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How to prepare and deliver an effective oral presentation

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• Peer review
• Lucia Hartigan , registrar 1 ,
• Fionnuala Mone , fellow in maternal fetal medicine 1 ,
• Mary Higgins , consultant obstetrician 2
• 1 National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
• 2 National Maternity Hospital, Dublin; Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin
• luciahartigan{at}hotmail.com

The success of an oral presentation lies in the speaker’s ability to transmit information to the audience. Lucia Hartigan and colleagues describe what they have learnt about delivering an effective scientific oral presentation from their own experiences, and their mistakes

The objective of an oral presentation is to portray large amounts of often complex information in a clear, bite sized fashion. Although some of the success lies in the content, the rest lies in the speaker’s skills in transmitting the information to the audience. 1

Preparation

It is important to be as well prepared as possible. Look at the venue in person, and find out the time allowed for your presentation and for questions, and the size of the audience and their backgrounds, which will allow the presentation to be pitched at the appropriate level.

See what the ambience and temperature are like and check that the format of your presentation is compatible with the available computer. This is particularly important when embedding videos. Before you begin, look at the video on stand-by and make sure the lights are dimmed and the speakers are functioning.

For visual aids, Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple Mac Keynote programmes are usual, although Prezi is increasing in popularity. Save the presentation on a USB stick, with email or cloud storage backup to avoid last minute disasters.

When preparing the presentation, start with an opening slide containing the title of the study, your name, and the date. Begin by addressing and thanking the audience and the organisation that has invited you to speak. Typically, the format includes background, study aims, methodology, results, strengths and weaknesses of the study, and conclusions.

If the study takes a lecturing format, consider including “any questions?” on a slide before you conclude, which will allow the audience to remember the take home messages. Ideally, the audience should remember three of the main points from the presentation. 2

Have a maximum of four short points per slide. If you can display something as a diagram, video, or a graph, use this instead of text and talk around it.

Animation is available in both Microsoft PowerPoint and the Apple Mac Keynote programme, and its use in presentations has been demonstrated to assist in the retention and recall of facts. 3 Do not overuse it, though, as it could make you appear unprofessional. If you show a video or diagram don’t just sit back—use a laser pointer to explain what is happening.

Rehearse your presentation in front of at least one person. Request feedback and amend accordingly. If possible, practise in the venue itself so things will not be unfamiliar on the day. If you appear comfortable, the audience will feel comfortable. Ask colleagues and seniors what questions they would ask and prepare responses to these questions.

It is important to dress appropriately, stand up straight, and project your voice towards the back of the room. Practise using a microphone, or any other presentation aids, in advance. If you don’t have your own presenting style, think of the style of inspirational scientific speakers you have seen and imitate it.

Try to present slides at the rate of around one slide a minute. If you talk too much, you will lose your audience’s attention. The slides or videos should be an adjunct to your presentation, so do not hide behind them, and be proud of the work you are presenting. You should avoid reading the wording on the slides, but instead talk around the content on them.

Maintain eye contact with the audience and remember to smile and pause after each comment, giving your nerves time to settle. Speak slowly and concisely, highlighting key points.

Do not assume that the audience is completely familiar with the topic you are passionate about, but don’t patronise them either. Use every presentation as an opportunity to teach, even your seniors. The information you are presenting may be new to them, but it is always important to know your audience’s background. You can then ensure you do not patronise world experts.

To maintain the audience’s attention, vary the tone and inflection of your voice. If appropriate, use humour, though you should run any comments or jokes past others beforehand and make sure they are culturally appropriate. Check every now and again that the audience is following and offer them the opportunity to ask questions.

Finishing up is the most important part, as this is when you send your take home message with the audience. Slow down, even though time is important at this stage. Conclude with the three key points from the study and leave the slide up for a further few seconds. Do not ramble on. Give the audience a chance to digest the presentation. Conclude by acknowledging those who assisted you in the study, and thank the audience and organisation. If you are presenting in North America, it is usual practice to conclude with an image of the team. If you wish to show references, insert a text box on the appropriate slide with the primary author, year, and paper, although this is not always required.

Answering questions can often feel like the most daunting part, but don’t look upon this as negative. Assume that the audience has listened and is interested in your research. Listen carefully, and if you are unsure about what someone is saying, ask for the question to be rephrased. Thank the audience member for asking the question and keep responses brief and concise. If you are unsure of the answer you can say that the questioner has raised an interesting point that you will have to investigate further. Have someone in the audience who will write down the questions for you, and remember that this is effectively free peer review.

Be proud of your achievements and try to do justice to the work that you and the rest of your group have done. You deserve to be up on that stage, so show off what you have achieved.

Competing interests: We have read and understood the BMJ Group policy on declaration of interests and declare the following interests: None.

• ↵ Rovira A, Auger C, Naidich TP. How to prepare an oral presentation and a conference. Radiologica 2013 ; 55 (suppl 1): 2 -7S. OpenUrl
• ↵ Bourne PE. Ten simple rules for making good oral presentations. PLos Comput Biol 2007 ; 3 : e77 . OpenUrl PubMed
• ↵ Naqvi SH, Mobasher F, Afzal MA, Umair M, Kohli AN, Bukhari MH. Effectiveness of teaching methods in a medical institute: perceptions of medical students to teaching aids. J Pak Med Assoc 2013 ; 63 : 859 -64. OpenUrl

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Delivery, face and brow presentation.

Julija Makajeva ; Mohsina Ashraf .

Affiliations

Last Update: January 9, 2023 .

• Continuing Education Activity

Face and brow presentation is a malpresentation during labor when the presenting part is either the face or, in the case of brow presentation, it is the area between the orbital ridge and the anterior fontanelle. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of these two presentations and explains the interprofessional team's role in safely managing delivery for both the mother and the baby.

• Identify the mechanism of labor in the face and brow presentation.
• Differentiate potential maternal and fetal complications during the face and brow presentations.
• Evaluate different management approaches for the face and brow presentation.
• Introduction

The term presentation describes the leading part of the fetus or the anatomical structure closest to the maternal pelvic inlet during labor. The presentation can roughly be divided into the following classifications: cephalic, breech, shoulder, and compound. Cephalic presentation is the most common and can be further subclassified as vertex, sinciput, brow, face, and chin. The most common presentation in term labor is the vertex, where the fetal neck is flexed to the chin, minimizing the head circumference. Face presentation is an abnormal form of cephalic presentation where the presenting part is the mentum. This typically occurs because of hyperextension of the neck and the occiput touching the fetal back. Incidence of face presentation is rare, accounting for approximately 1 in 600 of all presentations. [1] [2] [3]  In brow presentation, the neck is not extended as much as in face presentation, and the leading part is the area between the anterior fontanelle and the orbital ridges. Brow presentation is considered the rarest of all malpresentation, with a prevalence of 1 in 500 to 1 in 4000 deliveries. [3]

Both face and brow presentations occur due to extension of the fetal neck instead of flexion; therefore, conditions that would lead to hyperextension or prevent flexion of the fetal neck can all contribute to face or brow presentation. These risk factors may be related to either the mother or the fetus. Maternal risk factors are preterm delivery, contracted maternal pelvis, platypelloid pelvis, multiparity, previous cesarean section, and black race. Fetal risk factors include anencephaly, multiple loops of cord around the neck, masses of the neck, macrosomia, and polyhydramnios. [2] [4] [5]  These malpresentations are usually diagnosed during the second stage of labor when performing a digital examination. Palpating orbital ridges, nose, malar eminences, mentum, mouth, gums, and chin in face presentation is possible. Based on the position of the chin, face presentation can be further divided into mentum anterior, posterior, or transverse. In brow presentation, the anterior fontanelle and face can be palpated except for the mouth and the chin. Brow presentation can then be further described based on the position of the anterior fontanelle as frontal anterior, posterior, or transverse. Diagnosing the exact presentation can be challenging, and face presentation may be misdiagnosed as frank breech. To avoid any confusion, a bedside ultrasound scan can be performed. [6]  Ultrasound imaging can show a reduced angle between the occiput and the spine or the chin is separated from the chest. However, ultrasound does not provide much predictive value for the outcome of labor. [7]

• Anatomy and Physiology

Before discussing the mechanism of labor in the face or brow presentation, it is crucial to highlight some anatomical landmarks and their measurements. 

Planes and Diameters of the Pelvis

The 3 most important planes in the female pelvis are the pelvic inlet, mid-pelvis, and pelvic outlet. Four diameters can describe the pelvic inlet: anteroposterior, transverse, and 2 obliques. Furthermore, based on the landmarks on the pelvic inlet, there are 3 different anteroposterior diameters named conjugates: true conjugate, obstetrical conjugate, and diagonal conjugate. Only the latter can be measured directly during the obstetric examination. The shortest of these 3 diameters is obstetrical conjugate, which measures approximately 10.5 cm and is the distance between the sacral promontory and 1 cm below the upper border of the symphysis pubis. This measurement is clinically significant as the fetal head must pass through this diameter during the engagement phase. The transverse diameter measures about 13.5 cm and is the widest distance between the innominate line on both sides. The shortest distance in the mid pelvis is the interspinous diameter and usually is only about 10 cm. 

Fetal Skull Diameters

There are 6 distinguished longitudinal fetal skull diameters:

• Suboccipito-bregmatic: from the center of anterior fontanelle (bregma) to the occipital protuberance, measuring 9.5 cm. This is the diameter presented in the vertex presentation. 
• Suboccipito-frontal: from the anterior part of bregma to the occipital protuberance, measuring 10 cm 
• Occipito-frontal: from the root of the nose to the most prominent part of the occiput, measuring 11.5 cm
• Submento-bregmatic: from the center of the bregma to the angle of the mandible, measuring 9.5 cm. This is the diameter in the face presentation where the neck is hyperextended. 
• Submento-vertical: from the midpoint between fontanelles and the angle of the mandible, measuring 11.5 cm 
• Occipito-mental: from the midpoint between fontanelles and the tip of the chin, measuring 13.5 cm. It is the presenting diameter in brow presentation. 

Cardinal Movements of Normal Labor

• Neck flexion
• Internal rotation
• Extension (delivers head)
• External rotation (restitution)
• Expulsion (delivery of anterior and posterior shoulders)

Some key movements are impossible in the face or brow presentations. Based on the information provided above, it is obvious that labor be arrested in brow presentation unless it spontaneously changes to the face or vertex, as the occipito-mental diameter of the fetal head is significantly wider than the smallest diameter of the female pelvis. Face presentation can, however, be delivered vaginally, and further mechanisms of face delivery are explained in later sections.

• Indications

As mentioned previously, spontaneous vaginal delivery can be successful in face presentation. However, the main indication for vaginal delivery in such circumstances would be a maternal choice. It is crucial to have a thorough conversation with a mother, explaining the risks and benefits of vaginal delivery with face presentation and a cesarean section. Informed consent and creating a rapport with the mother is an essential aspect of safe and successful labor.

• Contraindications

Vaginal delivery of face presentation is contraindicated if the mentum is lying posteriorly or is in a transverse position. In such a scenario, the fetal brow is pressing against the maternal symphysis pubis, and the short fetal neck, which is already maximally extended, cannot span the surface of the maternal sacrum. In this position, the diameter of the head is larger than the maternal pelvis, and it cannot descend through the birth canal. Therefore, the cesarean section is recommended as the safest mode of delivery for mentum posterior face presentations. Attempts to manually convert face presentation to vertex, manual or forceps rotation of the persistent posterior chin to anterior are contraindicated as they can be dangerous. Persistent brow presentation itself is a contraindication for vaginal delivery unless the fetus is significantly small or the maternal pelvis is large.

Continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is recommended for face and brow presentations, as heart rate abnormalities are common in these scenarios. One study found that only 14% of the cases with face presentation had no abnormal traces on the cardiotocograph. [8]  External transducer devices are advised to prevent damage to the eyes. When internal monitoring is inevitable, monitoring devices on bony parts should be placed carefully. 

Consultations that are typically requested for patients with delivery of face/brow presentation include the following:

• Experienced midwife, preferably looking after laboring women 1:1
• Senior obstetrician 
• Neonatal team - in case of need for resuscitation 
• Anesthetic team - to provide necessary pain control (eg, epidural)
• Theatre team  - in case of failure to progress, an emergency cesarean section is required.
• Preparation

No specific preparation is required for face or brow presentation. However, discussing the labor options with the mother and birthing partner and informing members of the neonatal, anesthetic, and theatre co-ordinating teams is essential.

• Technique or Treatment

Mechanism of Labor in Face Presentation

During contractions, the pressure exerted by the fundus of the uterus on the fetus and the pressure of the amniotic fluid initiate descent. During this descent, the fetal neck extends instead of flexing. The internal rotation determines the outcome of delivery. If the fetal chin rotates posteriorly, vaginal delivery would not be possible, and cesarean section is permitted. The approach towards mentum-posterior delivery should be individualized, as the cases are rare. Expectant management is acceptable in multiparous women with small fetuses, as a spontaneous mentum-anterior rotation can occur. However, there should be a low threshold for cesarean section in primigravida women or women with large fetuses.

The pubis is described as mentum-anterior when the fetal chin is rotated towards the maternal symphysis. In these cases, further descent through the vaginal canal continues, with approximately 73% of cases delivering spontaneously. [9]  The fetal mentum presses on the maternal symphysis pubis, and the head is delivered by flexion. The occiput is pointing towards the maternal back, and external rotation happens. Shoulders are delivered in the same manner as in vertex delivery.

Mechanism of Labor in Brow Presentation

As this presentation is considered unstable, it is usually converted into a face or an occiput presentation. Due to the cephalic diameter being wider than the maternal pelvis, the fetal head cannot engage; thus, brow delivery cannot occur. Unless the fetus is small or the pelvis is very wide, the prognosis for vaginal delivery is poor. With persistent brow presentation, a cesarean section is required for safe delivery.

• Complications

As the cesarean section is becoming a more accessible mode of delivery in malpresentations, the incidence of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality during face presentation has dropped significantly. [10]  However, some complications are still associated with the nature of labor in face presentation. Due to the fetal head position, it is more challenging for the head to engage in the birth canal and descend, resulting in prolonged labor. Prolonged labor itself can provoke fetal distress and arrhythmias. If the labor arrests or signs of fetal distress appear on CTG, the recommended next step in management is an emergency cesarean section, which in itself carries a myriad of operative and post-operative complications. Finally, due to the nature of the fetal position and prolonged duration of labor in face presentation, neonates develop significant edema of the skull and face. Swelling of the fetal airway may also be present, resulting in respiratory distress after birth and possible intubation.

• Clinical Significance

During vertex presentation, the fetal head flexes, bringing the chin to the chest, forming the smallest possible fetal head diameter, measuring approximately 9.5 cm. With face and brow presentation, the neck hyperextends, resulting in greater cephalic diameters. As a result, the fetal head engages later, and labor progresses more slowly. Failure to progress in labor is also more common in both presentations compared to the vertex presentation. Furthermore, when the fetal chin is in a posterior position, this prevents further flexion of the fetal neck, as browns are pressing on the symphysis pubis. As a result, descending through the birth canal is impossible. Such presentation is considered undeliverable vaginally and requires an emergency cesarean section. Manual attempts to change face presentation to vertex or manual or forceps rotation to mentum anterior are considered dangerous and discouraged.

• Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

A multidisciplinary team of healthcare experts supports the woman and her child during labor and the perinatal period. For a face or brow presentation to be appropriately diagnosed, an experienced midwife and obstetrician must be involved in the vaginal examination and labor monitoring. As fetal anomalies, such as anencephaly or goiter, can contribute to face presentation, sonographers experienced in antenatal scanning should also be involved in the care. It is advised to inform the anesthetic and neonatal teams in advance of the possible need for emergency cesarean section and resuscitation of the neonate. [11] [12]

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Disclosure: Julija Makajeva declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Mohsina Ashraf declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

• Cite this Page Makajeva J, Ashraf M. Delivery, Face and Brow Presentation. [Updated 2023 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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• Sonographic diagnosis of fetal head deflexion and the risk of cesarean delivery. [Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020] Sonographic diagnosis of fetal head deflexion and the risk of cesarean delivery. Bellussi F, Livi A, Cataneo I, Salsi G, Lenzi J, Pilu G. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020 Nov; 2(4):100217. Epub 2020 Aug 18.
• Review Sonographic evaluation of the fetal head position and attitude during labor. [Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024] Review Sonographic evaluation of the fetal head position and attitude during labor. Ghi T, Dall'Asta A. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Mar; 230(3S):S890-S900. Epub 2023 May 19.
• Leopold Maneuvers. [StatPearls. 2024] Leopold Maneuvers. Superville SS, Siccardi MA. StatPearls. 2024 Jan
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3 types of medical presentations (and how to give them)

Here are some tips for presenting the top three types of medical presentations: lectures, research presentations, and case reports.

Derek Murray

Building presentations

With your long to-do list as a medical professional, giving presentations is probably not a high priority. Yet, medical presentations are inevitable. Are you ready to give them when your job requires it? If so, where do you even start?

We want to make it a little easier for you to present data-heavy medical topics in an easy-to-understand way.

So, let’s dive right in with the top three types of medical presentations.

Key Takeaways:

• Structure your medical presentation into a story to make it memorable.
• Medical presentations can be lectures, research, or case presentations.
• Customize the presentation based on the type and goal.

1. Lectures

Medical lectures educate an audience about a medical topic. They’re one of the most challenging presentations. According to the Learning Pyramid , lectures are the most passive learning techniques, which is also why they have the lowest retention rates.

There are several settings for educational lectures, including:

• Conferences
• University or school lectures

Medical lectures help students or an audience comprehend complex medical information and then turn what they learned into actionable strategies.

For example, you may teach students with little medical knowledge about a new medical concept. But they must understand the topic and be able to recall it for examinations.

Tips for giving medical lectures

How can you turn one of the most challenging presentations into an engaging, memorable lecture? Here are a few tips to ace your educational medical lectures:

• Be interactive : Use Q&As, activities, and open discussions.
• Hand out resources: Give physical booklets students can review after the presentation.
• Use multimedia: Add audio-visual elements like images, video, and audio clips.
• Use simple language: Your audience is learning, so they need simple language and plenty of definitions to understand the topic.
• Make it entertaining: Keep your audience’s attention with a more engaging and entertaining presentation.

UnitedHealth Group incorporated imagery and movement to show rather than tell about mental health in 2022 to boost their engagement on the topic.

2. Research presentations

The most information-heavy medical presentation is the research presentation. Research presentations share findings with experienced medical professionals, usually in conference settings. Some of the audience includes:

• Investigators
• Ph.D. students
• Medical professionals and experienced doctors

Research presentations can also be part of healthcare marketing . You may have to introduce a new process, pharmaceutical, or device to encourage other healthcare professionals to adopt it in their practices.

Tips for giving research presentations

Use these tips to improve your research presentations :

• Speak on a higher level: You’re talking to a knowledgeable audience, so they expect a higher level of research.
• Back all facts with data: Use statistics and research to back all claims.
• Use power poses: Build authority with a confident presentation.
• Grab the audience’s attention: Start your presentation by giving your audience a reason to care, like a problem you want to solve.
• Build up the conclusion: Structure the research in a natural, progressive order that builds up to your conclusion.
• Look at the future: Conclude with how the research findings will impact the future of medicine.
• Visualize data : Simplify findings and data with visuals and charts.

Cardinal Health transformed the complex research for Smart Compression into understandable slides using a mix of graphics and storytelling in their medical presentation.

3. Case reports

Medical professionals must give oral case reports when transferring information between providers or a team. These presentations are very brief and often don’t require visuals.

Sometimes a case is especially unique and offers educational value to others. In that case, presenters should transform their quick oral case reports into a longer presentation that incorporates data and visuals.

Tips for giving case reports

Case reports use a similar structure to oral patient presentations, except with more details about each point. You’ll still want to pack as much information in a short presentation as possible.

• Begin the presentation with a patient overview: Start by introducing the patient, including all relevant demographic details in summarized graphics and lists.
• Present the history of the patient: Describe the patient’s history, why they sought care, and the symptoms they presented in charts and visuals.
• Explore medical information: Dive into the medical details, like treatment and history, using a storytelling structure to connect the information.
• Offer a plan: Outline a treatment plan alongside proof.

Summarize details in charts: You’ll pack a large amount of information in a concise presentation, so use plenty of charts and diagrams to summarize data and simplify outcomes.

Tips for preparing engaging medical presentations

Your medical presentations have highly complex topics rich with data. These topics can easily feel overwhelming or even boring if they don’t have the right structure and appearance.

Here are three medical presentation tips we’ve learned to help you prepare and present high-quality medical presentations that engage AND inform.

Know your audience’s knowledge level

Before building and presenting a medical topic, you must know your audience’s knowledge level. A lecture to a class of first-year college students will sound far different from a presentation to doctors with 10+ years of industry experience.

Build a presentation around your audience’s knowledge, so it’s understandable yet challenging. By taking this extra step, you’ll know what points need more explanation and what topics you can dig deeper into based on your audience’s experience.

Build a structured story

A complex topic becomes easy to understand and follow if you use a storytelling structure . You might ask, “How can a lecture on a new treatment be a story?”

Any time you communicate, it’s a story: You have the challenge to solve, potential solutions to try, and a final winner (like when presenting medical research). You can structure that story in a progressive order or by announcing one primary outcome and providing a list of proofs (like with patient case studies).

Focus on a goal

The goal of medical presentations can be educating, training, or persuading the audience, depending on the type of medical presentation. Knowing your goal guides which data is most relevant to bring your desired outcome.

Communicate at the speed of healthcare with Prezent

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Medical Abbreviations & Acronyms

OpenMD’s index includes 5,000 common medical abbreviations. Meanings vary by institution and clinical context. When available, the context and original Latin term are provided in parentheses after the English definition.

While this index was compiled from credible sources, it has not been medically reviewed. When in doubt, always check with the organization or individual who authored the abbreviation in question to verify the author’s intended meaning.

The use of certain abbreviations can be dangerous and lead to patient injury or death. Examples of error-prone medical abbreviations include:

• IU (international unit): may be confused with “IV” (intravenous)
• µg (microgram): may be confused with mg (milligram)
• U (unit): may be mistaken for “0” (zero), increasing the dose tenfold

To minimize confusion, many organizations publish “Do Not Use” lists of easily-confused abbreviations and symbols. For an excellent reference, see the List of Error-Prone Abbreviations published by The Institute for Safe Medication Practices.

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7:  Atypical Presentations of Illness in Older Adults

Carla M. Perissinotto, MD, MHS; Christine Ritchie, MD, MSPH

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Introduction, defining atypical presentations, identifying patients at risk.

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Traditional education of health care clinicians hinges on typical presentations of common illnesses. Yet, what is often left out from medical training is the frequent occurrence of atypical presentations of illness in older adults. These presentations are termed “ atypical ” because they lack the usual signs and symptoms characterizing a particular condition or diagnosis. In older adults, “atypical” presentations are actually quite common. For example, a change in behavior or functional ability is often the only sign of a new, potentially serious illness. Failure to recognize atypical presentations may lead to worse outcomes, missed diagnoses, and missed opportunities for treatment of common conditions in older patients.

In medical education, teaching about atypical presentations of medical illness in the older patient offers a unique opportunity to introduce key geriatric principles to trainees at all levels of training. Furthermore, atypical medical presentations in the older adult are now an Accreditation for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Geriatrics competency, underscoring the importance of integrating this concept into medical education for all learners.

The definition of an atypical presentation of illness is: when an older adult presents with a disease state that is missing some of the traditional core features of the illness usually seen in younger patients . Atypical presentations usually include one of 3 features: (a) vague presentation of illness, (b) altered presentation of illness, or (c) nonpresentation of illness (ie, underreporting).

The prevalence of atypical presentation of illness in older adults increases with age. With the aging of the world’s population, atypical presentations of illness will represent an increasingly large proportion of illness presentations. The most common risk factors include:

Increasing age (especially age 85 years or older)

Multiple medical conditions (“multimorbidity”)

Multiple medications (or “polypharmacy”)

Cognitive or functional impairment

Understanding which patients may be more at risk of atypical disease presentation will guide clinicians to more astutely pick up subtle signs of illness. Rather than approaching a patient visit in the “traditional” way, the clinician may also need to expand beyond the “typical” evaluation of illness and incorporate questions or exam findings that correlate with an atypical presentation ( Table 7–1 ). For example, recognition of an atypical presentation of illness requires a clinician to pay more attention to small changes in cognition compared to baseline. In the case of a patient with dementia, this can be difficult to determine as some older adults with dementia still experience minor daily variations in cognition. Gathering this baseline level of information requires patience, time, and having reliable caregivers and family member informants. Many times, in order to arrive at an accurate history of present illness, the clinician will have to undertake a systematic investigative approach.

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presentation

Definition of presentation

• fairing [ British ]
• freebee
• largess

Examples of presentation in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'presentation.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Phrases Containing presentation

• breech presentation

Dictionary Entries Near presentation

present arms

presentation copy

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“Presentation.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/presentation. Accessed 30 Aug. 2024.

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• presentation

: an activity in which someone shows, describes, or explains something to a group of people

: the way in which something is arranged, designed, etc. : the way in which something is presented

: the act of giving something to someone in a formal way or in a ceremony

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First known use of presentation, related to presentation, other business terms, rhymes with presentation, definition of presentation for kids, medical definition of presentation, learn more about presentation.

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Welcome to Medical Terminology

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MED 103: Medical Terminology

Jul 23, 2014

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MED 103: Medical Terminology. Lisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed. Elements of a Medical Terms. Roots the constant, unchanging foundation of a medical term usually of Greek or Latin origin nearly all medical terms have one or more roots. Elements of a Medical Terms. Combining vowel

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MED 103: Medical Terminology Lisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed.

Elements of a Medical Terms • Roots • the constant, unchanging foundation of a medical term • usually of Greek or Latin origin • nearly all medical terms have one or more roots

Elements of a Medical Terms • Combining vowel • has no meaning of its own • joins a rootto another root • joins a root to a suffix • makes a word easier to pronounce • “o” is the most common combining vowel, followed by “a”

Elements of a Medical Term • Combining form • combines a rootand a combining vowel • can be attached to another root or combining form • can precede asuffix Example: enter/o

Elements of a Medical Term • Identify the elements of the following word: gynecologist gynec/ -o- -logist rootcombiningsuffix vowel

Greek, Latin, and Old English Words • Some medical terms do not break down (deconstruct) into word elements Examples: • Greek: toxin meaning poison • Latin: medical meaning toheal • Old English: record meaning to remember

Terms That Are Alike • Many words in the medical language are very similar. Examples: • ilium and ileum • malleus and malleolus

Chapter 1 Summary • Elements • prefix, root, combining vowel, combining form, and suffix • Greek, Latin, and Old English Words • Some do not break down • Terms That Are Alike • Look alike/sound alike

Suffixes • Added to the end of a root/combining form • Changes the meaning of medical terms • Use of combining vowel hemat -oma= root + suffix hemat/o -logist = root + combining vowel + suffix

Classification of Suffixes • Diagnostic • Diagnosis, procedure, or test • Surgical • Describes surgical procedures • Pathological • Describes a sign/symptom of a disease

Classification of Suffixes • Adjectives • 28 suffixes mean pertaining to • Nouns • do not fall under any classifications • maintain the root or combining form as a noun

Diagnostic Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: hematoma hemat/ -oma rootsuffix hematuria hemat/ -uria rootsuffix

Surgical Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following word: appendectomy append/ -ectomy rootsuffix lithotripsy lith/o -tripsy combining suffix form

Pathological Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: cystitis cyst/ -itis rootsuffix cyanosis cyan/ -osis rootsuffix

Adjective Suffixes Suffixes meaning pertaining to: -ac cardiac pertaining to the heart -arypulmonarypertaining to the lungs -iorposteriorpertaining to the back of the body

Noun Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: arteriole arteri/ -ole rootsuffix venule ven/ -ule rootsuffix

Prefixes • Added to the beginning of a medical term • Change the meaning of medical terms • No use of combining vowel peri-cardium = prefix + root epi-cardium = prefix + root

Position Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following words: epidermis epi- dermis prefix root hypodermis hypo dermis prefix root

Number and Measurement Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following word: multipara multi- para prefix root Primipara primi- para prefix root

Direction Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following word: antevert anti- vert prefix root synapse syn- apse prefix root

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: hypogastric hypo- / gastr / -ic prefixrootsuffix

Chapter 2 Summary • Suffixes and Prefixes • Change the meaning of medical terms • Suffix • Added to the end of a root/combining form • Use of combining vowel • Prefix • Added to the beginning of a medical term

Decoding Terms • CARD Method • Check for the word parts in a term • Assign meanings to the word parts • Reverse the meaning of the suffix to the front of the definition • Define the term

Word Analysis, Definition & Pronounciation • Analyze the following term: endocarditis 1. suffix — itis meaning inflammation 2. prefix endo— meaning inside 3. root cardmeaning heart 4. put the terms together—inflammation of the inside of the heart

Building Terms • Spelling Rules • If the suffix starts with a vowel, a combining vowel is NOT needed to join the parts arthr/o itis = arthritis • If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel IS needed to join the two word parts arthr/o + plasty = arthroplasty

Building Terms • If a combining form ends with the same vowel that begins a suffix, one of the vowels is dropped Endo- + cardi/o + itis = Endocarditis • If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining form is retained Gastr/o + enter/0 + itis = Gastroenteritis

Building Terms • When two or more combining forms are used to make a medical term, special notice must be paid to the order in which the combining forms are joined Esophag/0 + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (joining the CF reflects the direction in which the scope travels through the body)

Plurals • Singular / Plural Rules • Ends in –a add –ae vertebraae • Ends in -is add –esarthrosises • Ends in –ix or –ex add –ices appendixices • Ends in –itis add –itidesarthritisitides • Ends in –nx add –ngesphalanxnges • Ends in –um add an –a endocardiumia • Ends in –us add an –I digitusi • Ends in –y add –iesthearpyies

Chapter 3 Summary • Word Analysis and Definition • break it down into its component elements • Plurals and Pronunciations • memorize the plurals of medical terms • correct pronunciation is vital • Precision in Communication http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/connectweb/login/?&node=connectdr_3

Composition of the Body • The body is composed of: - organs - tissues - cells - organelles - molecules • atoms

Structure and Functions of Cells • Basic Functions of Life - manufacture - production -communication - replication -reproduction

Tissues • Primary Tissue Groups - connective - epithelial - muscle - nervous

Organs & Organ Systems • Integumentary • Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glandis • Skeletal • Bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons • Muscular • Muscles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSqwRkDLyH4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBLm7rK05Yc

Organs and Organ Systems • Nervous • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ • Endocrine • Glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus • Cardiovascular • Heart, blood vessels

Organs and Organ Systems • Lymphatic • Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus spleen • Digestive • Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines • Respiratory • Control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and blood

Organs and Organ Systems • Urinary • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Reproductive • Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, blubourethral glands, urethra, penis • Female: ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

Prefixes for Body Organization ana- up, apart, away cata- down en- in endo- within epi- above, upon meta- beyond, change para- neat, beside, abnormal

Suffixes for Body Organizations ai, -ouspertaining to -ia, -ism condition, state of -on structure -plasmformation -some body -stasis controlling, stopping -um structure, thing, membrane -us structure

Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuV-2WKZmSM

Anatomical Planes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBAwxZ_yxnE

Positional & Directional Terms • Anteroposterior (AP) & Posteroanterior (PA) • Anterior & ventral to the front/belly side • Posterior & dorsal back of body/back • Superior & Cephaladupward/toward head • Inferior & Caudaddownward/toward tail • Medial pertaining to the middle • Lateral pertaining to the side • Ipsilateral pertaining to same side

Position & Directional Terms • Contralateral pertaining to the opposite side • Unilateral pertaining to one side • Bilateral pertaining to two sides • Superficial on the surface of the body • Deep away from the surface of the body • Proximal near the origin • Distal far from the origin • Dextradtoward the right

Position & Directional Terms • Sinistradtoward the left • Afferent carrying toward a structure • Efferent carrying away from structure • Supine lying on back • Prone lying on stomach

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeFoxTi02yg

Chapter 4 Summary • Organization of the Body • All the elements interact with each other • Anatomical Position, Planes, and Directions • Describe the location of anatomical structures

Digestive System • Alimentary Canal Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine • Accessory Organs Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Functions of the Digestive System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1h2VW8USCAA

Prefixes of the Digestive System • Prefixes for the Digestive System • Endo- within • Exo- outside • Hypo- below • Par- near • Peri- surrounding • Retro- behind • Sub- under

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