globalization in pakistan essay

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Globalisation and its impact on Pakistan

Pakistan is facing challenges due to rise in competitive conditions so the industry has to be improved to compete with foreign competitors.

Globalization has had serious impact on Pakistan’s economy, politics, society, law and religion. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is experiencing both positive and negative effects of the globalization.

Every Society has its own culture and way of life. It is established by the group of people who live together and adhere to some principles in their society. Pakistan has a rich and unique culture that has preserved established traditions throughout history. Many cultural practices, food, monuments and shrines were inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan Emperors.

The national dress of Pakistan is Shalwar Qameez, but cultural globalisation is having impact on the dressing of Men and Women. Wearing T-shirts, sunglasses, long shoes and jackets is not a part of Pakistan’s culture. People are becoming more conscious about their dressing styles and Fashion.

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Now, they see if a fashion is suitable for them or not. Women have become more brand conscious. The trend of wearing western clothes like jeans and shirts is increasing in women.

Pakistan has its own deep rooted desi cuisine but as a result of globalization, fast food culture is wide spread in Pakistan. International Food Chains such as KFC, Mc Donald’s, Pizza Hut, Hardeesetc. can be easily located on the corners of streets, Airports, Malls, Shopping Centers, schools and Gas stations. In Pakistan, first fast food chain was opened in 1997, that was KFC and just after a year, Mc Donald’s opened in 1998. There is no looking back since then. Pakistani people love to eat inter-continental and Chinese cuisines. Pakistani cuisine is also being recognized due to globalized world.

The variety of Pakistani Music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as synchronization of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Various American, European, and Asian Television channels and films are available alongside state owned PTV and other privately owned channels. People have wide variety to choose, what they like to listen and watch. They have access to latest movie and music releases, making it more competitive for the Pakistan’s Movie and Music industry.

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Economic globalization has provided opportunities for developing countries, that it expands the size of their markets for export and attract foreign capital, which aids development. Foreign investment is a conducive to a transfer of technologies and knowhow, which increases productivity.

Another positive effect of globalization is greater competition among firms, which benefits consumers who have access to products at increasingly lower prices. Those who gain most from free trade in both developed and developing countries are very often poorest since they can buy good at more affordable prices, and therefore have a higher standard of living.

In this way, free trade can be seen as an indirect way to reduce poverty. Pakistan liberalised its economy as a part of adjustment but Pakistan’s trade expansion has not been as spectacular as some of the fast globalizers. Pakistan’s exports, merchandize exports, have not kept pace with that of the rest of the world.

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Pakistan is facing challenges due to rise in competitive conditions so the industry has to be improved to compete with foreign competitors.

Trade sector is lead to growth because trade barriers are reduced by globalization. Manufacturing industry is growing now exports are more in manufacturing industry. The communication technology revolution also brought life to the economy of Pakistan. Now this sector is growing fast and taking part in economic development.

For winner of the process, Globalization becomes an integrating phenomenon, one that brings together markets, ideas, individuals, goods and services and communication.  For the losers, it can be a marginalizing phenomenon. Just as the winners come closer to each other they become more distant from losers.

Pakistan is right now an example of hybrid society as a result of globalization, trying to find its balance between Islamisation and modernism. Globalisation has tremendously changed the dressing, cuisine, cultural values, purchasing power and socio-economic system of Pakistan.

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Globalization and Nation States – Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan

86 Pages Posted: 11 Oct 2022 Publication Status: Published

Hassan Jalil Shah

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

The multiple dimensions of globalization include economic, political, cultural and social aspects, with economic globalization taking precedence over the other dimensions and technology as the great enabler of globalization. Globalization and nations state systems have been considered to at tangent to each other ever since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The unprecedented pace of technological development has further put the concept of nation in perils. Whereas globalization has eroded the writ of the nation states to an extent, the Covid-19 proved to be a fresh breather to the nations to control movement of personnel, flow of product and goods across their borders.Pakistan, located at geographically consequential location got its independence from British Raj on the basis of Two Nations Theory. However, even after 75 years of its independence, it continues to face stiff regional, economic and political challenges. State securitization vis-à-vis emasculated economy, burgeoning youth and projects like CPEC are viewed with criticality. The era of globalization renders an opportunity to analyze how some other states with identical challenges steered a path that assisted them in surmounting these challenges. In context of globalization, we shall interpret valuable lessons for Pakistan that can help the nation in crafting actionable course to successfully overcome these dauting challenges.This qualitative research, relying on secondary data, follows descriptive research design by adopting case study method. Applying the critical theory of globalization, this study reviews the concept of globalization, its impact on nation states, a discourse analysis has been adopted to enumerate the challenges that Pakistan continues to face in the globalized world. This is followed by case studies of various countries including Turkey, South Korea, Bangladesh and Vietnam to understand how these nations emerged unscathed from the challenges that they withstood.

Keywords: CPEC, Economy, Globalization, Nation State, Pakistan, Security, Turkey, Technology, Youth

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Hassan Jalil Shah (Contact Author)

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Globalization: The Challenge for Pakistan

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(Visiting professor, Graduate Institute of Development Studies, Lahore School of Economics; former director, Investment Division, United Nations.)

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GLOBALIZATION AND PAKISTAN , SOME REALITIES

• Ghulam Ali Khan
• Published 2011
• Economics, Political Science

3 Citations

Revisiting ideological boundaries of pakistani nationalism: a study of aslam's the blind man's garden, a neo-orientalist critique of 'humanitarian interventions' in afghanistan in rahman’s in the light of what we know.

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Impact of Quality Education and Tangibles of Education system on Literacy Improvement- An Empirical study of Southern Punjab Region of Pakistan

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Impact of Globalization on Higher Education in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities

• Salma Naz Minhaj University, Lahore

Globalization, a process of interconnectedness of people and higher education, has a prominent position in intellectual society of this globalized world. Technological advancement has made possible access to knowledge and not restricted to physical boundaries. This cohesiveness has also an impact on higher education in Pakistan. Being a developing country it is earning fewer benefits from globalization as compared to developed nations. Moreover, Pakistan is also under cumbersome pressure to implement policies of powerful states in all fields of life including higher education. Since this globalized world has pros as well as cons so, in Pakistan where on one hand it has played positive role in development of research, improvement of knowledge and ability of teachers and students, enhancement of skills, betterment in quality of education, expansion of job market, etc. It has also imparted negative effects like brain drain, commercialization of knowledge instead of propagation of knowledge, ignorance of national needs in educational policies, promotion of academic imperialism and global citizenship instead of nationalism in Pakistan. No doubt, according to social Darwinism adaptation is prerequisite for survival, thus, for competing with global change higher education policy should be designed in the context of globalization, however, national needs should be given priority. The study is qualitative in nature and explores how globalization has not only created opportunities but has also posed challenges in perspective of higher education in Pakistan. This study also gives some recommendations through which Pakistan can meet aforementioned challenges successfully.

Author Biography

Chairperson/Coordinator Behavioral Science/History & Pakistan Studies, Faculty of Humanities

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Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact Essay

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Globalization is a complex phenomenon that has a big influence on various fields of human life, including economics, society, and culture. Even though trade between countries has existed since time immemorial, in the 21st-century, globalization has become an integral part of the world’s development. While businesses try to expand on a global scale, and countries’ economies are intertwined in the international network, several outcomes occur out of this process. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the impact of globalization on the world economy, whether it is good or bad. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature will be conducted. The information will be extracted from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will include an interview and a chart, while the secondary sources will consist of scholarly articles and books published from the year 2015 forward. The main argument of this research is that even though globalization offers endless business opportunities, it has a number of effects that negatively influence the resources and the economy.

First of all, in order to understand this phenomenon, it is important to define the term “globalization.” Several researchers have conducted a thorough study of this subject. For example, Martell describes globalization as “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away” 1 . It is a complex and multidimensional mechanism that allows a local business subdivision to integrate into the global economic system. The biggest companies of the 21st century are no longer limited to one country; they have become more multinational: businesses from several countries exchange resources, money, data, and employees. Nowadays, international relations are becoming more intense not only in politics but in the economy as well. Moreover, globalization has a significant influence on the distribution of not only skilled and unskilled labor but of capital and labor as well, both locally and globally. The tendencies of this process were analyzed by experts, for example, in the research by Chandy and Seidel, where they presented globalization trends in the form of a chart (Figure 1).

The chart above demonstrates how the GDP of the U.S. was changing while the global population was also growing. The diagram includes the analysis of foreign capital stock, merchandise exports, and migrant stock. According to it, it becomes evident that even though the world GDP was high during the 1910s, the global economy is more integrated in the 21st century. However, the researchers also point out that the economy of the U.S. is a relatively closed economy, which is surprising. Nevertheless, the study states that “it accounts for only 11 percent of global trade volumes, which is far below its 24 percent share of global GDP” 2 . In addition, despite the attempts to find evidence of the recession of globalization, Chandy and Seidel did not manage to present any. It means that the trend keeps developing as money, goods, and people continue to move around the world.

It is evident that one cannot talk about globalization without mentioning international companies. Global corporations are defined by the fact that they execute business in at least two countries 3 . They conduct various types of economic activities, for example, foreign investment, managing plants in different countries to avoid transaction costs. An example of an international firm that obtains cost advantages through foreign investments in international plants is Apple Inc.

To understand how companies conduct business internationally, several types of multinational corporations must be indicated: economists usually divide them into four categories. The first type of firm is determined by the fact that it has a strong presence in its home country. Another category is characterized by acquiring cost advantage through the means of buying cheaper resources in other countries, despite being controlled by one central office. The third type is a company that is based on the Research and Development of the parent corporation. The fourth and final category is a transnational business, which includes all features that are peculiar to the corporations that were mentioned above 3 . Since global companies generally combine different approaches to business, sometimes it can be hard to distinguish between these four categories. Nestle S.A. may serve as an example of a big transnational corporation that conducts its financial operations in many countries outside of the headquarters.

Since globalization is a complicated phenomenon, many analysts and businessmen have different views on its impact. For instance, the former Director-General of the World Trade Organization, Pascal Lamy, expressed his point of view in the interview, “Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”. Despite the fact that the concerns about European civilization may recede due to this process, he states that he does not see globalization as a threat. Instead, he sees it as a reality that has to be dealt with in a professional way. Lamy explains his opinion by pointing out the fact that some European countries have managed to gain more benefits than others by means of global trade 4 . As examples, he presents Sweden and Germany, which, during the last decades of the 20th century, conducted structural reforms that allowed them to get profit from international trade.

Moreover, Lamy notes that globalization presents new challenges for businesses. They include promoting “more actively global norms in the environmental and job protection, health protection, than the reduction of trade barriers that have been now largely operated worldwide”4. In other words, the ex-director of WTO believes that this process can have a positive impact on Europe’s economy as it provides opportunities for countries to develop and grow their benefits.

As for other researchers, Burlacu, Gutu, and Matei overview both sides of globalization, pointing out positive and negative impacts. For example, the advantages include reducing the economic isolation of poor countries as they are given the opportunity to sell their goods on the global market and participate in the trade 5 . Moreover, as the economy expands, the information does it as well. It means that access to education becomes more easy and available, which increases the number of professionals who are capable of expanding and developing the business even further. In addition, according to the study, globalization “enhances the speed of commercial, financial, and technological operations”5. It can be seen even nowadays as new products and devices continue to appear on the market every year. Furthermore, globalization ensures the efficiency of the entire economic activity on a global scale.

Other researchers have also pointed out several positive aspects of this process. For example, Parente et al. talk about the sharing economy, which is a new phenomenon. Their study indicated that due to internet globalization, some companies managed to perform business online, which helped them to expand around the world and raise funds 6 . Therefore, globalization allowed firms to achieve worldwide success at an unprecedented pace. Furthermore, Martell et al. elaborated on reasons for how exactly the internalization changed economic activities. The reasons included “the speeding up of global interactions and processes as a result of the development of transport and communications”1. In other words, the spread of resources, ideas, capital, and products accelerated, which allowed businesses to develop quicker.

However, aside from positive results that can come from globalization, researchers also indicate some negative aspects to it. For instance, Burlacu et al. Note that harmful effects include an international security deficit and an increased amount of illegal migrations5. Globalization opened borders for a large number of people to move to other countries illegally. Moreover, it allowed corrupt businessmen to employ these migrants and make them work for a lesser wage, which is a violation of human rights. Moreover, economists believe that nowadays, the export of human resources has risen, which means that some countries have lost intellectual potential5. The other downsides include the deterioration of the environment, which is caused by the rapid growth of the economy.

While rethinking the effects of globalization, Broner and Ventura elaborated on the negative consequences that it can bring to domestic markets. The researchers gathered data from other scholars and concluded that “financial globalization, in addition to providing a new, cheaper source of funding for emerging markets, can have indirect effects by affecting the workings of domestic financial markets” 7 . For example, according to them, with the rise of globalization, the incidence of domestic financial crises also grows. In addition, Mamedov et al. discusses the impact on traditional economies, which, according to the study, will reach a new level of their development 8 . It is difficult to say whether such changes are positive or not since some people may be reluctant to abandon the old economic structures.

As it can be observed, primary sources and secondary sources seem to express various opinions about globalization. First and foremost, most of them seem to agree that this phenomenon is relatively new and only recently began to spread. However, then the standpoints start to differ among experts. While the interview with Lamy demonstrates that the former leader of the World Trade Organization seems optimistic about it, such secondary sources as scholarly articles and books differentiate in positions.

Some researchers identify the internalization of the economy as a beneficial process that can create new opportunities for countries to develop and expand their businesses. However, other studies make a link between globalization and several other problems, such as environmental deterioration, security issues, and the increasing number of domestic crises. The last factor is especially interesting since it contradicts the general assumption that increased international trade opportunities can improve the country’s welfare.

Moreover, the recent events that were caused by the outbreak of coronavirus exposed vulnerabilities in the current globalized economy. Since traveling is restricted, the transportation of resources has become difficult. While big international corporations managed to stay afloat, some local firms were forced to shut down, and the suspension of one company factory can lead to a closing of another. Experts argue that such an intertwined international economic relationship is what caused changes in a global supply chain, and overall, stock declines 9 . The current situation provided proof that globalization may not be that good for the world economy.

While the system offers opportunities for businesses to grow, it also has some loopholes and weak points that seriously damage the economy of not only one country but of the whole world. Moreover, the situation with the pandemic supports the argument made by Broner and Ventura. The outbreak caused domestic market crises in Asian countries, and then in Europe and America, which significantly affected the global economy. Even the help of Widespread Disease Emergency Financing Facility 10 would not be enough to restore all financial damage. As the recession of the international market became apparent, businesses in other countries have also suffered.

In addition, the environmental aspect of globalization is also important since it affects the increasing deficiency of natural resources. While companies are trying to expand their business everywhere, new factories and new plants are built around the world. While new products and new technology continue to appear on the market and the demand grows, more damage is inflicted upon the environment by the constant production.

Moreover, the higher need for transportation means that more fossil fuels are used, causing harm to the climate. There is no doubt that such issues can be resolved with the creation of new technology. However, the process of development is complicated and expensive, which can lead to additional expenditures. It can cause more federal budget deficits and increased government debt; therefore, the economy is also negatively affected by environmental issues of globalization.

For this reason, it can be said that despite all the positive aspects of globalization, it definitely has several downsides. Internationalization brought not only different cultures but the economies of various countries together, allowing businesses to grow and reach financial benefits. Furthermore, it opened opportunities for people to find jobs and expand their profit. Nevertheless, the current system is vulnerable during difficult situations, and if there is a crisis in one country, it tends to spread to others like dominoes, because the economies are deeply connected. Moreover, globalization also causes harm to other fields of human life, which are can also negatively influence not only the financial state of a particular country but the economy of the world as well.

It is evident that more research needs to be conducted as the process of globalization is complex and ongoing. There are several topics that can be further explored while studying the impact of globalization on the world’s economy. For example, one can investigate the methods that can be implemented to minimize the negative consequences of globalization that were described earlier in this paper. In order to obtain the information, one can look through the suggestions of other researchers, analyze them, and select the ones that seem the most effective.

Moreover, as the current situation with the outbreak has a major impact on the international economy, it would be interesting to study the experts’ opinions on how it will affect globalization. A huge amount of relevant information can be gathered from recent interviews, news, and scholarly articles. In conclusion, it would appear that the topic of globalization and its influence is broad and can provide a good starting point for further discussion and analysis.

Chandy, Laurence, and Brina Seidel. “Donald Trump and the future of globalization.” The Brookings Institution , 2016. Web.

Broner, Fernando, and Jaume Ventura. “Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (2016): 1497-1542.

Burlacu, Sorin, Corneliu Gutu, and Florin Octavian Matei. “Globalization – Pros and Cons.” Calitatea 19, no. S1 (2018): 122-125.

Lamy, Pascal. “Interview. Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”, The Federalist Debate 28, no. 1 (2015): 60-63.

Mamedov, Oktay, Irina Movchan, Oksana Ishchenko-Padukova, and Monika Grabowska. “Traditional Economy: Innovations, Efficiency and Globalization.” Economics & Sociology 9, no. 2 (2016): 61.

Martell, Luke. The Sociology of Globalization . John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

Parente, Ronaldo C., José-Mauricio G. Geleilate, and Ke Rong. “The Sharing Economy Globalization Phenomenon: A Research Agenda.” Journal of International Management 24, no. 1 (2018): 52-64.

• Sułkowski, Łukasz. “Covid-19 Pandemic; Recession, Virtual Revolution Leading to De-globalization?”, Journal of Intercultural Management 12, no. 1 (2020): 1-11.
• Luke Martell. The Sociology of Globalization (John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 10.
• Laurence Chandy and Brina Seidel. “Donald Trump and the future of globalization.” The Brookings Institution , 2016.
• Lecture on Multinational Corporation (MNC)
• Pascal Lamy. “Interview. Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”, The Federalist Debate 28, no. 1 (2015): 60.
• Burlacu, Sorin, Corneliu Gutu, and Florin Octavian Matei. “Globalization – Pros and Cons.” Calitatea 19, no. S1 (2018): 124.
• Parente, Ronaldo C., José-Mauricio G. Geleilate, and Ke Rong. “The Sharing Economy Globalization Phenomenon: A Research Agenda.” Journal of International Management 24, no. 1 (2018): 53.
• Broner, Fernando, and Jaume Ventura. “Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (2016): 1533.
• Mamedov, Oktay, Irina Movchan, Oksana Ishchenko-Padukova, and Monika Grabowska. “Traditional Economy: Innovations, Efficiency, and Globalization.” Economics & Sociology 9, no. 2 (2016): 61.
• Lecture on the World Bank
• COVID-19 and Global Economic Connections
• Changing Global Business Environment
• The Effects of Globalization on the World
• Forms and Effects of Globalization
• Globalization Phenomenon: Development and Social Change
• Guanxi in Chinese Business and Global Economy
• Cross-Cultural Negotiation Analysis
• Intercultural Competencies: Environmental Scan and Analysis
• Uncertainty and Risks Regarding Multinational Corporations’ Functioning
• Multicultural Problems in Organizations
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Impacts of Globalization on Developing Countries

• Dr. Sobia Sangrasi
• July 15, 2023
• Featured , PMS Ministerial Essays
• 38475 Views

PMS Ministerial Solved Essays | Impacts of Globalization on Developing Countries

This PMS Ministerial essay is attempted by Sobia Sangrasi on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali  teaches to his students, who have consistently been qualifying their CSS, and PMS essays. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

How To Attempt 25-Marks PMS Ministerial Essay?

Unlike CSS or PMS essays, the essays asked in the PMS ministerial or any descriptive examinations in Pakistan are of 25-marks. All you need to qualify for the PMS ministerial essay paper is to understand the topic, create an outline displaying the proper plan of your essay and write an introduction precisely carrying the thesis statement. An introductory paragraph of such essays is a 150- to 200-word paragraph that gives your examiner a quick overview of your essay and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points. Remember, the introductory paragraph is a concise summary of the essay, upon which your success standstill. However, the body of your essay will develop and explain these ideas much more thoroughly. As you will see in the solved essay below, the proportion of your introduction that you dedicate to each kind of information and the sequence of that information might vary, depending on the nature and genre of the essay you select. Nevertheless, in some cases, some of this information is implied rather than stated explicitly. For better preparation, revise my lectures on how to attempt a 20 or 25 marks essay, write its outline and introduction and prove your arguments with relevant evidence in the essay’s body paragraphs. 

1- Introduction

• Globalization, the unbridled movement of information, technology, and products across the borders, is a dynamic phenomenon in the contemporary world.
• Globalization has transformed each facet of life
• No nation is immune from the effects of globalization

2- Understanding the term globalization

• Globalization means integration and cooperation of all nations in all spheres of life for the enhancement of common interest
• Globalization is a multidimensional process

3- Positive impacts of globalization on developing countries:

3.1. Economic impacts

• Case in point: Rising of Indian average growth rate up to 5.9 per cent
• Case in point: Philippines and Pakistan
• Case in point: Example of Ford’s Lyman car

3.2. Socio-cultural impacts

• Case in point: China and India’s development reducing world poverty
• Case in point: Formation of laws for the protection of women
• Case in point: WHO report and positive effects on Bangladesh, India

3.3. Political impacts

• Case in point: A case study of Pakistan
• Case in point: Eradication of COVID-19 and mutual fight against terrorism, extremism and poverty
• Case in point: Role of the United Nations in achieving peace and harmony

4- Negative impacts of globalization on developing countries:

4.1. Economic impacts

• Demolishing local industry of states
• Case in point: A case study of Pakistan and Bangladesh
• Case in point: Case of Pakistan

4.2. Socio-cultural impacts

• Case in point: Arab countries; Syria, Lebanon
• Case in point: Incidence of COVID-19
• Case in point: Case of China

4.3. Political impacts

• Case in point: USA using the land of Pakistan for the Afghan war and war on terror
• Case in point: USA trying to implement her ideology across the world
• Demolishing the difference between domestic and foreign policies

5- Critical analysis

6- Conclusion

Globalization, the unbridled movement of information, technology, and products across borders, is a dynamic phenomenon in the contemporary world. Broadly considered an economic phenomenon, globalization has visibly transformed each facet of life by and large. No nation is immune from its impacts, whether it be a developed or developing state. On the bright side, globalization is playing a pivotal role in the development of developing countries by providing several opportunities, such as easing the way of doing business, accelerating the flow of technology, increasing trade opportunities, alleviating poverty, simplifying the way of eradicating environmental hazards etc.  For instance, China, a developing nation once struggling to have its say in international comity, has successfully challenged the American hegemony by actively participating in the era of globalization.  However, under all the seemingly positive effects of globalization on the growth and prosperity of developing nations, there lies the enormity of challenges, like demolishing local industries, increasing migration of skilled labour and youth across nations, raising environmental hazards, and destroying the sovereignty of the nations, that can leave such nations at the verge of extinction.  For instance, developing countries like Africa and some rural areas of China suffer from the highest poverty rates.  In short, in order to reap maximum benefits from globalization, which has become the need of time, developing countries need to learn how to swim in the river of globalization by adopting balanced strategies.

“Globalization will make our societies more creative and prosperous, but also morvulnerable.”                                                                             – Lord Robertson

Literally, globalization means integration and cooperation of all nations in all spheres of life for the enhancement of common interests. Globalization is a multidimensional process. Its impacts can extend to economics, politics, social, cultural aspects etc. Multiple dimensions of the process are interrelated and reinforcing. In economic terms, globalization has widened access to products and services and increased trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). In the same manner, the socio-cultural impacts of the process are even deeper, changing the concept of personal identity. Individuals are connecting throughout the world, adopting similar cultures. For this very purpose, global actors, such as global media corporations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multi-national companies (MNCs) have played an influential role. As a result of globalization, the world is becoming more homogenised and cultural differences are eradicated, driven by the force of technological advancements. Thus, with regard to different fields, globalization has been defined by multiple scholars. Globalization, according to Holm and Sorensen, is the “intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across the border.”

Considering the various dimensions of globalization, it has impacted developing nations both positively and negatively. Initiating with merits, globalization has provided nations with a large room to prosper by dwindling trade barriers and enhancing FDI. Liberalisation has allowed multiple national and international companies to trade in countries and create an environment of competence among companies, adding to the economic growth of states. Besides, steps taken by many developing nations to open up markets by removing tariffs and freeing up their markets have paved the way for developed nations to invest in such states, creating job opportunities for the masses. For instance, the Indian economy greatly benefited from globalization. In the 1970s, the Indian annual growth rate was 3 per cent. However, in the 1980s, the average annual growth rate of India touched the margin of 5.9 per cent. Thus, globalization not only aid India in raising its growth rate substantially but also improves its position globally.

Similarly, remittances are the main source of skyrocketing the economy of a state. Globalization has provided the path for augmenting remittances. Remittance inflows help boost countries’ balance of payment. For instance, in 2019, Philippines remittances inflows of $34bn helped reduce the current account deficit by more than 10 per cent of GDP; in Pakistan, remittances averaged to 3657.95 million USD from 2002 to 2023 . Moreover, the advancement of science and technology has significantly reduced the cost of transportation and communication. The time-space compression effect of technological progress has declined the cost of international trade and investment, which makes it possible to organize and coordinate global production. For instance, Ford’s Lyman car is designed in Germany; its gearing system is formed in Korea, its pump in the USA, and the engine in Australia. It is globalization that has made this kind of production possible. Thus, economic globalization has led to fruitful results taking the state’s economy to its zenith.

In the same fashion, globalization, by reducing trade barriers and uplifting the export sector of nations, has not only opened the door of opportunities for developed nations but also significantly reduced the poverty level of developing countries. The rapid expansion of foreign trade made by developing nations generated demand for resources and energy; such emerging states started consuming 50 per cent of global energy production. This led them to increase their manufacturing and compete effectively in the world market. For instance, around 50 per cent of computers produced come from China. Thus, in the last two decades, India and China have started growing at a faster pace than already rich nations; the rapid development of both nations has caused world poverty to decline immensely . Further, globalization has provided a wonderful platform for women to raise their voices against patriarchy and injustice by paving the way for them to know about their rights. It assists women to engage in different facets, including social, political, economic, cultural, and sports. Also, t he constitution guarantees rights for women. A number of laws, such as the Prevention of Anti-women Practices ( 2011) in Pakistan and the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1993) in India , have empowered women to work fearlessly. Ergo, by providing education and awareness, globalization has led women to develop by leaps and bounds.

Additionally, globalization has significantly contributed to the education and health sector of developing nations. Health and education are basic objectives to improve any nation. Through substantial economic growth, developing states are able to invest in the education and health sector. Through globalization, several international organisations, like WHO, UNESCO, and NGOs, are trying to eradicate illiteracy and lethal diseases from the world. Hence, a number of countries have alleviated the illiteracy rate, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka etc., and the enormity of diseases, like AIDS, swine flu, Polio, and bird flu, has been reduced greatly. According to WHO, “With globalization, more than 85 per cent of the world’s population can expect to live for at least sixty years, and this is actually twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago”.

Politically globalization has proven beneficial for the political structure of developing countries as well. Globalization has suppressed authoritarian government and flourished democratic forms of government across the world. Through globalization, democracy has flourished worldwide, enabling each person to enjoy their rights to the fullest. For instance, despite the fact that Pakistan has been a democratic state since its inception, inept leadership, unnecessary military intervention, and corrupt practices have made it more of an authoritarian government. Globalization, through media and technology, has made the public aware of their rights and power, thus, enabling them to protest against authoritarian rulers and help flourish democratic norms. Similarly, the process has provided easier access to information regarding environmental hazards or health issues. For instance, many diseases, like AIDS, influenza, and polio, have been eradicated. Currently, COVID-19, the deadliest virus, has been successfully exterminated due to globalization . Easier access to information and the flow of goods and services have helped the masses to get rid of the deadliest impacts of the virus. Likewise, developing nations, owing to globalization, are not left alone to fight the menace of global warming, terrorism, extremism, and poverty. International organizations and countries are working mutually to eradicate such menaces from their roots.

“While globalization will make the world smaller and more accessible, we must continue to appreciate its vibrant diversity.”  –   Jean Philippe Courtois.

Moving forward, globalization has played an active role in making the world a peaceful place to live in. With the aid of integration and the interconnectedness of nations, the process has created an atmosphere of peace and harmony. It was only possible with the help of globalization that the cycle of world wars had ended. Over the past many years, a number of organizations have evolved, struggling hard to maintain peace and harmony. Among all, United Nations is the most renowned one presently. For instance, t he UN has worked hard to achieve peace and stability between Pakistan and India, Israel and Palestine, and Ukraine and Russia . While the main agenda of the UN is to achieve peace between different nations, it is also working to achieve developmental goals for developing states. With members from 185 nations, the UN is a prime example of a diplomatic global village. Delegations from each country come to an agreement about rules and policies and tend to have fewer conflicts.  Resultantly, globalization has turned up the wave of the political culture of developing nations.

Nevertheless, globalization is not always as glorious as it seems. A number of challenges are associated with globalization. To begin with, the process has significantly destroyed the lock businesses of developing nations by creating an environment of competition worldwide. The low barrier in cross-border trade has cleared the path for Multinational Companies and MNCs to expand their resources and power. Due to this, local industries are suffering because they cannot meet what is considered to be international standards. Miserably, products produced by these local industries are unable to compete with products from foreign nations in terms of quality, price or marketing strategy. Correspondingly, by creating an environment of competition within and among nations, globalization has caused the youth and skilled labour to move to developed nations in search of better employment. Due to this very fact, youth is compelled to work for developed nations to gain perks and privileges. For instance, the garment industry in Bangladesh employs four million people, but average workers earn less in a month than US workers earn in a day. It proved to be the death blow for industry and for the nation. Similarly, in search of better employment, more than 300 Pakistani nationals were killed in the sinking of an overcrowded fishing trawler off the coast of Greece. Thus, globalization is wreaking havoc on developing countries.

To add more, globalization has raised the dependency of developing nations on international institutions. In spite of focusing on self-help and self-reliant methods, developing nations are heeding foreign aid and loan. The very method is proving to be lethal for such poor nations as high interest is hindering them from investing in public. Such dependency has taken a number of developing nations below the poverty line, such as Tanzania, sub-Saharan African countries, and Pakistan. For instance, Pakistan has gone to IMF 23 times in 75 years, proving that developing nations are running their economies on such loans and aid. The external debt of Pakistan, according to World Bank, has reached to sixty-six million USD from 2002 to 2021. Hence, globalization has left developing states on the verge of extinction.

Next to it, globalization has adversely impacted the sociocultural structure of the nations. Owing to important tools of globalization, like TV, internet, and satellite, it is now easy to see what is happening worldwide, providing impetus for people to adopt Western culture. Consequently, developing countries have imitated Western culture, leaving traditional values and customs at a dead end. People connecting throughout the world are adopting the same culture. It is common to see teenagers wearing Nike T-shirts, and Adidas footwear, using Apple iPad, listening Hip Hop music, and eating at KFC, Macdonald’s and Domino’s. Many developing countries are concerned regarding the rapid rise of globalization as it is destroying their cultural and traditional values and norms. For instance, many Arab countries, including Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq, have been affected significantly as their cultural values have altered merely. They wear and behave like developed nations.

Correspondingly, globalization has seriously impacted the health sector across the world. Due to increasing trade and travel, a number of diseases, such as AIDS, Polio, Swine flu, and COVID-19, have found their path towards developing countries. This has influenced badly to life expectancy and living standards of such nations miserably. For instance, according to the World Bank report, “The AIDS crisis has reduced life expectancy in some parts of Africa to less than 33 years.” Moreover, at present, the emergence of COVID-19 puts the lives of the masses at stake globally. According to WHO, the deadliest virus has caused the demise of more than 6.86 million people worldwide. Ironically, such a massive disaster was the result of globalization. On the same note, developing nations are suffering from dire environmental hazards owing to the rise of globalization. The development of developing nations at a faster pace throughout the years has resulted in greater emissions of GHG. Owing to globalization, emerging countries, to make a greater profit, frequently put the environment at risk. The best example is China, which is constructing a new coal-fired power plant every week. Although coal is the cheapest and most abundant fossil fuel, it is most polluting as well. Ergo, China is often regarded as the world’s greatest source of CO2 emissions.

On political grounds, the most outweighing impact is overpowering transnational institutes, putting the nation’s sovereignty at stake. Such empowerment provides a path for international and transnational institutes to intervene in national affairs, violating the sovereignty of the nations. As aptly stated by Woodward, “Globalisation had diffused power away from states empowering individuals and groups to play their roles in world politics including wreaking destruction-that were once reserved for governments of states”. The aforementioned statement depicts the extent of transformation in world politics as a result of globalization. For instance, America used the land of pure during the Afghan war and the war on terror, which significantly impacted the sovereignty of the nation.

Besides, globalization is giving rise to a conflict of ideologies. The world is still a diverse place, with different nations having different systems of governance, like communism, capitalism, and democracy. Developing countries are facing huge challenges from developed nations to submit to their ideologies depending on benefits and risks provided rather than their own will. Such a sorry state of developing nations is due to globalization as it is working to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. As a result, developing nations have to live at the mercy of developed countries to make ends meet. For instance, the USA is incessantly working to implement her ideology across the world. In addition, the indulgence of international actors in national affairs has exterminated the distinction between domestic and foreign policies. Satirically, the nations have lost the position to have their say in international matters. Thus, the nations are obliged to act according to the policies of global economy regulating bodies.

Critically, the transition is a natural phenomenon. Globalization calls for the modernization of societies around the globe based on scientific and technological advancement. Societies are responding to the challenges of globalization, either by modernization based on scientific development or Westernization, imitating Western modernity, specifically in cultural terms. Globalization can work for all, be it a developed country or a developing nation. Emerging countries, with effective and adjustable policy measures, can curtail the cons of globalization. Menaces like uneven development, poverty, environmental and health hazards, and westernization can effectively be controlled by adopting balanced strategies.

In the powerful diagnosis, globalization is one of the contemporary issues. No nation can survive in isolation. It consists of both costs and benefits; the effects of the process depend upon the Socio-Political and economic conditions of the nations. Developing countries, including India, China, Jordan and Bangladesh, have significantly benefited from the process of globalization by increasing FDI, technological advancement, alleviating illiteracy, supporting women’s empowerment etc. On the other hand, the process also has numerous drawbacks, putting developing nations, like Pakistan, Afghanistan, and African countries, below the poverty line. Despite that, the negative impacts of globalization can be minimized by constant adjustment and control measures. In short, globalization can work for developing countries as well, provided that such nations can start giving serious thought to the negative and positive impact of globalization and formulating policies accordingly.

“Globalization is a great thing, but it needs a legal framework in which to blossom.”     –   Loretta Napoleoni

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