasantry offered stiff resistance (including armed resistance) to Soviet rule and the policy of “war communism” and collectivization. The harsh repression of this resistance took a toll on the Altai Old Believer communities and their book collections. For example, on the northern slopes of the Altai, in Uimon Valley, and on the Koksa River, where the richest Old Believer farms were devastated, a large collection of manuscripts and early printed books also was destroyed. A few miraculously spared sixteenth-century volumes were among the most valuable discoveries of the expeditions by the specialists from the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. When Siberian archeographers began travelling to the Altai Old Believer communities in the late 1960s and early 1970s, they found that the former prosperity was long gone, and the other valleys that had flourished before 1917 had become nearly depopulated. This was an ideal location for the secretive settlements of hermits, many of whom had once been nuns of the Pokrovskii monastery, while others had come from all parts of the country, e.g., Kuban’, which had maintained intensive correspondence with the Pomorskie Sect.In their way of life, the adherents of the Pomorskie Sect in Altai were less closed than, for example, the Tuva schismatics. Many of the monastery residents were quite willing to be photographed. The photograph taken of the superior of the main monastery, Mother Afanasiia, was placed alongside the icons in the chapel after her death.

Photographs from the Trial of the Dubches Hermits (6 items)

A collection documenting the trial in the early 1950s of the Dubches hermits. The hermits were associated with Old Believer monasteries persecuted by the communist authorities in what was then the Soviet Union. In 1937‒40 these monasteries were secretly relocated from the Ural Mountains to the left bank of the Lower Yenisey River and the Dubches River and its tributaries. Playing a large role in this effort was the men’s monastery of Father Simeon, whose writings traced the history of the monastery beginning in the 18th century, when it was led by the famed Hegumen (father superior) Maksim, the author of numerous polemic works. Along with the monastery of Father Simeon, nuns from the Permskii convent (on the Sylva River) and Sungul’skii convent (near the city of Kasli, Southern Urals) also relocated to the Dubches region. This secret move took several years. At the new site, the taiga (coniferous evergreen forests) was cleared for buildings and vegetable gardens. Several families of peasant adherents who migrated with the monasteries helped to erect a chapel, along with a building to house a rich collection of old books (more than 500 volumes, including a parchment manuscript and some 16th-century printed books). In 1951 the monasteries were spotted from the air by the Soviet authorities and subsequently demolished by a punitive detachment. The hermits associated with the monasteries and the peasants who had supported them were arrested, and all the buildings, icons, and books were burned. The Krasnoyarsk Office of the Ministry of State Security conducted an investigation and put 33 persons on trial. All those indicted were convicted under Articles 58-10 part 2 and 58-11 of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic criminal code and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 10 to 25 years. Alexandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote about these events in his classic Gulag Archipelago. Two of those arrested perished in Soviet concentration camps: Father Simeon and Mother Margarita. After the death in 1953 of the dictator Joseph Stalin, the others were granted amnesty on November 12, 1954.

Special Settlers in West Siberia in the 1930s (311 items)

The commemorative album “Soviet Narym: Opening of the West-Siberian North by Labor Settlers, 1930-36” contains statistical, narrative, cartographic, and illustrated materials relating to the people who were forcibly settled in the Narym region by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s. The album, compiled in 1936 by the secret police of West Siberia as the result of a government investigation, sought to document for Moscow the opening of the Narym region by labor settlers. Housed for a time in police archives, the album later fell into private hands during a “purge” of these archives, but since 2002 has been in the custody of the Sector on the History of Sociocultural Development, Institute of History, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Irkutsk Municipal History Museum (572 items)

Materials from the ethnographic expedition of p.p. khoroshikh in 1927 (257 items).

Presented here is an album of 167 photographs and 89 drawings made during the 1927 expedition in the Balagansk District of the Irkutsk region by the famous Siberian ethnographer and archaeologist Pavel Khoroshikh and local history specialist Petr Trebukhovskii. The materials in the album detail the different aspects of the economic activities of the Russian and Buriat population, types of houses and farm buildings, tools and daily activities, and various aspects of children's upbringing. Together, these illustrations are the richest source of material for studying the life of the peasant population of the region before the kholkhoz (collective farm) period of the Soviet era; forced collectivization began in 1928. The Balagansk District is located in the south-central part of Irkutsk Oblast, on the left bank of the Angara River. It was settled by Russians from 1655 onward, and has long been inhabited by the Bulagat, a Buriat tribe whose name derives from the Buriat word for sable hunter.

Photography in Irkutsk (136 items)

This collection contains 136 photographs of Irkutsk from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The photographs show views of both the city of Irkutsk and countryside of Irkutsk Province; methods of transportation; and the citizenry--including their way of life, social activities, and forms of entertainment.

Russians in Harbin, 1920s-1940s (from the Archive of V. P. Ablamskii) (110 items)

Vladimir Pavlovich Ablamskii (1911-1994), a figure-skating champion from northern China, was also a famous Harbin photographer and photojournalist. This collection contains Ablamskii’s photographs depicting the life of the Russian immigrant community in Harbin.

The Baikal Region at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century in the Photographs of I. A. and V. I. Podgorbunskiih (69 items)

This collection presents a series of photographs taken by the Podgorbunskiis. The father, I. A. Podgorbunskii, was a priest, teacher, scientist, and local historian. The son, V. I. Podgorbunskii, was an archaeologist. Their photographs of the Baikal region depict the scenery as well as the way of life and culture of local residents.

Irkutsk State University (364 items)

Peoples of siberia: the buryats and yakuts (152 items).

This collection consists of two photograph albums from the early twentieth century, with pictures presumably taken by I. Popov. The album “Views of the Yakutsk Region” contains 151 photographs. Subjects include the Lena River shore; various forms of river transport--including boats, rafts, trade barges, and steamships; post offices along the Lena highway, and transport by horse and reindeer. The album “Peoples of Siberia” contains twenty-seven photographs depicting Yakuts and Buryats, everyday life, festivals, meetings, housing, utensils, and hunting accessories. Several of the photographs are signed with the initials “I. P.”

Views of Hunting Grounds in Irkutsk Oblast (72 items)

Vidy okhotugodii Irkutskoi oblasti (Views of hunting grounds in Irkutsk Oblast) is an unpublished album of photographs depicting hunting grounds along the Lena River in southeastern Siberia. Subjects shown include hunters, river scenes, hunting scenes, dogs, horses, and winter dwellings in the Kazachinsko-Lensky, Zhigalovsky, and Kachugsky Districts of the oblast, along with family photographs of the local Tungusic people. Each photograph is accompanied by a handwritten caption. Taken by the art critic V.N. Troitskii in 1930, the photographs offer insights into the nature, economic activities, and life of the indigenous and Russian populations of Siberia at the turn of the 1920s–1930s.

Views of the Akatuy Hard Labor Camp (48 items)

Presented here is an album of 47 views of convicts and structures at the Akatuy Prison, one of the main centers where political prisoners were held in the Russian Empire during the late-tsarist period. The album belonged to Isaiah Aronovich Shinkman, a physician and member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, who was incarcerated at Akatuy from 1906 to 1911. The prison was located at the Akatuy silver mine in Nerchinsk okrug (district) in the Transbaikal Territory of Siberia. Thousands of political prisoners were exiled to Siberia from European Russia and from Poland, Finland, Latvia, and Estonia (all then part of the Russian Empire) following the repression of the Russian Revolution of 1905. Criminal labor convicts and political prisoners had long been sent to Nerchinsk to work in extracting lead-silver ores in the region’s mines. The American explorer and journalist George Kennan (1845–1924) visited Akatuy in 1885, and wrote about his experience in his book Siberia and the Exile System (1891), a scathing critique of the system of prisons and prison camps in Russia. The album is held by the Irkutsk State University in Irkutsk and was digitized for the Meeting of Frontiers digital library project in the early 2000s. The photographs it contains offer glimpses into the day-to-day existence and activities of the political prisoners in Siberia in the years before World War I and the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Views of the Trans-Baikal and Irkutsk, a Photo Album by N. A. Charushin (54 items)

This album consists of fifty-three photographs by the Siberian photographer N. A. Charushin. Most of the photographs were taken on the Udunginsk and Circumbaikal Roads and represent images of bridges, rail stations, quays, ferries, and other construction.

Jewish Autonomous Region Museum of Regional History and Folklife (35 items)

Materials of the collection of professor b.l. bruk (35 items).

A collection of documents, photographs, maps, and printed works relating to the life and work of Professor Boris L’vovich Bruk, a well-known Russian agronomist who did much to study and develop agriculture in the Russian Far East and the central regions of Russia. In 1927, Bruk headed the expedition of the Committee on the Land Management of Working Jews (KOMZET) to the thinly populated Birobidzhan region to study the possible resettlement there of Jews from European Russia. The collection also includes the report issued by KOZMET after the conclusion of the expedition. The materials in the collection reflect the life and career of Bruk, his scientific activities, and the propaganda activities of the Soviet state relating to the introduction of modern agricultural technologies into the peasant economy. They also provide information on the nature, climate, and economy of the Birobidzhan region. Located in the Russian Far East near the border with China, the Birobidzhan region was established in 1928 by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin as the Jewish Autonomous Region of the Soviet Union.

Kamchatka Regional Unified Museum (469 items)

Kamchatka in the early twentieth century (297 items).

This album contains 296 works by such photographers as René Malaise, S. I. Beinarovich, I. E. Larin, and other, unknown artists. Larin lived on Kamchatka from 1917 to 1934 and was a prominent communist and the first chairman of the regional soviet. Malaise was a member of a Swedish expedition to Kamchatka in 1922-23. The album itself belonged to Mikhail Petrovich Vol'skii, chairman of the Kamchatka regional soviet in the 1920s and 1930s. This album offers a glimpse of life in the Russian Far Northeast in the first third of the twentieth century. It includes nature scenes of Kamchatka, views of Petropavlovsk and other population centers, and images of the indigenous peoples of Kamchatka and neighboring territories--their occupations and their material culture.

Photographs from the Eastern Reaches of the Russian Empire (44 items)

This collection consists of forty-four photographs of Sakhalin Island and the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The photographs depict streets, individual buildings, panoramas of populated areas, and local people, including convicts and prisoners. The collection offers insights into the economy, society, and way of life in this remote corner of the Russian Empire around the turn of the twentieth century. The identity of the photographer is unknown.

The Kamchatka Photo Album of B. I. Dybovskii (128 items)

This photo album belonged to Benedikt Ivanovich Dybovskii (Benedykt Dybowski), 1833-1930, a well-known Polish zoologist.  Dybovskii was exiled to Siberia, for taking part in the Polish uprising of 1863-64; he remained there until 1877.  He returned to Siberia in 1879 and served as the Kamchatka district physician until 1883.  Dybovskii studied the environment and fauna of Baikal, Priamur'e, and Kamchatka.  The album presents views of the port of Petropavlovsk and other settlements in Kamchatka as well as photographs of the people of Kamchatka--merchants, craftsmen, peasants, Cossacks, and Kamchadals.  The album holds 127 unique photographs, which provide a clear image of the city of Petropavlovsk, the historical events associated with it, and its people in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Kemerovo Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife (302 items)

Civil war in the kuzbass (103 items).

This collection contains documents and photographs from more than thirty participants of the Russian Civil War in the Kuzbass, including commanders and commissars of the Red partisan movement. Among the unique items in the collection are materials relating to the circulation of money in Siberia (that is, the new currency introduced by the Kolchak government) and the photograph album, “Development of the Anzher Coal-Mine District in 1918-23.”

Documents and Photographs from the Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Society (199 items)

The “Kuzbass” autonomous industrial colony was created in 1921. It was organized by American workers, who took on the obligation of inviting from the United States and Western Europe some eight thousand skilled workers and specialists to industrialize the Kuzbass. The Soviet government turned over to the colonists a number of Kemerovo mine shafts and an unfinished coking plant. To recruit volunteers to work in Siberia, a “Kuzbass Bureau” was opened in the middle of New York City, and an information bulletin began to be published in the United States. Between January 1922 and December 1923, however, only 566 persons arrived for work in the Kuzbass. The colonists included emigrants from America, Canada, the Netherlands, France, Australia, Jamaica, Indonesia, and other countries as well.

Krasnoiarsk Krai Museum of Regional History and Folklife (501 items)

Everyday life of yenisei province, late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries.

This collection includes more than four hundred photographs of daily life in Yenisei Province in the late tsarist period. Photographs include peasants, Cossacks, and high-ranking officials.

Letters from the Decembrist Revolt

Presented here is a collection of 78 letters written between 1838 and 1850 by Decembrists and their wives. The letters were written from places of hard labor and settlements in Siberia and are addressed to Iakov Dmitrievich Kazimirskii, a manager at the Petrovskii Factory. The writers include I.I. Pushchin, V.L. Davydov, A.I. Iakubovich, A.Z. Muraviev, N.A. Bestuzhev, V.V. Vadkovskii, A.P and M.K Iushnevskii, I.S. Povalo-Shveikovskii, E.I. Trubetskaia, S.G. Volkonskii, I.I. Gorbachevskii, M.F. Mit’kov, and E.P. Obolensky. The Decembrists were a group of Russian revolutionaries who led an unsuccessful uprising against tsarist authority in December 1825. They were primarily members of the upper classes with military backgrounds. After the suppression of the uprising, 289 Decembrists were put on trial. Five–the leaders –were executed; 31 were imprisoned; and the rest exiled to Siberia. Many wives of the Decembrists accompanied their husbands into banishment in Siberia. The collection is held in the Krasnoyarskskiy Krai Museum of Regional History and Folklife. The letters came to the museum in the 1930s from the Krasnoyarsk Regional Library as part of a collection of documents assembled by the famous bibliophile-merchant Gennadii Vasil’evich Iudin. Most of the letters were published in the book Sibirskie pis’ma dekabristov: 1838-1850 (Siberian letters of the Decembrists: 1838-1850), compiled by T.S.  Komarova and published by the Krasnoyarsk Book Publishing House in 1987.

M. N. Khangalov Museum on the History of Buryatia (66 items)

Christianity in buryatia.

This collection consists of sixty-six photographs and documents that depict the history and activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in Buryatia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It includes the papers of Nikolai, Bishop of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands; views of Orthodox churches and cathedrals; church records; confessional lists; birth registers; music manuscripts, and other documents.

Memory of Kolyma Museum (42 items)

Materials on the history of sevvostlag (42 items).

A collection of photographs, drawings, newspapers, and documents gathered in the Kolyma region of Russia. Kolyma is a northeastern region that takes its name from the Kolyma River and includes parts of the present-day Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and present-day Magadan Oblast. This region contained deposits of gold and platinum and was home to Sevvostlag (Northeastern Corrective Labor Camps), one of the Soviet Union’s most infamous labor camp systems, which was administered by a government agency known as Dalstroy (Far North Construction Trust). These materials were collected by the Yagodnoye District public historical and educational organization “Search for the Unlawfully Repressed.” This organization was founded in 1990 with the goal of locating former prisoners of the Kolyma camps. It corresponds with more than 500 former prisoners and their relatives, publishes prisoners’ memoirs, conducts local history research, and carries out expeditions to the remains of camps. The materials collected by Search for the Unlawfully Repressed became the basis for the collections of the Memory of Kolyma Museum, where this collection is housed. The collection’s photographs depict ruins of camp buildings, daily life in Kolyma, and journalists traveling in the region. Other materials of the collection include a map of Kolyma’s camps, newspapers from the region, certificates, letters, records of criminal cases, and personal files.

Museum of the History of the Norilsk Industrial Region (212 items)

The last archipelago: investigation of severnaya zemlya in 1930-1932 (212 items).

A collection of materials, including manuscripts, photographs, and a photograph album, from the N.N. Urantsev Foundation devoted to the last major geographical discovery on earth: the exploration of Severnaya Zemlya in the expedition of 1930‒32 expedition under the leadership of G.A. Ushakov (1901‒63) and N.N. Urvantsev (1893‒1985). The manuscripts and photographs offer new and previously unknown information about the harsh conditions and limited plant and animal life of Severnaya Zemlya and document the history of the expedition. As characterized by N.N. Urvantsev, this was the last polar expedition of the Nansen-Amundsen era, in which success was achieved through human endurance and perseverance in pursuing a goal using a minimum of technical and material resources. Severnaya Zemlya (meaning “northern land” in Russian) is an archipelago of four large and many smaller islands located in the Arctic Ocean, immediately north of Cape Chelyuskin, the most northerly point in Siberia. Much of the territory is covered by ice and snow. The archipelago was first discovered only in 1913 and was not explored until the two-year Ushakov-Urvantsev expedition mapped and surveyed the territory.

National Research Tomsk State University (101 items)

Drawings and paintings by pavel mikhailovich kosharov (143 items).

The Research Library of Tomsk State University and the Tomsk Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folk Life hold a collection of about 150 works by the famous Siberian artist, teacher, and public educator Pavel Mikhailovich Kosharov (1824–1902). Siberia in all its diversity is the basic theme of this collection of paintings, lithographs, sketches, studies, and drawings, which capture various remote corners of the Siberian wilderness, spectacular vistas of the Altai, scenes of numerous Siberian cities and villages, and the faces and way of life of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Museum of Municipal History and Folklife (103 items)

Nikolaevsk-on-amur in postcards during the early 20th century (103 items).

Presented here is a collection of 103 postcards of the city of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in the early 20th century. The collection provides a unique photographic record of the development of the city and of the lower Amur region in this period. The cards offer views of the architectural appearance of the old city (especially valuable, because during the Russian Civil War Nikolayevsk-on-Amur was destroyed and burnt), as well as of the culture, daily life, and occupations of residents, and of the different ethnic groups that made up the population of the region. The postcards all have printed labels on their front sides, in Russian or in both Russian and German. A few of the postcards contain written messages on the back, and have been digitized on both sides. The collection is housed in the Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Municipal Local History Museum. Formation of the collection began in the 1960s. Postcards came from former residents of the city of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur and from the exchange of collections with other museums and local history specialists.

Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife (526 items)

Boris smirnov print collection (99 items).

Boris Vasilievich Smirnov (1881–1954) was a Russian artist who in 1904 traveled by prisoner transport from western Russia across Siberia. Along the way he created a series of drawings and watercolors of the people and places he encountered. Best known as a portraitist, Smirnov focused on the faces of the men and women he met, who included exiles, prisoners, settlers from Ukraine and western Russia, local military and civilian officials, peasants and merchants. His works from this period also include a handful of drawings of houses and landscapes. The sketches were made in the Ural Mountains, Irkutsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, and in villages along the route. The details of Smirnov’s journey are sketchy. Some accounts say that he traveled along the Great Siberian Road as a volunteer on the way to the front in the Russo-Japanese War. Other accounts say that he was an exile, possibly sent to Siberia for refusing to be conscripted into the army. The Great Siberian Road, depicted in several of Smirnov’s drawings, was the route from Moscow to China via Siberia. Smirnov’s collection of 99 graphic items is preserved in the Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife. The collection was acquired by the museum from the artist in 1950.

Ethnographic Artists' Sketches from the 1920s and 1930s (96 items)

The graphics collection of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife includes the works of such famous Siberian painters as Dmitrii Inokent’evich Karatanov, Natal’ia Nikolaevna Nagorskaia, Aleksei Vasil’evich Voshchakin, and Grigorii Gustavovich Likman. These lesser-known drawings and watercolors were done in the field in the 1920s and 1930s. They include both ethnographic sketches and first-hand depictions of the young, fast-growing Siberian megalopolis.

Native Peoples of Siberia (212 items)

This collection includes more than two hundred photographs taken during scientific expeditions into the most remote wilderness regions of Siberia at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. This selection illustrates the life of seven indigenous groups from East Siberia: Kets, Dolgans, Buryats, Yakuts, Even, Evenks, and Toffalars.

Photographs from the Ethnographic Expeditions of Natal'ia Nagorskaia (20 items)

The well-known Novosibirsk ethnographer and graphic artist Natal’ia Nikolaevna Nagorskaia (1895-1983), while on the staff of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife (NGKM), made a number of ethnographic expeditions to Khakasiia, Gornaia Shoriia, Turukhan krai, and the Altai. The NGKM collections preserve the materials from her expeditions, including field sketches, expedition journals, photographs, and artifacts of the material culture of the native peoples of Southern Siberia.

The Road Building Department of the Tomsk District. Railroad Construction in 1909 (49 items)

The road building department of the tomsk district. road construction in 1906-1908 (50 items).

Presented here are two albums preserved in the Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife containing photographs documenting various stages in the construction of dirt roads in the Tomsk region by workers and engineers of the road-building department of the Russian Resettlement Administration. The albums date from 1906–8 and 1909. The Russian state paid for the construction of roads, such as those depicted in the albums in order to connect settlers with a railroad line, a navigable river, or commercial-industrial centers. The overall purpose of the road-building program was to promote the colonization of the taiga (moist coniferous forest regions) of Siberia. The albums show the construction of roads in the region between the main line of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Chet’ and Kandat Rivers in Tomsk gubernia (governorate), a distance of 170 versts (about 182 kilometers).

Omsk State Museum of Regional History and Folklife (371 items)

The first western siberian agricultural, forestry, and commerical-industrial exhibition in omsk, 1911 (157 items).

A collection of photographs documenting the First West Siberian Agricultural, Forestry, and Industrial Trade Exhibition, which took place in Omsk in 1911. The exhibition was held from June 15 to August 1 of that year, and was a significant event in the life of the Siberian region. Nothing on this scale or this level of ambition had ever been staged in Siberia. The collection includes photographs of the exhibition organizers, general views, and images of pavilions, exhibits, prize-winning livestock, crowds at a musical event, and even an aviator and his airplane. Also included are drawings made by the engineers and architects for several of the pavilions. The photographs provide insights into the economic and social development of Siberia in the early 20th century and show a dynamic and self-confident region.

Types of Buildings in the Cossack Settlements (48 items)

Types of cossacks: siberian cossacks on duty and at home (74 items), views of the cossack territories (92 items).

Presented here are three albums depicting the territories, culture, and way of life of the Cossacks living in the steppe regions of western Siberia and present-day Kazakhstan. These albums were created for and exhibited at the First West Siberian Agricultural, Forestry, and Commercial-Industrial Exhibition in Omsk in 1911. The albums were part of a collection of photographs assembled between 1891 and 1918 by the museum of the West Siberian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society in Omsk. The photographs in the albums were taken in 1909 by N.G. Katanaev (son of Colonel G.E. Katanaev) during a journey to Cossack settlements in Stepnoi krai (later the oblasts of Ural’sk, Turgai, Akmola, and Semipalatinsk). The Cossacks began serving in garrisons in fortified Siberian towns from the late 16th century onward. In 1808 the Cossacks in these outposts were organized as the Siberian Cossack Host, a military force of mainly cavalry regiments that subsequently took part in the Russian conquest of Central Asia as well as in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904‒5 and in World War I. Omsk was the administrative center for the host, which was headed by an ataman appointed by the tsarist authorities. The host was abolished by the Soviet authorities in 1920.

Phototext Foundation (196 items)

Materials of the ethno-photo expedition: people on the frontier (196 items).

This collection contains photographs from the international photographic expedition, “People on the Frontier,” to the Saian-Altai region from June 12 to July 4, 2002. The photographs tell stories about such topics as the peoples of the region, their religions, steppe roads, and everyday life. Photographers who participated in the expedition included Heidi Bradner (Panos Pictures, London), Vladimir Dubrovskii (Novosibirsk), Sergei Il’nitskii (Moscow), Andrei Kobylko (Novokuznetsk), Aleksandr Kuznetsov (Krasnoiarsk), and Aleksandr Sorin (Moscow). The expedition, which began and ended in Novosibirsk, covered 7,000 kilometers and included stops in Biisk, Gorno-Altaisk, Ust-Koksa, Ust-Kan, Ongudai, Ulagan, Kosh-Agach, Tahsanta, Aktahs, Buiisk--Kemerovo, Abakan, Kazanovka, Askiz, Kyzyl and Maiskii, Talon, Tulesh, Kilinsk, and Belovo.

Private Archive of Sergei Nikolaevich Chashchin (85 items)

Firefighting in irkutsk province (85 items).

This collection of photographs and documents from the private archive of Sergei Mikhailovich Chashchin relates to the establishment of a firefighting service in eastern Siberia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It includes materials about early firefighting equipment, the organization of a Siberian firefighting team, and the leaders of Siberia’s first firefighting service.

Siberian Museum Agency (247 items)

The russian far east in modern photography (165 items).

A collection entitled “The Russian Far East in Modern Photography,” which documents several regions of the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 21st century. The Russian Far East encompasses a large geographical area that borders the Pacific Ocean and stretches from the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the northeast to Primorsky Krai in the southeast, along the borders with China and North Korea. The collection includes several photographs by the famed researcher and photographer Vitalii Aleksandrovich Nikolaenko (1938–2003), who spent more than 30 years observing and studying the brown bears of the Kamchatka Peninsula and was eventually killed by a bear while carrying out his work. Also included are photographs of Sakhalin Island by Moscow-based photographer Aleksandr Vladimirovich Sorin, of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bermant, of Primorsky Krai by Vladimir Mikhailovich Kobzar’, and of Kamchatka by Irina Vladimirovna Stakhanova. The photographs depict the varied natural landscapes of the Russian Far East, including the geysers and volcanoes of Kamchatka and the coastlines of Russia’s Pacific islands. The collection also captures the work of the region’s fishermen, daily life and recreation in its settlements, and its wildlife, including Kamchatka bears and Amur tigers. The collection was gathered for the Meeting of Frontiers digital library project in the early 2000s.

Timeless Chukotka (82 items)

This collection entitled “Timeless Chukotka,” which was created by Moscow photographer Aleksandr Vladimirovich Sorin (born 1965) and Novosibirsk journalist Artem Gotlib. In June and July of 2003, Sorin and Gotlib undertook an expedition to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the most northeasterly region of the Russian Federation. Chukotka is characterized by a low population density, an untouched and mostly mountainous natural landscape, and a harsh Arctic climate. About half of the region’s territory lies north of the Arctic Circle. Transportation by airplane is more efficient and more widespread than travel on the region’s few roads. Sorin and Gotlib initially planned to travel by barge along the Anadyr’ River, but the complications of transportation in Chukotka led them to alter their plans. Their eventual route took them from Anadyr’, the administrative center of the region, to the tundra settlement of Ust’-Belaya, and on to the settlements of Bukhta Provideniya, Sireniki, and Novoye Chaplino on the shores of the Bering Sea. Sorin and Gotlib concluded that conventional concepts of time and punctuality have little meaning in Chukotka, which explains the word “timeless” that they used in naming their collection. The photographs depict the daily lives of the people of Chukotka, as well as its settlements, coastlines, and natural landscapes. The collection was gathered for the Meeting of Frontiers digital library project in the early 2000s.

State Archives of Novosibirsk Oblast (130 items)

Construction and views of the circumbaikal railroad. 1900-1904 (58 items).

In the second half of the 19th century, Russia underwent a period of extensive rail development that culminated in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Akin to the great railroads to the Pacific in both the United States and Canada, Russia's transcontinental line was intended to supply and populate Siberia as well as deliver raw materials to the rapidly developing industries west of the Urals. Working against an ambitious timetable and under severe conditions of climate and terrain, the Russians effectively united the European and Asian parts of the empire by completing this herculean project. The engineering plans provided for the sequential construction of six basic segments. The fourth of these was the Circum-Baikal Railroad from Irkutsk to the eastern side of Lake Baikal. This album of 56 photographs in the Collection of Documentary Materials on the History of the West-Siberian Railroad (1890s–1978) in the Novosibirsk Oblast State Archive documents the construction of this part of the line. The photographs focus on engineers and workmen building tunnels and trestles along the route.

Construction of the Middle-Siberian Railroad. 1893-1898 (20 items)

This photographic collage is from an 18-page album in the Collection of Documentary Materials on the History of the West-Siberian Railroad (1890s–1978) in the Novosibirsk Oblast State Archive that documents the construction of the Mid-Siberian Railroad from Novo-Nikolaevsk (present-day Novosibirsk) to Innokentievskaia near Irkutsk, with a spur line to Tomsk. The collage features portraits of the men responsible for the construction of the line, overlaid on photographs showing the construction process.

Views of the West-Siberian and Ekateringburg-Cheliabinsk Railroad (52 items)

This album of 50 photographs from the Collection of Documentary Materials on the History of the West-Siberian Railroad (1890s–1978) in the Novosibirsk Oblast State Archive documents the construction of the West Siberian railroad and the railroad between the cities of Ekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. The images, by the artist and printer Artur Ivanovich Vil’borg (born 1856), include views of railroad bridges over the Ushaika, Tom’, and Lebiazh’ia Rivers, the passenger depots at the Tomsk, Ob', and Oiash stations, and portraits of engineers and other personnel involved in the railroad construction.

The State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (113 items)

Tsarist patents, 1899-1917: urals, siberia, and the russian far east (113 items).

This collection consists of a selection of tsarist patents awarded to residents of the Urals, Siberia, and the Russian Far East in the final years of the empire. These documents are a valuable source of information about the opening of the Siberian and Far Eastern regions in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and technological progress in Russia--the state of industrial development, the organization of industry, and the extent of mining and mineral excavation.

Tobolsk Museum of History, Architecture, and Preservation (239 items)

Drawings and illustrations by mikhail stepanovich znamenskii, 1858-1891 (239 items).

A collection of 239 drawings and illustrations made by the 19th century Siberian artist Mikhail Stepanovich Znamenskii(1833–92) between 1858 and 1891. From the West Siberian city of Tobolsk, Znamenskii was a well-known local historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, artist, and master of satirical prints and drawings. The collection reflects almost all aspects of his work. It includes drawings of artifacts from archaeological finds in the territory of West Siberia, sketches of nature, people, and cities, a few maps, and several satirical albums with caricatures and humorous sketches of everyday life of the people. Together, the illustrations in the collection give a portrait of the people of and physical conditions in West Siberia in the second half of the 19th century.

Tomsk Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife (422 items)

Photographs by i. s. fateev: the tym river selkups in 1938 and 1940 (177 items).

This is a collection of prints from glass negatives shot by Ivan Stepanovich Fateev. The photos were taken in the Tym River region on two expeditions organized by the museum director, Petr Ivanovich Kutaf’evyi. Fateev captured the way of life of a group of Narym (southern) Selkups living in close proximity with their Evenki neighbors during the period of aggressive Sovietization of West Siberian native peoples.

The Civil War in West Siberia (45 items)

This collection contains unique documentary photographs relating to the Russian Civil War in Siberia. The photographs highlight the anti-Bolshevik (“White”) movements, underground and partisan activities in Tomsk Province, and the establishment of Soviet rule in Tomsk. The collection also includes material about the punitive expeditions of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak. Most of the photographs were acquired by the Tomsk Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife in the 1920s and 1930s from the Research Commission on the History of the October Revolution and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The Grigorii Nikolaevich Potanin and Nikolai Mikhailovich Iadrintsev Collection (110 items)

This collection consists of diverse materials belonging to Grigorii Nikolaevich Potanin (1835–1920) and Nikolai Mikhailovich Iadrintsev (1842–94), two prominent Siberian scholars, social and political activists, and leaders of the regional-studies movement. The materials include their correspondence with friends and social activists (eighty-five items), photographs from N. G. Potanin’s expedition to Mongolia in 1899 (seventeen items), and photographs from the journal of Nina Aleksandrovna Adrianova, who was the daughter of Aleksandr Vasil’evich Adrianov, a specialist in regional studies (eight items).

Maps from the Tomsk Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife (48 items)

The Tomsk Oblast Museum of Regional History and Folklife (TOKM) map collection represented in the Meeting of Frontiers project numbers forty-nine items on 117 pages. The collection was built quietly throughout the history of the museum. The bulk of the collection consists of nineteenth-century regional maps of Tomsk, Tobolsk, Irkutsk, and Enisei guberniias, land-use and road maps, and maps of Siberian cities.

V. I. Surikov Museum of Art in Krasnoiarsk (321 items)

Works of d. i. karatanov, a. g. vargin, and a. p. lekarenko from their expeditions to siberia (321 items).

This collection presents sketches, drawings, watercolors, and paintings by three well-known Krasnoiarsk artists, Dmitri Innokent’evich Karatanov, A. G. Vargin, and Andrei Prokofievich Lekarenko, produced during their expeditions to Siberia in the 1910s and 1920s. These works are located at two institutions: V. I. Surikov Museum of Art in Krasnoiarsk and Krasnoiarsk Krai Museum of Regional History and Folklife. Karatanov (1872-1952) studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts but left the Academy in 1896 before finishing his course of study to return to Krasnoiarsk. He began teaching at the High School of Arts in Krasnoiarsk in 1910; many well-known local artists studied under him. The main theme of his work was the Siberian landscape. He was named an “Honored Artist of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic)” in 1948.  Very little is known about Vargin. The 110 drawings that he made during his trip to Siberia with A. A. Savel’ev are his only surviving works.  Lekarenko (1895-1974) studied under Karatanov and V. A. Favorskii, and was one of the founders of the local artists union “New Siberia.” He also taught at the High School of the Arts in Krasnoiarsk as well as at the Surikov Academy of Arts in that city. In 1967 Lekarenko was awarded the “Order of Honor” and named “Honored Artist of the RSFSR” for his dedication to educational work.

V.A. Obruchev Museum of Kyakhta Regional History and Folklife (71 items)

Russian-chinese cross-border trade (71 items).

A collection of 71 items (photographs and negatives on glass) made in the late 19th century and early 20th century by the famous revolutionary-populist and social and political activist N.A. Charushin (1851–1937) and by N. Petrov. Charushin began serving a hard labor sentence in the Transbaikal Territory in 1878. The materials in the collection illustrate aspects of Transbaikal history in this period, with a particular emphasis on the tea trade with China, which at that time was one of the main branches of the economy of the region. The photographs show various technological processes of growing and preparing tea, sections of trade routes, as well as views of China, Mongolia, Buryatia, and various towns and villages of Transbaikal, as well as images of local people of different ethnicities and nationalities. Several of the photographs, including one of the large and imposing Russian consulate, were taken in Urga, at that time the capital of Outer Mongolia (and known today as Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia).

V.K. Arseniev Primorsky Regional Unified Museum (267 items)

Photo archive of geologist mikhail alekseevich pavlov (125 items).

A collection from the family archive of prominent geologist Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov (1884–1938). Pavlov was born near Ekaterinburg and completed his schooling at the Nikolai Gymnasium in Tsarskoe Selo (present-day Pushkin) in 1905. He went on to study geology at Saint Petersburg University and participated in many field expeditions. While still a student, Pavlov took part in the attempted expedition to the North Pole in 1912‒14, which was led by the Arctic explorer Georgii Iakovlevich Sedov (1877–1914). Along with his school and university friend Vladimir Iul’evich Vize (1886–1954), who served as the expedition’s geographer, Pavlov collected a large body of scientific data on the northern archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. After finishing his education, Pavlov worked as a geologist and teacher of geology. He devoted most of his career to the geology of the Far East, working as an employee of the Far East Geological Committee (Dal’geolkom) in 1919–31. Pavlov was arrested in 1931 and in 1938 was executed after exhaustion prevented him from reporting for work in the labor camp where he was a prisoner. Such a fate was typical for representatives of the Russian intelligentsia in Stalinist Russia. Many photographs in this collection were taken by Pavlov himself, while others are unattributed. The photographs date from approximately 1875–1929. They depict Pavlov’s geological expeditions in Siberia and the Far East, expedition participants, views of nature, Pavlov during his school and university years, and his family members in various years.

Photographs of Georgii Iakovlevich Sedov's Expedition to the North Pole (59 items)

Senior Lieutenant Georgii Iakovlevich Sedov (1877–1914) was a hydrographer and surveyor who devoted much of his career to exploration of the Northern Sea Route north of Siberia. The son of a poor fisherman, Sedov succeeded in becoming an officer of the Imperial Russian Navy, an unprecedented achievement for someone of his modest origins. This collection, consisting of an album and individual photographs from the family archive of geologist Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov (1884–1938), depicts the expedition undertaken by Sedov in the years 1912–14. The members of the expedition departed from Arkhangelsk in August of 1912 on the sailing vessel Saint Martyr Foka, intending to travel to Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa, from where they would attempt to reach the North Pole by dog sled. The expedition relied on private means, which contributed to the shortages of fuel and food that led to its failure. Sedov, whose health was already failing when he set out for the pole by sled in early 1914, died before reaching his objective. The members of the expedition nonetheless carried out extensive surveying and scientific observations while wintering on Novaya Zemlya in 1912–13 and made significant contributions to knowledge of northern geography. Many photographs in the collection were taken by Nikolaj Vasil’evich Pinegin (1883–1940), the artist and photographer of the expedition. Other photographs are attributed to Pavlov, the expedition’s geologist, who over the course of his career conducted a great deal of geological research in Siberia and the Russian Far East. The photographs show the expedition’s departure from Arkhangelsk, the members of the expedition on the Saint Martyr Foka, the harsh conditions endured by the expedition in winter, and views of the Arctic.

The Family of Yul Brynner Photo Album (83 items)

A collection of 82 photos from the archive of Yul Brynner (1920–85), the famous Hollywood actor, Academy Award winner, and Vladivostok native, preserved in the V.K. Arseniev Primorsky Regional Unified Museum in Vladivostok. Yul Brynner, whose real name was Iulii Borisovich Briner, was the grandson of the Vladivostok businessman and public figure of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Iulii Ivanovich Briner (1849–1920), the owner of the lead and zinc mines in Tetiukh (present-day Dalnegorsk) and the shipping company and ship-repair shops in Vladivostok. Iulii Ivanovich had six children: Leonid, Boris, Felix, Margarita, Maria, and Nina. Boris Iul’evich (1889–1949), the father of the future Oscar-winner Yul Brynner, continued his father's business. Most of the Briner family emigrated from Primor’e (the Primorskiy region) in 1931 and lived subsequently in China, France, and the United States. The collection dates from 1923 and the photographs, from different years, depict Yul Brynner himself and his numerous relatives.

Yakutsk State Museum of the History and Culture of Northern Peoples (123 items)

Yakut material culture in ethnographic sketches of the 1920s-1940s (123 items).

A collection of ethnographic sketches created in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1930s–1940s. The Yakut ASSR—informally referred to as Yakutia and known today as the Sakha Republic—covered a large region in eastern Siberia. It is the historical home of the Yakut (Sakha) people, a Turkic people who arrived in the region around the 13th century and still make up almost half of its population. This collection of sketches was created by Ivan Vasil’evich Popov (1874‒1945), an artist and teacher who was born near Yakutsk and received his education in Yakutsk and Saint Petersburg. Popov was born into a family of priests who had been among the first to give sermons in the Yakut language and had taken part in the writing of a Yakut dictionary. Accordingly, some of his first works of art were icons that he painted as a seminary student. Although Popov had to work as a teacher throughout his adult life, unable to support his family through his artistic activities alone, he made a significant contribution to the documentation of Yakut material culture. In addition to recording Yakut culture in his drawings and paintings, Popov documented Yakut life in photographs and contributed to the recording of oral history and folklore. This collection of Popov’s drawings depicts Yakut material culture of the 17th‒20th centuries. Featured items include furniture, interiors and exteriors of dwellings, grave monuments, hats, footwear, tools, and hunting equipment.

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STALIN VS GYPSIES: ROMA AND POLITICAL REPRESSIONS IN THE USSR

Related Papers

Elena Marushiakova

Roma women activism under communist rule: The cases of the USSR (the 1920s and 1930s) and Bulgaria (1960s and 1970s) elena marushiakova and vesselin popov Roma women activism under communist rule This article presents the historical roots of Roma women's activism, using the example of two countries in different historical periods. The first part is devoted to a discussion on empowering Roma women in the early USSR. It happened in the frames of the general discourse of Soviet national policy in this period and aimed at the complete elimination of the disadvantaged position of women in various spheres (social, economic, political, cultural, educational, etc.). The second part presents the case of socialist Bulgaria, where we have an example of a process of women's empowerment at the grassroots level. There, we outline the role of the Fatherland Front's schools for women activists of minority background. In conclusion, we discuss which of the two presented patterns of the development of Roma women's activism-from top to bottom (as in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s) or from bottom to top (as in Bulgaria in the 1960s and the 1970s)-proved to be more efficient and gave better results in terms of the socialist women's emancipation processes and the current position of Roma women in society and their community.

Elena Marushiakova - Vesselin Popov (eds.) Roma Voices in History: A Sourcebook: Roma Civic Emancipation in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II, Brill

Egemen Yılgür

The petition mentioned in the document above proves that the inhabitants of Pırnarlık (or Pırnalık) neighbourhood in Xanthi, which, even today, is reputed to have a high concentration of Gypsies as early as 1905 were aware of the theories on the Indian origin of Gypsies. Ottoman elites whose former imagination of Gypsies was a blending of two descriptive discourses, travelling family groups with an uncertain origin (Yılgür, 2018a, pp. 276-277), or a cursed descent of Egyptians (Ulusoy, 2013, pp. 248), gradually imported that “new” (from 18th century) Western account of Gypsies and thus the Indian origin could be mentioned in the 19th-century Ottoman texts (Vefik Pasa, 1876, p. 486; Mithat Efendi, 2009, p. 10; Sâmi, 2015, p. 517). The document proves that this awareness was never confined to the Ottoman intellectuals or ruling elites at the beginning of the last century, but included the ordinary subjects of the Empire or, moreover, the ones who themselves were denominated as Kıbti.

The news above again points to the participation of Gypsies in the communist movement. At the same time, it exemplifies how the press combined the popular prejudices against ‘Gypsies’ and the fear and distrust against communists to discredit the leftist movements of the era. In the first passage, the anonymous author declares that the offenders hired some people to distribute the leaflets. Although it is uncertain who hired whom here, the author clarifies its argument in the subsequent passage. There were some Çingeneler (Gypsies) among the accused ones, and they were assigned to do the tasks mentioned above. It is not too difficult for the reader to combine the connotations of passages and extract the possible implication behind the text: Gypsies are not reliable to be dedicated activists of any movement and, therefore, they can only be the ordinary labourers who are hired by the evil communists behind the scene.

in Elena Marushiakova - Vesselin Popov (eds.) Roma Voices in History: A Sourcebook : Roma Civic Emancipation in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II.

Nurşen Gürboğa

It is our request. We are the Kıbti taife [2], composed of thirty-one households who migrated from Drama. Unlike the other Muslim immigrants who work the land, we live in tents with us and earn our living by animal dealing as it is popularly known by all people of Drama. For this reason, provided that we cover all the expenses associated with our transfer, we hereby submit to your attention our request by telegram to be allowed to settle in preferably environs of either Çatalca or Edirne. We hope and await your kind reply in due course. Residents of the Istanbul Guest House, Owners of Certificate Number: 31.-9783657705184 Downloaded from Brill.com02/23/2021 11:03:27PM via free access

The whole history of the Roma people reflects a constant quest to find a “good place for life”. Two possible ways of achieving this goal are used consecutively or simultaneously. In an attempt to secure their well-being, some Roma communities change the place where they reside and spread out across huge territories throughout the world. Others are creating their own organisations and structures in order to negotiate their social position and to enact social contracts defining their place in societies with the countries in which they live, or in supraor multinational contexts. The new realities of the European Union provide a new opportunity to re-negotiate the place of Roma in a post-national context. The failure of contemporary European policies towards Roma raises the question of whether it is possible at all to achieve a post-national social contract in regard to Roma and if so, what the price for it will be.

Roma Writings

Risto Blomster

Social Inclusion

Viktor Shapoval

As one of the projects of the Soviet cultural revolution, the Gypsy project was notable for its unusual success in creating a new literary language and active book publishing. Among its achievements are both original fiction, textbooks and manuals in various fields of knowledge and technics. For instance, the elementary school was almost fully provided with necessary books in Romani. It is noteworthy that Roma women played an active role in the creation of new literature and proved to be not only translators, but also authors of original works in several genres. As the most hardworking author, N. Pankovo, who was distinguished by incredible productivity, should be noted. This project was regularly supported by the state, which allowed the distribution of books at reasonable prices. This project was stopped in 1938, which overwhelmed the narrow group of writers and activists, though it did not lead to fatal personal repressions against them.

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7 Rising Unemployment and Coping Strategies: The Case of the Novosibirsk Oblast in Russia

• Published: August 2000
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This chapter deals with how the people of Russia, particularly in Novosibirsk, were able to cope with the rising unemployment rate brought about by the emergence of the labour market in Russia. The people of Russia — in order to counter the debilitating effects of unemployment — penetrated all the levels of informal economy while trying to intensify and strengthen their home economy. By doing this, they were able to acquire professional skills other than those related to their past works. The data used in this chapter was provided by the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics, The Goskomstat Division for the Novosibirsk Oblast and supplemented by the polls conducted by the Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research.

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