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Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Patient-Specific Musculoskeletal Modeling of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty , Brendan M. Curran

Statistical Modeling of Knee Morphology and Material Properties Considering Diverse Populations , Gabrielle Jeannine Kindy

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Exploration of Motion Capture System to Investigate Human Shoulder Kinematics , Ola Alsaadi

Computational Methodology for Generating Patient-Specific Soft Tissue Representations , Ahilan Anantha Krishnan

Digital Twins of the Living Knee: From Measurements to Model , Thor Erik Andreassen

Kinematic Analysis of Gait and Deep Knee Flexion for Pre- and Post-Operative Total Knee Arthroplasty , Samantha Collins

A Virtual Method for Establishing Femoral Stem Position in Total Hip Arthroplasty , Samuel Mattei

Finite Element Modeling of Patient-Specific Total Shoulder Arthroplasty , Ignacio Rivero Crespo

Patient Movement Monitoring Based on IMU and Deep Learning , Mohsen Sharifi Renani

Novel Approach for Non-Invasive Prediction of Body Shape and Habitus , Emma Young

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Design of Human Inspired Feet for Mithra, a High-Performance Humanoid Robot , Spencer Lyle Brewster

An Investigation into the Plate Fixation for Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures , Xiang Chen

Revision Total Hip Femoral Stem Micromotion and Statistical Shape Modeling of the Knee , William Fugit

Contact Simulation for Evaluating Patient Specific Surgical Guide Stability , Vincent Nierste

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Exponential Random Graphs and a Generalization of Parking Functions , Ryan DeMuse

An Accuracy and Precision Analysis of the VELYS™ Robotic Assisted Solution for Total Knee Arthroplasty , Gary Doan

Accurate Measurement of Healthy Joint Kinematics to Inform Diagnosis and Treatment , Vasiliki Kefala

Development of Triangular and Tetrahedral Finite Elements for Solutions to Thermoelastic Instabilities Using Hotspotter , Cortney Samuel LeNeave

Broadening the Capability of Kinetics Analysis in Biomechanics , Nicholas Nelson

Dislocation Mechanics of Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis , Michael Scinto

Tibial Strains and Tray-Bone Micromotions After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Computational Studies Evaluating the Tibial Fixation , Huizhou Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

In Vivo Data Capture Using HSSR for Calibration of Computational Models , Thor Erik Andreassen

Development of a Clinical Marker-less Motion Capture System for Patient Monitoring , Abigail Eustace

Ultrasonic-Based Condition Assessment of Wooden Utility Poles , Yishi Lee

The Effects and Analysis of Implant Type and Surgical Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty Dislocation Resistance , Brittany Marshall

A Longitudinal Examination of Biomechanical Balance and Quantitative Multidomain Assessments During Recovery Following Sport-Related Concussion , Moira Kate Pyrhoda

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: Structural and Hemodynamic Analysis , Saba Ravaghi

Effects on Initial Fixation of Cementless Tibial Trays in Total Knee Arthroplasty , Brooke Fritts Thompson

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Knee Balance Assessment During Cementation Is Detrimental to Initial TKA Tibial Tray Fixation , Yashar Ali Behnam

Applied Deep Learning in Orthopaedics , William Stewart Burton II

The Relative Contribution of Fixation Features, Activity, and Tibiofemoral Conformity on Initial Stability of Cementless Tibial Trays , James Sullivan Deacy

Laxity of the Hip Capsule in Natural and Posteriorly Implanted Specimens , Luke Storer

Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals , Sarah Rose Walden

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Computational Modeling of Transcatheter Aortic Valves , Mostafa Abbasi

Predictive Modeling of Hip Dislocation: Assessment of Surgical and Patient Factors to Reduce the Occurrence of Hip Instability and Adverse Clinical Outcomes , Daniel N. Huff

Translating Data from the Laboratory into Simulation: A Computational Framework for Subject-Specific Finite Element Musculoskeletal Simulation , Donald R. Hume

The Effect of Modular Dual Mobility Design on the Dislocation Resistance of a Primary Total Hip , Ryan C. Keefer

Evaluation of Stress and Fatigue in Femoral Hip Implants , Rodney E. Satterthwaite

Cementless Tibial Base Micromotion During Activities of Daily Living , Hayden Wilson

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Specimen-Specific Natural, Pathological, and Implanted Knee Mechanics Using Finite Element Modeling , Azhar Akber Ali

Segmental Movement Compensations in Patients with Transtibial Amputation Identified Using Angular Momentum Separation , Brecca M. M. Gaffney

Six Degrees of Freedom: Kinematics of the Healthy Ankle Syndesmosis Joint , Veronica A. Hogg-Cornejo

Statistical Shape Modeling to Quantify Variation in the Proximal Humeral Anatomy , Paul B. Sade Sr.

Statistical Shape and Intensity Modeling of the Shoulder , Irene Sintini

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Finite Element and Probabilistic Analysis of Soft Tissue Structures of the Human Lumbar Spine , Dana Joseph Coombs

Anatomy, Implant Selection and Placement Influence Spine Mechanics Associated with Total Disc Replacement , Justin F.M. Hollenbeck

Finite Element Representation of Bone-Screw Mechanics , Haixiang Sean Hu

Regional Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Ovine Heart Chambers , Shahnaz Javani

Multiscale Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Lower Limb to Perform Personalized Simulations of Movement , Alessandro Navacchia

Methods and Implementation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling into an Industry-Accepted Design Tool , Donn R. Sederstrom

Statistical Modeling to Investigate Anatomy and Function of the Knee , Lowell Matthew Smoger

Low-Velocity Impact to High-Temperature Low-Sag Overhead Conductors , Daniel Halka Waters

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

The Neuromuscular Response to Spinal Manipulation: Quantifying the Effect of Pain with Electromyography , Stuart James Currie

Assessment of Normal Knee Kinematics Using High-Speed Stereo-Radiography System , Vasiliki Kefala

Probabilistic Musculoskeletal Simulation Methods to Address Intersegmental Dependencies of the Knee, Hip, and Spine , Casey A. Myers

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Design of the High-Speed Stereo Radiography System , John C. Ivester IV

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Computational Biomechanical Modeling of the Human Knee During Kneeling , Tariq R. Abo-Alhol

Development of a Computational Approach to Assess Hip Fracture and Repair: Considerations of Intersubject and Surgical Alignment Variability , Azhar Ali

Evaluation of Novel High-Density EMG Feedback Parameters on the Spatial Distribution of Trapezius Muscle Activity , Brecca M. Gaffney

Representing Intersubject Variability with a Statistical Shape and Alignment Model of the Knee , Chandreshwar Rao

Cavitation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Shipping , Donn Sederstrom

Generalizable Methods for Modeling Lumbar Spine Kinematics , Craig Joseph Simons

Biomechanical Comparison of Lower Limb Unloading Between Common Modalities of Ankle Foot Orthoses , Andrea Blake Wanamaker

Computational Representation of the Patellofemoral Joint , Abraham Wright

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

The Effect of Atmospheric Aging on a Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composites' Material Properties , Brian Michael Burks

Explicit Finite Element Modeling of the Human Lumbar Spine , Milind Rao

Computationally Efficient Finite Element Models of the Lumbar Spine for the Evaluation of Spine Mechanics and Device Performance , Sean D. Smith

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Fatigue Testing and Computational Analysis of a Spinal Implant , Timothy Helton

Pulmonary Particle Deposition in Relation to Age, Body Weight, and Species , Lisa M. Weber

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Explicit Finite Element Modeling of Knee Mechanics During Simulated Dynamic Activities , Mark A. Baldwin

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• Published: 14 June 2021

The future of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology: Cassandra or Prometheus?

• Henning Madry 1 ,
• Susanne Grässel 2 ,
• Ulrich Nöth 3 ,
• Borna Relja 4 ,
• Anke Bernstein 5 ,
• Denitsa Docheva 6 ,
• Max Daniel Kauther 7 ,
• Jan Christoph Katthagen 8 ,
• Rainer Bader 9 ,
• Martijn van Griensven 10 ,
• Dieter C. Wirtz 11 ,
• Michael J. Raschke 8 &
• Markus Huber-Lang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2359-6516 12  

European Journal of Medical Research volume  26 , Article number:  56 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Orthopaedic and trauma research is a gateway to better health and mobility, reflecting the ever-increasing and complex burden of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries in Germany, Europe and worldwide. Basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology addresses the complete organism down to the molecule among an entire life of musculoskeletal mobility. Reflecting the complex and intertwined underlying mechanisms, cooperative research in this field has discovered important mechanisms on the molecular, cellular and organ levels, which subsequently led to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that reduced individual suffering as well as the burden on the society. However, research efforts are considerably threatened by economical pressures on clinicians and scientists, growing obstacles for urgently needed translational animal research, and insufficient funding. Although sophisticated science is feasible and realized in ever more individual research groups, a main goal of the multidisciplinary members of the Basic Science Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery is to generate overarching structures and networks to answer to the growing clinical needs. The future of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology can only be managed by an even more intensified exchange between basic scientists and clinicians while fuelling enthusiasm of talented junior scientists and clinicians. Prioritized future projects will master a broad range of opportunities from artificial intelligence, gene- and nano-technologies to large-scale, multi-centre clinical studies. Like Prometheus in the ancient Greek myth, transferring the elucidating knowledge from basic science to the real (clinical) world will reduce the individual suffering from orthopaedic diseases and trauma as well as their socio-economic impact.

Introduction

Orthopaedic and trauma research is a gateway to better health and mobility, reflecting the ever-increasing and complex burden of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries. The field of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology grows not only in Germany, but also across Europe and worldwide. Questions asked from orthopaedic and trauma surgeons to scientists who are involved in the many facets of musculoskeletal research and vice versa represent the exciting basis of fruitful interactions within this specific field.

Orthopaedic and trauma research is the key competence of the Basic Science Section (“ Sektion Grundlagenforschung ”, SGF) of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (“ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie ”, DGOU). The SGF represents a multidisciplinary community of orthopaedic and trauma surgeons, biologists, biochemists, engineers, and veterinarians. Its members are devoted to orthopaedic and trauma research and aid in defining nationwide research policies in orthopaedics and trauma surgery through close cooperation of the corresponding committees and groups with the DGOU. Within the SGF, three networks exist, each of which has a specific focus: the network of musculoskeletal regeneration (MR-Net), the network of musculoskeletal biomechanics (MSB-Net), and the network for trauma research (NTF). The SGF plays also a key role in bringing together researchers, surgeons and other clinicians at the German Congress for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (“ Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie ”, DKOU). This annual meeting is considered the most important congress in the field of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Germany and far beyond as it represents the largest of its sector in Europe with more than 10,000 attendees. At the annual congress, the SGF is responsible for organizing the basic research lectures and scientific poster sessions. Furthermore, the SGF is involved in the selection process of the recipient of the prestigious Basic Research Prize and honours outstanding scientific work with the annual Wilhelm Roux Award and several poster prizes, all of which are awarded during the common meeting.

Besides these national and global research efforts, more and more basic science questions arise which need to be addressed. However, far beyond the orthopaedic and trauma context, the lack of basic knowledge had been challenged already in ancient Greece by Prometheus who, endued with the highest degree of intelligence, brought the “fire” and “light” into the darkness of the human mind. An etymological analysis of the word “pro metheus” suggests that it derives from the Greek word Προμηθεύς, meaning “forethought” and “plan ahead”. Thus, Prometheus could function as a role model for the basic scientist in the field of orthopaedics and traumatology: by a wise study planning with a focussed standardized setting, the scientist is capable to enlighten enigmatic mechanisms, all of which may finally result in an adequate and satisfactory treatment of the patient (Fig.  1 ). In accordance, mechanism-driven trials, in which basic science-revealed specific mechanisms are targeted, are proposed to be more likely to show improvement in a heterogeneous trauma cohort [ 1 ]. On the other hand, basic science is also endangered to play the imposed role of Cassandra, the tragic Greek priestess who could accurately foresee the future but sadly was never believed. In free association, many basic research efforts and exciting findings will never make it to the bedside because they are neither perceived nor apprehended by the clinical-, funding- (Fig.  2 ), and political stakeholders and thus remain neglected. In this regard, during all stages of the career of both the scientist and clinician, a common language and understanding of the basic scientist and the clinician is often missing or underdeveloped. In case of the academic surgeon in the dual role as clinician and basic scientist, a framework has been proposed to accomplish the patient-centred trilogy of clinic, research, and teaching with a high degree of reliability and room for scientific and personal development [ 2 ]. In the case of the surgical/medical scientist such a dual role is rare but conceivable [ 3 ] and its further development is forward-looking (“pro-metheus”) and probably game changing. However, care has to be taken that such a medical scientist is not seen as a Cassandra. The balance between applied science and ethical medical treatment is delicate and needs to be guarded.

The Prometheus paradigm. The societies for orthopaedics and traumatology need to identify and define problems of the patient suffering from orthopaedic or (post)traumatic problems, which are so far diagnostically and therapeutically not satisfactorily resolved. Then, based on the “Prometheus” principle, a highly intelligent and innovative idea, evolved in the interdisciplinary discourse, may lead to a perfectly designed basic science study to reveal the underlying mechanisms. This can be realized, e.g. by a translational study with appropriate in vitro or in vivo (animal) modelling. The gained knowledge can then be translated back to the clinic and subsequently be evaluated for the final benefit of the patient

The Cassandra challenge. Disproportion of the high incidence as well as impact of orthopaedic diseases and trauma as opposed to the funding resources in the corresponding fields. In accordance to the “Cassandra” principle, the basic research societies in orthopaedics and traumatology might point to this imbalance without being heard by the surrounding environment and society—although they crusade for an improved quality of life and for improving the clinical outcome of the affected patients

Orthopaedic and trauma research have overlapping interests, but some differences exist as well. Nevertheless, both fields are closely intertwined and therefore considered here. This paper addresses, from the different viewpoints of both orthopaedics and traumatology, the need of basic science, provides examples of cutting-edge research topics, elaborates on evolving methodologies to reach the state-of-the art, supports the need for high-quality animal research, and aims to define hot scientific topics and urgent needs that will have to be answered in the near and far future.

Past research efforts in orthopaedics and traumatology: Cassandra or Prometheus?

The field of orthopaedics and traumatology addresses all musculoskeletal aspects of body support and motion. For example, a major task is the care for high-impact degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) that challenge health-care systems globally. OA represents a high-burden non-communicable disease (NCD), its numbers significantly increase in terms of total burden and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), which considerably rose between 1990 and 2015 [ 4 ]. The hallmark of OA is the breakdown of the articular cartilage, although OA also affects all other tissues related to a joint. For many patients, pain and the slow and often immeasurable reduction in joint function are the main indicators of the disease and therefore also of the key to any potential conservative or surgical therapy. Orthopaedic research and treatment of OA has experienced significant advances over the past decades. Already in the 1960s it became clear that while pain may be relieved by intraarticularly injecting steroids, this treatment does not address cartilage loss and can even be harmful to the articular cartilage [ 5 ]. The discovery of growth factors, dating even back to the middle of the past century [ 6 ], was a crucial step as it led to the identification of factors that stimulate the articular chondrocytes to proliferate and to deposit extracellular matrix. This development can be regarded as a shining beacon enlightening orthopaedic and trauma research in the spirit of Prometheus, the mythological figure reflecting the quest for scientific truth and knowledge. The very first animal study on the effect of growth factors for cartilage repair conducted at the Charité hospital in Berlin was published in 1980 [ 7 ]. Nearly four decades later, the principle of applying growth factors for cartilage repair was finally tested in randomized-controlled clinical trials to potentially modify structural and clinical features of OA. The data revealed reductions in the loss of cartilage thickness over time when compared with placebo, however, without significant reduction in OA pain or other clinical parameters [ 8 ]. These extremely intriguing outcomes raise a number of burning questions to be addressed in the future; most importantly on the clinical relevance of such long searched-for structural changes and how to conduct future clinical trials of disease-modifying drugs that demonstrate effects not only on structure, but also on the clinical endpoints that matter to the patients [ 9 ]. This dilemma was already reflected by the classical remark of Henry Mankin, the renowned orthopaedic clinician scientist, who stated that the “cartilage does not yield its secrets easily, inducing cartilage to heal is not simple, … and progression to OA is sometimes so slow that we delude ourselves into thinking we are doing better than we are” [ 10 ]. Novel approaches for OA are being pursued to overcome this challenge, among which detailed investigation of topographical changes [ 11 ], OA pain [ 7 , 8 ] and possibly contributing environmental factors [ 12 ], while also advancing gene-based [ 13 ] and other targeted approaches [ 14 ] as future therapies.

The field of trauma addresses any individuum since physical trauma can hit anybody and affect any region of the body at any time. Thus, trauma represents a major global burden of the past, presence and future [ 15 ]. Based on the highly interconnected organ systems (e.g. lung–liver, bone–kidneys, neuro-immune system) tissue injury to even a single bone or organ may affect via complex pathophysiological mechanisms various other tissues and thus in principle the whole body [ 16 , 17 ]. Therefore, the field of trauma research comprises the whole human organism—from the first change on the sub-molecular level to the clinical bedside reality and far beyond into the society. As consequence, this cosmic broadness can barely be covered by the trauma research efforts of one nation, nor European- or even world-wide. Thus, trauma-related science has been attributed to be arbitrary, unfocused, fragmented and reduced quality research [ 18 ]. In clinical translation, numerous poorly designed studies have been performed, which addressed emergency, surgical and critical care management in various trauma settings with the main result: an urgent need for state-of-the art meaningful clinical studies remains and is further called for, especially to fill the gaps of corresponding guidelines [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. However, clinical studies in trauma are rather complex and difficult to perform not at least due to the vast heterogeneity of trauma conditions, -patterns and -care [ 18 ]. Thereby, large numbers of patients need to be included to achieve statistically sound results. The involved pathomechanisms, which drive the healing and rehabilitation processes after trauma and in orthopaedics but also any complication directly associated with the quality of life, allegorize a “black box”, which is difficult to enlighten in a reasonable scientific, ethical and economic manner. Basic research in principle is capable to enlighten this “black box” of unknown mechanisms and provide the scientific rationale for an improved design of translational, clinically meaningful studies. These studies will return important insights in complex interactions and adjust the scientific models, which can subsequently be optimized.

However, it is also important not only to set the focus on external factors and trends affecting the evolution of trauma research but also to address—more alike blind Casandra’s approach—internal factors. Therefore, we should also question what could the field have done differently in the past and can we learn from other research disciplines? In this regard, uncertain career development paths for basic and clinical scientist in our field, ongoing separation of bench and bedside research, reduced industry–academic interactions, discouragement of innovative thinking, insufficient transdisciplinary networking, short-term research endeavours, as well as reserved public dissemination of meaningful results represent internal obstacles decelerating past and probably also present research efforts.

Current hot topics in orthopaedics and traumatology

Since the areas of basic research within the field of orthopaedics and traumatology are numerous and steadily growing, only exemplary current hot topics can be delineated here.

In bone fracture healing, after initial inflammation, new cartilage and bone matrices are deposited that result in connecting the fracture ends. Currently, the recruitment of skeletal progenitor cells, vascular cells and subtypes of immune cells during the repair process as well as the direct, cell-to-cell and secretory cross-talk between exogenous and endogenous cells is extensively investigated [ 22 ]. Immunomodulation of musculoskeletal repair represents a very attractive area for novel therapeutic strategies: research efforts can lead to the identification of possible ways to spatio-temporal modulate specific immune cells to beneficially steer the repair process [ 23 , 24 ]. Studies on the tight interplay of vascular, inflammatory and metabolic cascades during fracture healing are increasing [ 25 ]. Research in this area is critical to clarify the intimately intertwined cascades of tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent also important immunomodulators, as they arise naturally at damaged sites but also when applied in a therapeutic approach. Regarding intercellular communication, current research addresses cellular exchange or even therapeutic application via extracellular vesicles [ 26 , 27 ]. A current review on extracellular vesicles in musculoskeletal pathologies and regeneration serves as a timely example of a scientific network that is actively supported by the DGOOC [ 28 ]. Extracellular vesicles can also contain micro-RNAs that have been shown to be involved in many musculoskeletal diseases [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].

Regeneration of cartilage after trauma remains a hot topic since articular cartilage has a very poor capacity to repair itself and if healing occurs through fibrocartilage, it is characterized by insufficient structural and biomechanical properties. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chondrocyte differentiation, phenotype preservation and the simultaneous response of chondrocytes to biochemical and biomechanical stress [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], may here provide insights into mechanisms that can guide chondrocytes and MSCs towards stable articular cartilage formation [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], which reflects the contemplations in the introduction about the impact of OA on the field of orthopaedics.

The awareness of the investigators on tendon, ligament, fascia and meniscal repair is also expanding towards understanding the intrinsic capacities of these tissues to heal [ 38 ] and the cell sources that participate in their repair [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Another fascinating exploratory field is on clarifying the impact of matrix composition, topography and biophysical properties onto the cells [ 45 , 46 ]. Several recent studies have reported interesting novel data on the contribution of different cell types [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ] as well as on the instructiveness of matrix properties on cell behaviour [ 46 , 52 , 54 , 55 ].

Since it affects countless patients worldwide, intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration is another basic science focus. Experimental studies explored the performance of different cell types when injected in IVDs [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Although there are significant advances in the basic understanding of IVD regeneration, this area is still in its prime and far from clinical translation when, for example, compared with the articular cartilage research. Since the IVD is a multilayered anatomical structure, namely nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and the cartilage endplate, successful regeneration will require a simultaneous revival of all three tissues or functionally integrated in one implant [ 59 ]. Therefore, further basic research is needed on characterizing the molecular and cellular composition in homeostasis and degeneration of this unique structure [ 58 , 60 ].

The orthopaedic and trauma fields have also recognized that repair proceeds at a different pace in young and healthy versus aged and degenerated/co-morbidity plagued musculoskeletal tissues and organs. Robust work has demonstrated that cellular niches and their endogenous progenitor cells have a profound impact during the age-related degenerative process [ 49 , 61 ]. Hence, therapeutic principles have to be attuned to satisfactorily restore the structure–function of aged and injured tissues in the elderly. However, the search for the “fountain of youth” seems Prometheus-like, whereas Casandra may propose never to find such a source.

The mechano-biological pairing and the biophysics of cell–matrix interactions are essential in understanding the progression of musculoskeletal diseases and can also empower tissue regeneration. However, if these stimuli become abnormal they can prevent restoration and rather aggravate the disease. Current topics of interest within experimental orthopaedic biomechanics include mechanical testing of normal and diseased musculoskeletal tissues [ 62 , 63 ], medical implant design and testing [ 64 ], tissue engineering [ 65 , 66 , 67 ] and translation of biomechanical into biochemical signals [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. This research area will further optimize the biomechanical parameters of tissue-engineered implants and better understand cell- and drug-based therapeutic effects on mechanical behaviour at the tissue-level. In regard to tissue engineering, current biomaterial-related hot topics are “smarter” materials that are both degradable and able to control, steer or modulate biological responses and processes [ 72 , 73 ]. The role of extracellular matrix in instructing biochemical cascades in cells has become rather evident [ 74 , 75 ]. Also, materials that can closely mimic natural tissue properties and can navigate stem cell fates or exert immunomodulatory features are considered cutting edge [ 71 ]. The progress in developing such next generation biomaterials, that embrace the three-dimensional complexity of regenerating tissues as well as the interplay and optimal integration into the host tissue, can revolutionize biomaterial strategies in the near future.

With the rapid evolution of high-throughput, digital and information technologies, implementing system-oriented approaches to study musculoskeletal tissues, their diseases and repair processes become more and more realistic. In bone, the different cell subpopulations are well characterized. However, in cartilage, tendon, ligament, meniscus, and IVD, very interesting findings indicate an unexpected heterogeneity of cell subpopulations in these tissues (based on single cell RNA sequence data) [ 43 , 48 ]. This may shift our understanding of the pathogenesis based on transition and prevalence of specific cell types during disease processes. Such research may result in defining cell subclasses that could be targeted to ameliorate disease progression versus cell types that can augment regeneration.

Another focus is set on platelets, especially after severe trauma. Platelets are fundamental to primary hemostasis, but become profoundly dysfunctional after polytrauma by unknown mechanisms, contributing to acute coagulopathy, severe bleeding and mortality. Circulating platelets are transformed into procoagulant balloons within minutes after trauma, and can release large numbers of activated microparticles/extracellular vesicles which coat leukocytes [ 76 ]. Furthermore, this study reports that the injury-induced danger molecule release (histone H4) functions as a driver of the procoagulant ballooning and subsequent innate immune response.

Concerning microvesicles (MVs), a recent study suggests that burn injury generates MVs, which allow skin keratinocytes to disperse bioactive substances. Applying diverse pharmacologic and genetic tools indicates that the optimal release of MVs is dependent upon the platelet-activating factor receptor [ 77 ]. Furthermore, MVs seem essential for transportation of metabolically labile bioactive lipids as cargo from cells in response to environmental stress. An important role of MVs concerning the complement C5a–C5aR1 axis was suggested in severely traumatized patients as well. C5a-induced MVs shedding from neutrophils decreased C5aR1 surface expression, while on the other hand profound inflammatory signals were induced, which may represent a key driver of the neutrophil dysfunction post trauma [ 78 ].

Trauma-induced emergency hematopoiesis characterizes the dramatic increase in the hematopoietic demand on the bone marrow to replace effector leukocytes upon their consumption during the inflammatory response to infection or injury. In experimental polytrauma, emergency hematopoiesis is mechanistically driven by the IL-1/MyD88/G-CSF-dependent pathway, resulting in the expansion of hematopoietic as well as myeloid-skewed and multipotent progenitor cells [ 79 ]. Furthermore, the role of specific inflammatory leukocyte subsets is currently ever broadened. In a trauma-induced sepsis model, endogenous intrinsic anti-inflammatory signals seem crucial to modulate the early monocyte/macrophages-driven inflammation by modifying their subset distributions [ 80 ]. In the clinical setting, the immunosuppressive properties of a neutrophil subtype (CD16 high CD62L low ) are gaining attention as causative and surrogate markers for increased susceptibility to infections post trauma [ 81 ].

Chronic inflammation in the elderly (“inflamm-aging”) has been proposed as major contributor to the decline in the regenerative capacity of the skeleton [ 82 ], mainly caused by skeletal stem/progenitor cell (SSPC) dysfunction [ 83 ]. A systemic and local proinflammatory environment was the major contributor of the decline in SSPC number and function resulting in cellular senescence [ 83 ]. Concerning muscle injury and regeneration, a metabolic cross-talk between macrophages and satellite cells has been defined, in which macrophage-derived glutamine preserves the function of satellite cells and thus provide a promising target [ 84 ].

Concerning remote organ injury after severe trauma, development of trauma-induced acute kidney injury (TRAKI) represents a role model for the impact of the immuno-pathophysiological trauma response [ 17 ]. In an ischaemia–reperfusion model of TRAKI single nucleus RNA sequencing of the kidneys allowed the characterization of various cell states during repair from acute injury: in the proximal tubule, a specific proinflammatory and profibrotic cell state was found that fails to repair [ 85 ]. “Full regeneration after amputation” could reflect a myth from Prometheus. However, in the ever exciting adult axolotl limb regeneration model, a novel regeneration-specific mitochondria-related cell cluster was discovered, and musculoskeletal cell populations supporting regeneration by providing energy were defined by modern tools (e.g. large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing and reconstructions of the dynamic single-cell transcriptome) [ 86 ].

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the strongest environmental risk factor for the accelerated development of neurodegenerative processes. Computational modelling provided insights into the cognitive decline and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles of the protein tau in the brains upon repetitive TBI [ 87 ]. The impacting high-strain rate deformation alone could induce tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and synaptic deficits in cultured hippocampal neurons which was inhibitable on the signalling level [ 87 ]. Thus, a mechanistic pathway directly relating mechanical deformation of neurons to tau-mediated synaptic impairments and a potential exploitable therapeutic approach to improve repetitive TBI consequences has now been provided [ 87 ]. A recently described molecular memory system (C–C-chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) signalling) was tested for its role in recovery after TBI [ 88 ]. Genetic and small molecule-based perturbation of CCR5 promotes functional recovery from TBI with preservation of dendritic spines and new patterns of cortical projections to contralateral pre-motor cortex [ 88 ]. Recently, the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 13 (IL-13) was reported to accelerate functional recovery in murine TBI [ 89 ]. Furthermore, IL-13 reduced neuronal tissue loss, preserved white matter integrity, ameliorated the elevation of proinflammatory factors and reduced the number of proinflammatory microglia/macrophages after TBI [ 89 ]. Thus, IL-13 may present a potential immunotherapy to promote long-term recovery from TBI.

An interesting TBI model for basic science was developed and extensively characterized in Drosophila. Precise compression of the head using a piezoelectric actuator inflicts mild, moderate, or severe brain trauma in this Drosophila TBI model and provides a powerful tool to study the genetic system due to many conserved genes and pathways [ 90 ]. This tunable TBI model recapitulates mammalian injury phenotypes with severity-dependent ataxia, life span reduction, brain degeneration, cognitive decline and transient glial dysfunction. This model showed also stimulation of antioxidant, proteasome, and chaperone activity and thus underscores the ability of the stress response to mitigate TBI-induced brain degeneration [ 90 ].

Evolving the methodology to reach the state-of-the art in orthopaedics and traumatology

The clinical care of orthopaedic and trauma patients in Germany can be classified as being at a state-of-the art level to which basic and applied medical and surgical research has significantly contributed. As mentioned above, a major disease burden in the orthopaedic field comes from OA, an age-related and/or trauma-induced multi-factorial, slowly progressing and primarily non-inflammatory degenerative disorder of the synovial joints culminating in the irreversible destruction of the articular cartilage [ 91 ]. The underlying molecular mechanisms have been addressed by basic research since many years. Breakdown of the collagen fibrillar network is a hallmark of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in OA [ 92 , 93 ]. In this context, characterization of collagen triple helical domain structure, fragments thereof and folding mechanisms and kinetics was a basic research focus four to five decades ago. Commonly applied methods to do so were trypsin and pepsin digestion, SDS-PAGE, spectrophotometric measurements of triple helix formation, optical rotation and circular dichroism of collagen chains [ 94 , 95 ]. Chromatography based on DEAE cellulose and amino acid composition analysis after HCl driven hydrolysis were common methods to characterize the molecular composition of collagen chains [ 96 , 97 ]. This research focus on the molecular structure of collagens was followed by genetic based approaches, e.g. in the 1990s by the use of genetically modified mouse strains. Major methodologies to characterize the function and role of collagens and associated non-collagenous proteins in cartilage matrix integrity and turnover were skeletal staining, (immuno-)histochemical assays, in situ hybridization, TUNEL, SDS-PAGE and western blotting and ultrastructural analysis [ 98 , 99 , 100 ]. These methods were completed by northern blotting and RT-PCR-based gene expression analysis, biochemical methods such as application of recombinantly produced ECM proteins, solid phase binding assays, immunoprecipitation, immunoelectron- and immunofluorescence microscopy and 3D chondrocyte cell culture models. In addition, genetically modified mouse models for refined analysis of cartilage ECM proteins were designed [ 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 ].

Since the last two decades, high-end imaging methodology as atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro computed tomography (µCT) and nanoCT became more and more important for biomechanical and microstructural analysis of cartilage and (subchondral) bone. Indentation-type (IT) AFM is particularly useful to determine elastic properties of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix and cartilage ECM and the most sensitive method for detecting minute changes in cartilage biomechanics [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ]. µCT application for topographical analysis of pathological structural changes of the osteochondral unit in translational animal models is state of the art [ 11 ]. To observe microstructural changes, i.e. in micro-channels in the subchondral bone zone and in the calcified cartilage zone, nanoCT analysis as high-end imaging modality is the preferred choice [ 107 , 109 ]. In this line, the spatial organization of chondrocytes and its potential role in cartilage functioning and physiology became of special interest as reorganization and destruction of the basic spatial pattern during OA is important for responding to mechanical forces [ 110 ].

Increasing attention received the field of cartilage regeneration by employing chondrocytes, MCSs or recently chondrocyte progenitor cells (CPC), the latter residing in the articular cartilage. Regarding this focus, characterization of chondrogenic phenotype and chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs and CPCs was of crucial importance. Sophisticated 3D cell culture techniques as cell pellet cultures, culture in alginate beads or fibrin/agarose gels were developed and refined together with the optimization of cell culture medium in order to maintain the chondrogenic phenotype and prevent dedifferentiation. One research group focused especially on chondrogenic differentiation of MSC and refinement of appropriate 3D culture systems [ 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ]. Early key contributions on 3D culture of chondrocytes in order to prevent dedifferentiation and to keep the chondrogenic phenotype focused on the culture of chondrocytes in agarose [ 115 , 116 ] and alginate beads [ 117 , 118 ]. Identification of CPC (or MPC) in OA cartilage and their isolation, and establishing culture regimens was already described as early as 2004 [ 119 ] followed some years later by more extended work on the regenerative potential of CPCs [ 120 , 121 ].

The genetic manipulation of MSCs became an attractive approach to produce therapeutic platforms for translational settings that aim at restoring articular cartilage defects. For that, gene transfer methods received increasing attention in order to improve the chondrogenic phenotype or proper differentiation of chondrocytes and progenitor cells. It was first reported in 2003 that AAV-based vectors can efficiently transduce and stably express foreign genes in articular chondrocytes, including chondrocytes of normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage, and MSC [ 122 ]. Numerous publications followed with ever-increasing refinement of gene delivery to the target cells/tissue [ 123 , 124 , 125 ]. Recent work focussed on delivery of therapeutic genes using specific biomaterial composites as scaffold-assisted gene therapy is considered as a highly promising tool to treat articular cartilage lesions upon direct delivery of chondrogenic candidate gene sequences [ 126 , 127 ].

Concerning nationwide (trauma-)surgery-related research, a detailed survey was conducted in 1992 [ 128 ]. It revealed that the basic topics in the past mainly addressed transplantation immunology, implant biocompatibility, regulation of cell growth, control of of bone and cartilage growth, and sources of pain. Since then, a lot has changed and the importance of molecular biology for traumatology has steadily increased [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ]. So far, main methods in surgical research addressed in principle three classical fields: in vitro, in vivo, and in real life, reflected by modern molecular biology-based methods [ 133 , 134 ], animal experiments [ 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 ], and clinical studies, respectively [ 139 ]. The methodical spectrum in the field of molecular biology is immense, and novel, highly sophisticated methods are constantly added. Based on their widespread acceptance these serve today as a basic tool-box, including vectors for DNA cloning, restriction endonucleases and DNA hybridization, southern blotting, PCR, DNA sequencing and of course the analysis of highly polymorphic markers. For RNA analysis, Northern blotting, PCR, RT-PCR, qPCR, RT-qPCR, and, since a few years ago the digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) [ 140 ] are applied. Further methods are the transfection of eukaryotic cells, protein analysis, DNA cloning, gene mapping and identification, to name but a few. More complex cell cultures such as organ culture models and organoid models are utilized. New imaging methods like µCT, FIB-ESEM, TEM, CLEM, and live cell imaging also contributed to a better spatial resolution and understanding of posttraumatic degeneration and regeneration processes. With the help of molecular markers and the use of antibodies, e.g. also in GMP quality, it is now possible to mark cells and to trace their path within the body.

Moreover, with the help of numerical simulation tools, the behaviour of implants under different loading scenarios and microenvironments can also be predicted. The simulation includes the Finite Element Method (FEM) as well as multi-body simulations (MBS). While FEM is mainly used for field problems such as stress and strain calculations, implant micromovements as well as biological (re)modelling processes, MBS is used for dynamic problems such as gait analyses, investigation of muscle and joint forces or joint kinematics. Frequently in collaborative efforts with industrial partners, new implants have been developed and their design adapted to the respective clinical requirements [ 141 ]. Furthermore, surgical techniques have improved considerably in recent years [ 142 ]. Perioperative and rehabilitation quality management and evidence-based medicine have also found their way into surgical research [ 143 , 144 , 145 ].

New focal points in basic research have been established, e.g. in polytrauma research [ 146 , 147 ], biomechanics on macroscopic [ 148 , 149 ] and microscopic levels [ 150 , 151 ], osteoimmunology [ 16 , 152 ], and soft tissue- and wound healing [ 153 ]. Moreover, disturbance factors such as age [ 154 , 155 , 156 ] as well as co-morbidities [ 129 , 157 ] such as diabetes, osteoporosis and obesity have been added to reflect a more realistic picture. Furthermore, promoting minimal invasiveness, recently, probe-based confocal laser-endomicroscopy combined with artificial intelligence (AI)-supported quantitative spatial data has been introduced in a proof-of-principle study as non-destructive optical biopsy to clinically detect early disease detection [ 158 ].

Together, these exemplary points indicate a paradigm shift in orthopaedic and trauma surgery research from pure clinical towards more basic research efforts to generate an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms in trauma, inflammation, regeneration, degeneration, and repair processes. Based on a better micro- and molecular understanding, new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches will be developed and to be proven clinically.

Why animal research in orthopaedics and traumatology?

In one traditional myth, Prometheus established the form of animal sacrifice practised in the ancient Greek religion. Such a sacrifice had been performed not only as service for a worshipped divinity, but also to accomplish some forseeing, i.e. to identify hidden truth and to predict the future from the appearance of inner organs. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that Prometheus was in some favour for animal research. In contrast, Cassandra could represent a person beset by doubt about the importance of animal research, but unheard by the surrounding people and society.

In translation to current orthopaedic and trauma research, both positions are advocated: pro- and anti-animal research although strict opponents to meaningful animal research remain a minority. However, it is undisputed that, like the German Research Foundation (DFG), orthopaedic and trauma research in Germany is committed to animal welfare and scientific validity and thus pursues the 3R principles [ 159 ]: replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments.

The necessity of animal modelling in trauma research is mainly deduced and justified by the complexity of the in vivo response to trauma and investigations on novel therapeutic interventions. In this regard, even the usage of organ-on-the chip technology and comptautional study designs cannot fully model the posttraumatic in vivo situation. Furthermore, the research of trauma-specific management, such as specific operation techniques or early resuscitation strategies and subsequent critical care are so far problematic (or even impossible) to model with the help of in vitro or in silico systems. Nevertheless, in the past, the validity of trauma modelling of clinical reality was questioned, e.g. in regard to genetic responses [ 160 ]. However, the murine models investigated indeed lacked a high simulation quality of the clinical setting. Therefore, multiple efforts have been undertaken to closer simulate the real world in trauma, burn and sepsis research [ 161 ] including international expert consensus initiatives to improve animal modelling [ 162 ] addressing among others the principle of “refinement”. Moreover, the use of a mouse- or pig intensive care unit seems to provide a higher degree of clinical simulation, validity and reliability [ 138 , 163 ]. Furthermore, the better definition of the inflicted injury on well-defined anatomical regions helps to standardize the injury pattern and thus provides a better if not superior comparison with specific human situations [ 164 ]. Another development towards translational validity is the increasing consideration of various co-morbidities and their adequate modelling such as diabetes, osteoporosis, smoking, alcohol, atherosclerosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the context of trauma [ 165 , 166 , 167 ].

In the musculoskeletal system, delicate interactions between molecular, cellular, tissue and biomechanical levels exist that can only be incompletely modelled using for example computer-based systems (in silico) or in in vitro models. The need of animal research in orthopaedics may be exemplary highlighted by the cautionary tale of meniscal lesions and their close relationship to the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The medial and lateral menisci -crescent shaped wedges of fibrocartilage located between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau- perform important tasks to transmit loads and stabilize the knee joint [ 168 ]. Some hundred years ago, the menisci were regarded as functionless remnants of intraarticular leg muscles [ 169 ] and, consequently, they have been treated until the second decade of the last century with total meniscectomy. However, orthopaedic surgeons soon realized that such meniscectomized knees rapidly developed OA [ 170 ]. As this phenomenon can precisely be reproduced in both small and large animal models [ 171 ], it could have been foreseen if such studies would have been conducted before excising menisci in patients. Subsequently, techniques of meniscal refixation, repair, transplantation and replacement were evaluated and more and more refined over time with the ultimate goal of OA prevention [ 172 , 173 ]. This narrative is in principle also related to the thalidomide disaster that caused numerous horrific birth defects in the human and that could have been prevented by more extensive preclinical testing in laboratory animals [ 174 ].

Today, the intricate relationship between meniscus, cartilage, bone, cruciate ligaments and others has developed into an entirely new field of research [ 175 ]. Although in vitro models immensely helped to elucidate molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in meniscal pathophysiology, the effect of a loss of meniscal tissue on the adjoining tissues and complex interactions within a biomechanically functional knee joint cannot be recapitulated. It is the testing of such clinically relevant interactions in (large) animal models that can help to elucidate these, often, intricate relationships. As a large animal knee joint is similar to that of humans in terms of joint anatomy, biomechanical function, cartilage and subchondral bone morphology [ 168 ], arthroscopic inspections and even reconstructive surgical interventions such as meniscal repair can be performed. Moreover, the postoperative course may be followed over relatively long periods, thus providing clinically relevant data that can only insufficiently be obtained by, for example, using a three-dimensional bioreactor culture with external forces applied.

In regard to “reduction” of animal experiments, orthopaedic and trauma research in Germany, Europe and worldwide has undertaken multiple efforts. An important step has been the formation of national networks such as the network for trauma research (NTF) or international research groups such as the Translational Large Animal Research Network (TREAT). These collaborative groups design, apply and perform common small and large animal studies and finally share tissues on a multi-organ level for synchronically answering different hypotheses. This results in an enormous reduction in animal numbers as if each hypothesis would have been investigated separately at each institution. For example, one recent pig study run by the TREAT group provided material for more then 10 collaborating research groups [ 176 ]. Similar efforts are undertaken at the trauma department at Aachen University [ 177 , 178 ] or at the trauma collaborative research centre (CRC1149) at Ulm where multiple groups share organs from one mouse experiment. We consider these best practise examples of maximal reduction of animal numbers, performed at expert centres and shared by multiple clinical and basic researchers.

Concerning “replacement”, various ex vivo and in silico studies investigating interacting systems such as whole blood [ 179 ] or fracture healing [ 180 , 181 ] are ongoing innovative developments even for first simulations of therapeutic principles. Furthermore, the publishing culture has changed not only in the field of orthopaedics and trauma research e.g. by following the ARRIVE guidelines and exact reporting of the experimental conditions [ 182 ]. Leading journals in the field endorse the use of the ARRIVE guidelines [ 183 , 184 ]. The basic scientist in the field of orthopaedics and trauma is also encouraged to compare the results from the corresponding animal models with clinical reality to assess to which extend they match, e.g. immune and organ profiling in murine versus clinical polytrauma or to translate important scientific discoveries from the bench-to the operation theatre and back within the complex environment of the musculoskeletal system [ 185 , 186 ]. Of course, in this research, the 3Rs principle must always be taken into account [ 159 ].

Taken together, basic research in orthopaedics and traumatology remains a valuable, important column of clinically meaningful research and is certainly committed to animal welfare and scientific validity.

Future aims of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology

In the near future, basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology will also be impacted by the revolution of technological improvement in materials and methods, especially due to computer-assisted techniques and a rapidly growing digitalization. On-site 3D printing technologies will be transferred to traumatology for research, education, and generation of individual (personalized) implants [ 187 ]. Due to the great variability of materials for 3D printing, further indication of this technology will be the treatment of bone and soft tissue defects with individually printed scaffolds [ 188 ]. Improvements in molecular imaging will increase the understanding of musculoskeletal pathologies. In the next ten years, artificial intelligence (AI) will be most likely introduced into clinical use in radiology and diagnostic imaging for the detection and classification of fractures and multiply injured patients [ 189 ]. Therefore, large databases for the use of AI have to be assembled and scientifically evaluated as AI will be a key feature in patient care in orthopaedics and traumatology. Trauma and implant registries will profit from digitalization with direct transfer of data leading to a more reliable quality. While established trauma registries lead to an improvement in outcome and quality assurance in major trauma in the last decade (e.g. CT in emergency room [ 190 ], prehospital intubation [ 191 ], prehospital tranexamic acid [ 192 ], future registries will focus on the ageing society (e.g. AltersTraumaRegister DGU) as the orthopaedic trauma surgeon will see less (young) multiply injured cases but an increasing number of geriatric patients. This will also need to be taken into account in in vitro studies [ 192 ]. The understanding and the treatment of sepsis and trauma associated immune-modulation will focus on the ageing patient as well [ 193 ]. As osteoporosis and malignant osteolysis will lead to an increasing number of pathologic fractures, finite element models for fracture prevention have to be introduced and evaluated as the CT-scan will be an increasingly used diagnostic tool for the geriatric patient in the future [ 194 ]. Hot topics of musculoskeletal regeneration will be tissue engineering of soft tissue i.e. muscle, tendon, cartilage and bone and their respective transitions [ 45 , 195 ] with a focus on stem cells and extracellular vesicles [ 196 ] as well as further research on biodegradable implants and their clinical results. Biomechanical research will deal with the modulation of implant-derived debris, improvement of implant design and the application of gait analysis in the prevention of sports injuries.

In contrast to the revolution of new technologies and devices derived from basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology, the evolution in clinical life appears to be at a somewhat slower pace. Some authors claim that there is a stagnation in clinical translation of already known biomaterials, surface modifications and antimicrobial strategies for the control of biomaterial-implant-associated infections that has to be changed [ 197 ]. A challenge of clinical research in traumatology is the large variety of patients (e.g. fracture type, soft tissue damage, infection, age, bone quality, activity level, co-morbidities) with increasing treatment options offered by basic science (e.g. implant design, material, approach, molecular theragnostics) with a limited caseload, even in large centres. Therefore, international, industry-independent randomized-controlled trials have to prove the clinical relevance of new and existing devices and therapies on the market that derived from basic science.

What structures do we need in the future?

Experts, progeny, money, and time—it could be as easy as this. But what are the real challenges and goals of orthopaedic and trauma research in the future?” Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis ” which means that time is changing and changes us within: on the one hand the population is ageing, osteoporosis persists, fractures are becoming even more fragile; on the other hand, diagnostic means, treatment modalities and implant development are rapidly evolving. Digitalization as well as augmented and virtual reality will more and more become part of clinically relevant research and care. Nonetheless, the future of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology primarily depends on the fascination of future young scientists and clinicians to join our exciting field. We will need to find the right way to inspire medical and natural science students early on for basic science in musculoskeletal research. Modern and contemporary working conditions will help to keep this research field competitive. We should not make the mistake to rely on past achievements but seek for concepts allowing for more protected research time.

A current barrier is sparse funding opportunities for orthopaedic and trauma research. Local intramural research programmes realized at several universities in Germany provide some benevolent start-up funding for young investigators. However, to date national and international research funding only offer limited opportunities to recruit larger peer-reviewed third-party funds due to a high demand but reduced supply. This gap will increase even more in the near future with EU funds for reseach in times of pandemic challenges considerably cut [ 198 ]. While the recent race for a vaccine during COVID-19 pandemic showed that EU countries are stronger if united than separated, the fact that (at the time of submitting this work) the United States added USD 10 billion since May 2020 to health crisis funding while the EU agreed in summer 2020 on slightly over USD 3 billion puts a spotlight on the importance and socio-economic impact of financial support for science [ 199 ]. The significance of understanding the pathomechanism of degeneration and injury and the need for high-end biomechanical research including modern robotic and simulation solutions must result in manifold funding options. Especially European funding for degenerative musculoskeletal and trauma research is largely missing. Excellent ideas of highly motivated and brilliant young investigators should be supported to boost future careers with lower funding threshold and without the need to prove extended preliminary work. The goal should be an easier entrance to the basic science world. In principle, such a path is proposed for “primary” applications at the German Research Foundation (DFG) but rarely established at other funding organizations.

These, together with fading industrial support, represent the “typical” means of funding that are known and used for decades. In other societal areas, other types of funding exist and are successful. Scientists in orthopaedics and trauma surgery should therefore seek to optimize their funding through these modern and creative funding possibilities. One can think of crowdfunding [ 200 , 201 ] or setting up specific charity funds dedicated to orthopaedic and trauma research. Of course ethical and privacy issues needs to be taken into consideration [ 202 , 203 ]. To enhance the effects of such funding strategies, the scientists should also enhance their exposure and outreach with a special emphasis on societal impact.

Although there will always be outstanding individuals—together we are stronger. Therefore, funding tools should also focus on support of research networks working on overarching questions and out of the box solutions. There must be a stimulus for cooperative research groups ( 18 ) such as the aforementioned initiatives like NTF, TREAT, MR-Net, MSB-Net, etc., rather than sole competition of few groups working in an isolated manner. Such cooperative efforts should be built up not just nationally but also European-wide or even globally.

Thereby, it should be strived for to develop an infrastructure for optimization of well-designed experimental animal studies by communicating planned projects prior to the start and invite external parties to participate. This may result in enhanced handling with the 3Rs and add to the translational value of studies as it may not only inspire groups already involved in basic science but also groups normally focussing on clinical work as well. Finally, also options should be explored to integrate projects with other (related and less-related) fields of research such as immunology, chronic inflammation, (cardio)-vascular research and identify in which trends (such as organoids and AI), the field lies behind.

The representatives of the umbrella organizations such as the SGF, DGOU, DGU, and DGOOC should further strengthen their work hand in hand to bring experts, progeny, money, and time for basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology and thereby in a long term to the patient care.

Orthopaedic and trauma research in Germany, Europe- and world-wide gets a Cassandra-like, disproportional attention of funding in comparison to its relevance, to its importance for the individuum and socio-economic impact of related diseases and traumata (Fig.  2 ). Basic science in these fields addresses the whole conceivable spatio-temporal dimension of a human life with high-end structure–function tools. For the future, further development of networks and collaborative work, facilitated by overarching groups such as the SGF, help the multidisciplinary communities to define the urgent needs and research foci. Exciting new discoveries from the various fields of basic research will be translated from the laboratory to the clinical “real world”. Orthopaedic and trauma research should overcome any remaining boundaries between basic research and clinical reality, innovation and implementations in treatment, open research questions and available funding. The future of basic science in these fields can only be mastered by carefully listening to each other and intensified care for a common language between basic scientists and clinicians for a deeper understanding of the clinical mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Prioritized future projects will need to address a broad range of opportunities from AI, nano-technologies to large-scale, multi-centric clinical studies. Furthermore, Prometheus-like novel dissemination strategies to bring the light of basic science not only to the bedside but also into the awareness of society are mandatory. Only then, quality of life of the individual, suffering from orthopaedic diseases or trauma, and the global society will benefit from basic science efforts. Now is the time to act and to provide excellent and visionary programmes that will ensure the bright future of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable since review.

Change history

29 october 2021.

The open access funding note was missing from this article and should have read ‘’Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL’’

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We acknowledge Ebru Karasu for helping in finalizing the manuscript.

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Institute of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany

Henning Madry

Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Susanne Grässel

Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Berlin Spandau, Berlin, Germany

Ulrich Nöth

Experimental Radiology, University Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

Borna Relja

G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany

Anke Bernstein

Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany

Denitsa Docheva

Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

Max Daniel Kauther

Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

Jan Christoph Katthagen & Michael J. Raschke

Department of Orthopaedics, Research Lab for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany

Rainer Bader

Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN-Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Martijn van Griensven

Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hopsital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Dieter C. Wirtz

Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology (ITI), University Hospital Ulm, Helmholzstr. 8/1, Ulm, Germany

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Madry, H., Grässel, S., Nöth, U. et al. The future of basic science in orthopaedics and traumatology: Cassandra or Prometheus?. Eur J Med Res 26 , 56 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00521-x

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Travmatologiâ i Ortopediâ Rossii (Oct 2018)

TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS RESEARCH SPECIALITY IN 2017: DISSERTATIONS ANALYSIS

• I. V. Reshetov,
• R. M. Tikhilov,
• A. Yu. Kochish,
• I. I. Shubnyakov

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The authors present a short analysis of autoabstracts of all theses in traumatology and orthopedics speciality (14.01.15), 10 doctoral and 59 candidate theses, that were defended at 11 dedicated dissertation boards starting mid of October 2016 until mid of October 2017 and underwent expert reviews during 2017 in expert council of the Higher certifying commission on surgical science.The absolute majority of 26 papers in traumatology (16 candidate and 5 doctoral theses) were dedicated to treatment of patients with different fractures and another 5 candidate theses examined issues of arthroscopic procedures in case of a trauma. 25 dissertations in orthopedics mainly reviewed aspects of large joints replacement (6 candidate and 3 doctoral these) and treatment of periprosthetic infection (4 candidate theses). Spine pathologies (5 candidate theses) and oncology orthopedics (2 candidate theses) prevailed among dissertation topics on paediatric orthopedics. The only doctoral thesis on paediatric orthopaedics was dedicated to clubfoot.In accordance with recommended criteria of clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research journal 40 (67,8%) candidate theses and 2 (20%) doctoral theses corresponded to evidence level III, 17 (28,8%) candidate and 8 (80%) doctoral theses were classified as evidence level IV and only 2 candidate theses (3,4%) formally corresponded to evidence level II.

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Orthopedics Thesis Topics for MS/DNB.

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Below is the list of  Orthopedics thesis topics for MD/DNB. You can select any good Orthopedics thesis topics for MD/DNB from here. For more thesis topics you can avail the service of premium Orthopedics thesis topics. The premium Orthopedics thesis topics include list of 4000+ premium and updated Orthopedics thesis topics as well as recent Orthopedics topics which has been published in various national and international Orthopedics journals. 

Though Orthopedics thesis topics can be searched online and for this purpose various Orthopedics journals can be browsed but its a time consuming process. We have collected all important Orthopedics thesis topics by painstakingly browsing through past and present issues of Orthopedics journals. Not only the Orthopedics journals but also we have compiled the list of all top Orthopedics thesis topics by physically going through the libraries of various medical colleges.

Needless to say collecting thousands of Orthopedics thesis topics at one place was a time consuming job. You can browse all these Orthopedics thesis topics by subscribing to premium Orthopedics thesis topics. Please share this page with your friends who may be searching for good Orthopedics thesis topics.  

• Radiological prevalence of precursors of anatomic variations of femoro-acetabular impingement in indian polpulation.
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of two different local injection types for treatment of patients of chronic tennis elbow.
• Evaluation of intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection in primary osteoarthritis of knee.
• Functional & radiological outcome in distal radius fractures treated with locking compression plate.
• Role of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and injectable corticosteroids in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: A comparative study of 100 patients.
• To describe the clinical outcomes in management of comminuted fractures of radial head using radial head replacement prosthesis.
• To determine prevalence of true rotational malalignment after closed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures of femur in a tertiary health care centre.
• The study of management of lsolated or with medial malleolus distal fibula fractures by hook plate.
• Functional outcome of arthroscopic assisted mini open rotator cuff tear repair
• Comprehensive study of operative management of fractures of distal end radius.
• Role of intramedullary nailing in treatment of fracture clavicle.
• Radiological assessment and intra-operative correlation of length and diameter of hamstrings tendons to be used in ligament reconstruction of knee joint and other variables associated with respect to the length and diameter of the hamstrings tendons.
• Priimary total knee arthroplasty using total knee prosthesis for the management of primary degenerative osteoarthritis in adults.
• Prospective study of management of fracture proximal tibia by different modalities.
• Funcitonal outcome of lumber canal stenosis managed by laminectomy and decompression- A prospective study.
• Study of surgical tretment of diaphyseal fractures of femur in adults treated with intramedullary interlocking nailing.
• Prospective study of surgical management of bimalleolar fractures with various modalities.
• Functional outcome of unstable thorcolumbar spine frature managed by posterior decompression and fixation with pedicle screw.
• Functional outcome in osteoarthritis patients treated with primary total knee arthroplasty at tertlary health care centre.
• Functional outcome of primary cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the management of unstable intertrochanteric femur fratures among elderly patients.
• Functional outcome of closed intramedullary interlocking nailing among patients with type I and type II open fracture of femoral shaft.
• Functional outcome of arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament with quadrupled semitendinosis autograft.
• A study of fractures of proximal humerus in adults treated with open reduction and  internal fixation with proximal humerus locking plate.
• To study the clinical and functional outcome of revision total knee replacement.
• Assessment of functional outcomes of posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures treated surgically.
• To assess the functional outcomes and results of radial club hand (Type III and IV) treated with soft tissue distraction and percutaneous centralization.
• Role of monolateral external fixator in the management of femoral non union.
• A retrospective and prospective study to asses functional outcome of aseptic femoral diaphyseal non union treated with k-nail and plate fixation.
• To study the surgical and functional outcome of treatment of coronal plane fracture of proximal tibia.
• To compare the functional outcome of total knee replacement in varus and valgus deformity.
• To study the functional outcome of surgical management of proximal humerus fracture.
• A comparative study of proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip sliding plate and screw system for the treatment of iner-trochanteric femoral fractures.
• A prospective study of functional & clinical recovery following conventional lumbar discectomy Outcomes of congenital talipes equinovarus treated with ponseti method.
• Clinical effects of local infiltration of autologus platelet supernatant on supraspinatus tendinopathies.
• DHS (dynamic hip screw) fixation augmented with moores pin in intertrochanteric fracture (IT) neck femur.
• A comparative study between conventional intramedullary interlock humerus nail and orange city tapping nail in fracture shaft humerus.
• Outcome Analysis of the use of Allografts in Spine Fusion Surgery
• Short Term Analysis of Fixed Bearing Total Knee Arthroplasty
• A Study of Anterior Decompression and Instrumentation in Tuberculosis of Spine
• Locking Compression Plating for Osteoporotic and Peri-Articular Fractures – A Short Term Outcome Analysis
• Segmental Loss of Long Bones treated by Ilizarov Ring Fixation
• The Motor Neurological outcome of Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome
• Management of Extra Articular Distal Tibial Metaphyseal Fractures by Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing – A Short Term Analysis
• Role of Fluoroscopic Guided Percutaneous Transpedicular Biopsy in Diagnosing Spinal Pathologies
• A Study on Surgical Management of Unstable Pelvic Fractures
• Analysis of in Situ Posterior Spinal Fusion with Pedicle Screws and Rods in Grade I and Grade II Isthmic and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
• Short Term Analysis of Primary Cemented Hemiarthroplasty for Unstable Trochanteric Fractures in Elderly Patients
• Short Term Analysis of functional results of Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty
• Locking compression plating for distal femoral fractures – A Short Term Outcome Analysis
• A Study on Role of Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing in the Complex Femoral Shaft Fractures – Short Term Outcome Analysis
• Prospective Analysis of Retrograde Supracondylar Nailing in the Management of Supracondylar and Distal Femoral Fractures
• Metal on Metal Resurfacing Hip Arthroplasty for Hip Arthritis – A Short Term Outcome Analysis
• Prospective Study of Limb Salvage Surgery using Allograft in Malignant and Aggressive Benign Bone Tumours
• Analysis of the Effectiveness and Functional Outcome of Klisic Procedure in Neglected Developmental Dysplasia of Hip in Children more than Three Years Old
• Roy-Camille Technique for Lateral Mass Fixation in Cervical Spine Facetal Joint Dislocation – A Short Term Outcome Analysis
• Short Term Analysis of various uses of Cancellous Femoral Head and Cortical Allografts and their functional outcome in Orthopaedic Surgery
• Primary Interlocking Nailing and Primary Soft Tissue Cover in Open Fractures of Tibia – A Prospective Study
• A Study on Anterior Decompression and Stabilisation of Dorsolumbar Spine Burst Fractures and Caries Spine
• Short Term Assessment of Functional Results of Bipolar Hip Arthroplasty
• Short Term Assessment of Functional Results of Surgically Treated Tibial Plateau Fractures
• Single stage global stabilization for subaxial cervical spine injuries
• Analysis of radiological and functional outcome of communuted long bone fracture
• An outcome analysis of bicolumnar fixation in distal humerus fractures in adults
• Prospective study on the outcome analysis of internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures
• Prospective outcome analysis of various methods of management of compound fracture
• Short Term Functional Outcome Analysis of Internal Fixation of Distal Ulna Fractures with Concomitant Distal Radius Fractures
• Functional Outcome Analysis of Parallel-Plate technique for distal humerus fractures
• A prospective study on short term functional outcome analysis of management of Ipsilateral combined fractures of femural neck / intertrochanteric and fracture shaft of femur using reconstruction nail
• Functional outcome of Midshaft Clavicle fracture treated with Titanium Elastic Nail System – Short term prospective outcome analysis
• Functional Outcome Analysis of bicolumn plating in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures
• A comparative study on functional outcome of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty and dynamic hip screw fixation – short term prospective analysis
• Functional Outcome analysis of Open reduction and internal fixation of complex acetabular fractures
• Short Term analysis (Retrospective and Prospective study) of the functional outcome in Complex Total Primary Hip Replacement
• Functional outcome analysis of long bone fractures and dislocation with vascular injury
• Internal fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fractures with sliding hip screw and proximal locking compression plate – a short term prospective and comparative study
• Functional outcome of hemiarthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures – short term prospective outcome analysis
• Functional outcome of medial distal tibial locking compression plate fixation in distal tibial fractures – a prospective study
• Functional outcome of anterior decompression and fusion with locking cervical plate in subaxial cervical spine injuries
• A study of functional outcome of surgical management of ipsilateral femur and tibia
• Functional outcome analysis of management of modified bristow’s repair in patients with
• Prospective study on the closed interlocking humerus nailing in comminuted and segmental humerus fractures
• Short term comparative study of external fixation versus volar locking compression plate in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures.
• Assessment of the Biomechanical Properties of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction using different techniques of Fixation in a Bovine Knee Model
• Review of Surgical Management of Flexion Distraction Injury of the Dorso-lumbar Spine
• Review of a New Technique for Correction of Cubitus Varus Deformity
• Review of Tapered Femoral Stem Fixation in Cemented Total Hip Replacement.
• Functional and Radiological Outcome of Neglected Diaphyseal both Bones Forearm Fractures in Adult Treated with Plate Osteosynthesis
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadrupled Hamstring Tendon Graft – A Prospective Follow up study and A Study of Proprioception in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee
• Comparison of Fixed-Bearing and Mobile Bearing Total Knee Arthoplasty
• A Prospective Study Comparing the Early Functional Outcome and Gait between Lateral and Posterior Approaches in Total Hip Arthroplasty
• Analysis of Functional Outcome and Factors Influencing the Outcome of Floating Knee Injuries
• Functional Outcome of Unstable Pelvic Fractures – A Retrospective Study
• Outcome of Single Stage Anterior and Posterior Surgery for Tuberculous Paraplegia
• Outcome of ilizarov fixator in infected nonunion tibia
• Functional outcome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis following hi
• Functional and radiological outcome in low dysplastic spondylolisthesis – A case series
• Descriptive analysis of clavicle hook plate for the fractures of the lateral end of clavicle and acromioclavicular joint.
• Flexible intramedullary nailing in the management of simple bone cyst
• Safety, efficacy and functional outcome of flexible nailing (esin) in unstable fractures of both bones of forearm in children.
• Study of wear rate and its effects in cementless total hip arthroplasty

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Systematic review of artificial intelligence tack in preventive orthopaedics: is the land coming soon?

Affiliations.

• 1 Medical Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 2 Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 3 N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 4 Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. [email protected].
• 5 Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. [email protected].
• 6 Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 7 World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 8 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 9 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.
• 10 Russia Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology Moscow, Zelenograd, 124498, Russia.
• 11 Institute of Bionic Technologies and Engineering, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 12 Department of Life Safety and Disaster Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
• 13 CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China.
• 14 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
• 15 Department of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Products, VimpelCom, Moscow, 127083, Russia.
• PMID: 36369394
• DOI: 10.1007/s00264-022-05628-2

Purpose: This study aims to describe and assess the current stage of the artificial intelligence (AI) technology integration in preventive orthopaedics of the knee and hip joints.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted in strict compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Literature databases were searched for articles describing the development and validation of AI models aimed at diagnosing knee or hip joint pathologies or predicting their development or course in patients. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) and QUADAS-AI tools.

Results: 56 articles were found that meet all the inclusion criteria. We identified two problems that block the full integration of AI into the routine of an orthopaedic physician. The first of them is related to the insufficient amount, variety and quality of data for training, and validation and testing of AI models. The second problem is the rarity of rational evaluation of models, which is why their real quality cannot always be evaluated.

Conclusion: The vastness and relevance of the studied topic are beyond doubt. Qualitative and optimally validated models exist in all four scopes considered. Additional optimization and confirmation of the models' quality on various datasets are the last technical stumbling blocks for creating usable software and integrating them into the routine of an orthopaedic physician.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Hip joint; Knee joint; Lower limb; MRI; Osteoarthritis; X-rays.

© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to SICOT aisbl.

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Theses, Dissertations and Projects - Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

Theses/dissertations from 2022 2022.

Maxillary Central Incisor RR in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Patients with RME , Madison Healy

Force Comparison of Rotational Tooth Movements for Loop-Design and Traditional Aligners , Robert Olsen

Extraction vs. Non-Extraction: Comparing Orthodontic Root Resorption , Benjamin Rush

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Evaluating the treatment effectiveness and efficiency of the DF2 protocol using Invisalign® for treatment of Class II malocclusion: A retrospective comparison study , Bryan J. Otis

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Attitudes and understanding of orthodontic treatment using comic vs. text format , Darron Miya

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Ratio of RME Appliance Expansion to Increase in Arch Perimeter Using CBCT Imaging , Evan Agnetta

Measurements of the Pharyngeal Airway Using Whole Head 3T MRI and CBCT , Victoria Geren

Comparison of Maxillary Sinus Dimensions and Volumes on CBCT and 3T MR Images , Cara Hodgson

Accuracy of Surface Area and Volume Measurements of Teeth Determined from CBCT , Joseph Hourany

Clinical Effects of Oral Hygiene Instruction via Texting in Orthodontic Patients , Jessica Liu

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Estimating Root Volumes by Limited Segmentation: A Volumetric Analysis of CBCT and Micro-CT Data , Theresa C. Baldwin

Measuring a Sample of Orthodontic Models/Panographs at LLUSD Using the CR-Eval , Jonathan Michael Drew

Effect of Centric Interference on Canine Tooth Wear , Andrey Gaiduchik

A Retrospective Cephalometric Growth Study of Sagittal Airway in Skeletal Class II Patients , Sue V. Kim

Accuracy of Cephalometric Analyses and Tooth Movements of Conventional vs CBCT-Generated Cephalograms , Thanh Khong Ng

Reliability and Accuracy of a Novel Photogrammetric Orthodontic Monitoring System , Vahe Ohanesian

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Prediction of Root Form Using Crown Data: Mandibular Left First Premolar , Matthew E. Durschlag

Effects of Wire Material, Deflection, and Interbracket Distance on Burstone Bracket Geometry Force Systems , Skyler J. Liatti

Factors Associated with Orthodontically Induced Apical Root Resorption of Maxillary Incisors , Brandon Malan

Comparison of Tooth Length Measurements Made on CBCT and 3T MR Images , Danielle A. Piano

A Retrospective Lateral Cephalometric Growth Study of Sagittal Airway Changes , Grace H. Woo

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on Sagittal Root Position of the Maxillary Central Incisor , Jeremy Haines

Ricketts Analysis Using Conventional and DolphinTM Generated CBCT Lateral Cephs , Yeganeh Parhizkar Jewell

A CBCT Study of Pharyngeal Airway Changes Due to Fixed Functional Appliances , Scott T. Peterson

Correlation of Tooth Length Measurements made on CBCT and 3T MR Images , Andrew Scott Taylor

An Evaluation of Root Length Change Measurements using Intraoral Scan and Panoramic Radiographs , Elijah C. Wang

Comparison of Two methods of Transpalatal Arch and Lingual Arch Activation , Taoran Zhang

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Tooth Size Ratio in Orthodontic Patients with Varied Sagittal Skeletal Patterns; A CBCT Study , James Barra

The Effect of Scan Settings on the Identification of Tooth Socket Lamina Dura Surface: A CBCT Study , Erick Carlucci

Morphological Changes in Alveolar Bone Following Orthodontic Space Closure , Ninette Hacopian

Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Unilateral Class II Malocclusions: A CBCT Study , Brent Leggett

Tooth Length Measurements on 3T MR Images: A Retrospective Study , Kevin G. Murray

Prevalence and Rationale of Orthodontic Extractions at Loma Linda University , Teresa T. Tran

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Skeletal Changes after Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A CBCT Study , Chandler Ho

CBCT Evaluation of Morphological Changes to Alveolar Bone Due to Orthodontic Tooth Movement , Jeremy M. Hoff

Efficacy of the FlossPro Flosser versus Finger Flossing in Orthodontic Patients , Sharareh S. Sabet

CBCT and Cephalometric Analysis of the TMJ Complex after Treatment Using a MARA Appliance , Melissa Danette Shotell

The Effect of Tooth Presence on Identification of Tooth Socket Lamina Dura Surface: A CBCT Study , Morse Stonecypher

Copper, Aluminum and Nickel: A New Monocrystalline Orthodontic Alloy , Mark Wierenga

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Periodontal Health of Anterior Teeth with Two Types of Fixed Retainers , Andrew I. Corbett

Comparison between Ceph Analysis on Lateral Cephs, CBCT Scans, and MRI Scans , Jeffrey W. Lam

Comparison of Digital and CBCT Synthesized Lateral Cephalograms , Da Lee

Photos and Silhouettes in Evaluating the Need for BSSO Surgery in Adult Females , Jessicah L. Moretz

Effect of Attending Doctor Changes on Orthodontic Treatment Times and Results , Emily Caskey Peppers

Correlating Vomer with Ceph Vectors in High and Low Mandibular Plane Angle Cases , Christopher James Wood

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Effectiveness of Resin Infiltration and Mi Paste Cpp-Acp in Masking White Spot Lesions , Melissa Wu Bailey

Accuracy of Ortho Insight 3D Digital Scanner in Mesial-Distal Tooth Measurements , Andrew A. Ferris

Dental and Buccal Bone Stability After Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Fixed Orthodontic Treatment , Allison Milliner

Influence of Outdoor Air Quality on Maxillofacial Growth and Development , Ryan Rudd

Evaluation of Apical, Coronal and Occlusal Form Diffrences with Conventional Orthodontic Treatment , Tamar Sardarian

Mechanical Evaluation of Mandibular Defects Restored with rhBMP-2: A Finite Element Model , Jelson Yalung

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Profile Attractiveness in Borderline Class III Surgical/Orthodontic Cases , Melina Adamian

The Influence of Outdoor Air Quality on Vertical and Transverse Dental Dimensions , Vanessa Jenee Kaplan

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Orthodontics: Awareness Assessment , Warren D. Libby

Civic Attitude and Activity of Loma Linda University Dental Graduates , Gregory W. Olson

Sleeping Tongue Posture and Its Relationship to Craniofacial Morphology , Brent J. Tingey

Accuracy of Unsegmented CBCT in Mesial-Distal Tooth Measurements , Todd Wesslen

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Effects of Orthodontic Treatment on Social Perceptions , Sherry A. Caraveo

Creating Prediction Models for Obstructive Sleep Apnea based on Gender , Jeffrey Hwang

MicroCT Study of Critical-Sized Defects Restored with a New rhBMP-2 Carrier , Joanne S. Kim

Correlating the Slope of the Vomer with Cephalometric Vectors of Facial Growth , Ryan Michael Pulfer

Work of Fracture in Ceramic Bracket Bonding Systems , Tye A. Roylance

Facial Type Analysis Comparison between MRI, CBCT, and Lateral Cephalometrics , Matthew A. Sanders

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Influence of Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets on Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Christian James Hoybjerg

Effects of Functional Appliances on the TMJ and Mandibular Length of Skeletal Class II Patients: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study , David C. Lee

Effects of Functional Appliances on Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study , Melissa K. Lee

Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography to Identify a Prediction Model for Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Jodi Parker

Observer Reliability of Cephalometric Landmark Identification on 3-D MR Images , Michael S. Pollack

The Influence of Work of Fracture on Six Orthodontic Bonding Systems , Tyler S. Pritchard

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Influence of Mandibular Fixed Retainers on Diagnostic Quality of Cranial MRI , Norman E. Carter

Recognizing a Dysfunctional Swallowing Pattern using Surface Electromyography (sEMG) , Michelle F. Couto

Buccal Bone Changes Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RMF), Long-Term Results , Elena S. Iacob

Precision of Temporary Anchorage Device Placement with 2D vs. 3D Diagnostic Tools and Surgical Guides , Howard Lee

Comparison of Mandibular Alveolar Bone with Facial Type Using CBCT , Jason M. Loop

Orthodontic Mini-Implant Failure: Assessing the Relationship to Bone Quality Using QCBCT , Joshua Schneider

Cephalometric Analysis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Wade A. Williams

Characterization of rhBMP-2 Induced Heterotopic Bone Subjected to Distraction Osteogenesis , Anne J. Yoon

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Distraction of Heterotopic Bone Formed with BMP-2 in a Rat Model: The Technique , Stacie Dawn Fenderson

The Skeletal Effects to the Maxilla after Rapid Maxillary Expansion using CBCT , Brett J. Garrett

The Effects of the Quadhelix Appliance on the Dentition and Adjacent Buccal Bone , Shannon Hilgers

Detection of Simulated Apical Root Resorption Using Three Cone Beam CT Machines , Marcus Paulson

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Adolescent Craniofacial Morphology Associated with Degenerative Joint Disease , Byron Diehl

Influence of Common Orthodontic Appliances On Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Joseph Matthew Elison

A Continued Investigation of Craniofacial Growth in Infant Heart Transplant Recipients Receiving Cyclosporine , Gabriel Enriquez

Variability in Selecting Lateral Cephalometric Landmarks in Two CBCT Image Modes , Dana Nguyen

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Stability of the Miniscrew-Bone Interface: Reverse Torque Values in Rabbits , Daniel John Drye

A Comparative Study of Conventional-Ligating and Self-Ligating Bracket Systems , Gabriela Garcia

Ricketts and Steiner Analysis Using NewTom 3G™ Scout Images , James I. Gibson III

Accuracy of the Newtom 3G™ in Measuring the Angle of the Articular Eminence , Rehana Khan

De-bonding 4 Brands of Ceramic Brackets with the Waterlase Er,Cr;YSGG Laser , Carter A. Lane

Dynamic Determinants of Incisal Display , Shawn Paul Pesh

Magnification in Images Produced by Five Popular Digital Lateral Cephalometric Machines , Gretchen Marie Schnepper

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

The Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Nasal Cavity Volume and Nasal Airway Resistance , Todd Ehrler

Cone Beam CT and Digital Radiography. A Comparative Study of P/A Cephalometrics. , Michael John Erickson

Condylar Remodeling After Distraction Osteogenesis And Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy , Robert Barker Hoffman

CBCT Panoramic Images vs. Traditional Panoramic Radiographs , Sunny Young Hutchinson

Prevalence of Degenerative Joint Disease in a Pre-Orthodontic Adolescent Sample , Marie Mansour

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

Synovial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure in the TMJ after Mandibular Advancement in Sus scrofa , Samuel A. Demirdji

The Histological Effects of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis On Rabbit Condyles , Eunice Jungmin Hong

A Bond Strength Comparison of LED and Halogen Light Curing Units , John Richard Kavanagh

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101.   Lower tourniquet cuff pressure reduces postoperative thigh pain in obese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

102.    The role of the femoral anterior offset index on the degree of flexion in total knee arthroplasty Evaluation of results of physical therapy v/s intra articular steroid injection in periarthritis of shoulder: a comparative prospective study

103.     Role of locking compression plate in management of metaphyseal fractures in osteoporotic bones: an experimental study from rural Maharashtra

104.   Locking condylar plate: best device to treat supracondylar fractures of the femur

105.        Management of boxers fracture with single antegrade bent K-wire

106.        Intra sheath corticosteroid injection for De Quervain’s tenosynovitis

107.       Paediatric forearm refractures- management and outcome: a prospective study

108.        Cast immobilization in fracture distal radius with wrist in dorsiflexion

109.    Functional outcomes of reverse distal femoral locking plate in the extra capsular fractures of proximal femur

110.        Management of patella fractures with different modalities

111.        Study of percutaneous K wire fixation in supracondylar fracture of humerus in children

112.        Double intra venous cannula versus single needle technique of aspiration and methylprednisolone injection in the treatment of wrist ganglion: a comparative study

113.        A comparative study of ultrasound and x-ray in detection, of fracture callus in tibial shaft fractures, treated by unreamed interlocking nailing

114.      Functional outcome of locking anatomical plate in extra articular fractures of the distal humerus

115.        Functional outcome of total hip replacement using a short stem implant

116.    DCP vs LCDCP in forearm fractures: a comparative study of functional outcomes

117.        Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures in elderly patients

118.   Results of surgical treatment of fractures of the distal humerus at the Brazzaville university hospital

119.    Management of closed shaft of humerus fractures in non admitted adult patients in a tertiary care hospital

120.    Radiographic evaluation of posterior tibial slope in ACL deficient Indian patients

121.     Management of distal femoral fractures treated with locking compression plate: a prospective study

122.    Comparative study of early functional outcome between cruciate retaining knee and 3D knee: who is more satisfied?

123.     Radiological parameters determining outcome in pilon fractures treated by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis

124.   Descriptive study of functional outcome and complication of fracture calcaneum treated with locking calcaneum plate

125.        Flaps in the management of open tibial fractures

126.        Functional outcome of elbow joint in AO type 13C fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation using dual plates

127.   Is intra articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide a better option in management for primary osteoarthritis knee than methylprednisolone acetate?

128.    Fractures of metacarpal bone: evaluation of functional outcome of open reduction and internal fixation with mini locking plate: a hospital based study

129.      Localised pigmented villonodular synovitis of Hoffa’s fat pad- treatment using 70 degree arthroscope and superolateral portal: a case report

130.        Craniovertebral Junction Koch spine – an unusual presentation treated with a novel approach: case report and review of literature

131.     Lateral column lengthening augmented by medial split tibialis posterior tendon advancement for the treatment of symptomatic flexible flatfeet

132.    Delayed surgical reconstruction of adult ankle malunion by supramalleolar osteotomy

133.   Effects of tranexamic acid in major orthopedic surgical procedures: a randomized comparative study

134.    Competency of distal femur locking plate as an answer for fixation of all varieties of distal femur fractures

135.    Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of nerve conduction study and the correlation between severity of symptoms and nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome

136.    Evaluation of short term outcome on distal femoral fractures using distal femoral nail: revisiting the technique

137.     Outcome of fractures of dorso lumbar spine treated by short segment posterior stabilization with intermediate pedicle screws

138.        Displaced calcaneal fractures, midterm results of the sinus tarsi approach and screw fixation

139.     Results of percutaneous release of stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger finger) using hypodermic needle

140.   Results of sagittaly unstable intertrochanteric fractures managed by dual reduction technique

141.    Study of management of diaphyseal fracture shaft femur by intramedullary interlocking nail

142.    Assessment of outcome of distal radius inta-articular fractures using wrist-spanning mini-fixator in distraction

143.      Study of clinicoradiological and functional outcomes in intraarticular distal end radius fractures managed by volar locking plate

144.        Evaluation of relationship between bone mineral density and fragility fracture in perimenopausal women between 40-58 years of age: a hospital based prospective observational study

145.     Surgical management of intracapsular fracture neck femur by hemiarthroplasty between uncemented bipolar prosthesis and Austin Moore’s prosthesis: a comparative study in elderly population

146.    Functional outcome of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients with proximal femoral nail: retrospective study

147.    Prophylactic use of antibiotic laden poly methyl methacrylate beads in the management of open fractures: a novel approach for control of orthopaedic infection

148.    Effects of intra articular steroids, hyaluronic acid and combination of both among patients with knee osteoarthritis

149.     Switching portal technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: use of an extra low and medial portal

150.      Assessing the effect of per operative intravenous injection of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

151.   Clino-radiological and functional outcome of intra-articular distal radius fractures treated with volar locking plate system

152.   Comparative evaluation of functional outcome of discectomy versus discectomy with posterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of lumbar disc herniation

153.      How anatomical is our tunnel? A three dimensional CT evaluation of femoral tunnel in anatomic anteromedial single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

154.     Functional outcome of elastic intramedullary nailing of forearm fractures in children using pin leverage technique

155.       A clinical study: management of distal tibial fractures with minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis

156.   A cross-sectional survey of orthopaedicians to understand the prescribing pattern of disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs in osteoarthritis

157.        Evaluation of arthroscopic Bankart repair in recurrent shoulder dislocation

158.        External fixation versus plating in intra-articular distal end radius fractures

159.        Assessment of functional mobility and body mass index among patients with a total knee replacement: a retrospective study in Indian population

160.        Comparative study between transforaminal epidural selective nerve root block versus interlaminar epidural in the treatment of lumbar radicular leg pain

161.        An outcome analysis of intertrochanteric fracture of femur managed with proximal femoral nail antirotation II

162.        A study on management of tennis elbow by local platelet rich plasma injection

163.        A comparative study between proximal femur locking compression plate and dynamic hip screw fixation in management of pertrochanteric fracture

164.        Surgical management of basicervical fracture neck of femur with dynamic hip screw and de-rotation screw: a prospective study

165.        A prospective study on surgical management of neglected Montaggia fracture in children without annular ligament repair

166.        A cross sectional study to measure prevalence of DVT in subacute and chronic spinal cord injury patients without any chemical prophylaxis

167.        Diagnostic accuracy in rotator cuff tears: clinical tests vs MRI

168.        Assessment of complications following use of pneumatic tourniquet for elective orthopedic procedures at National Orthopedic Hospital, Enugu

169.        Functional outcome of crossed Kirschner wire fixation in pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture

170.        Primary modular straight stem cemented prosthetic replacement for unstable, comminuted intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly with severe osteoporosis

171.     Treatment of diaphyseal fractures of tibia with intramedullary interlocking nail

172.        A clinical study of surgical management of distal femur fracture using locking compression plate

173.      Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic findings in diagnosis of meniscal tears: a prospective study

174.      Treatment of clavicle fracture using wise lock clavicle hook plate and wise lock superior anterior clavicle plate

175.     Open reduction and internal fixation of volar Barton’s fractures by polyaxial locking plates: a retrospective study

176.        Outcome of triage results between two groups of interns subjected to different model of simulation

177.        Primary interlocking nailing for open fractures of tibial shaft: a clinical study

178.    Clinical and radiological evaluation of minimally invasive intramedullary fixation by titanium elastic nails in paediatric long bone fractures of lower limb: a prospective study

179.    Evaluation of functional outcome of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by modified AMP technique

180.       A study to assess functional outcome of cemented and uncemented total hip replacement in a tertiary care center

181.    Functional outcome of fenestration discectomy in discogenic lumbar canal stenosis

182.       A study of proximal humerus fractures treated by PHILOS plating in a tertiary care hospital

183.        A study on role of intramedullary interlocking nailing in the complex femoral shaft fractures

184.      A comparative study of the relationship between the recovery of movement and the anatomical alignment in fractures around the elbow

185.        Effect of early protected weight bearing in fractures of shaft of femur

186.   The role of open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of the intercondylar fractures of humerus

187.     How long does treated supracondylar humerus fracture in children take to recover elbow range?

188.    Outcome following proximal femoral nailing with helical head screw for intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures

189.   Study of management of supracondylar femoral fracture using dynamic condylar screw

190.   A clinical study in distal femur fractures management with locking compression plate without C-arm images

191.   Surgical management of diaphyseal fracture of femur with closed intramedullary interlocking nail

192.        Outcome analysis of surgical management of comminuted quadrilateral plate acetabulum fractures

193.        Validated pre-discharge survey of patient satisfaction in orthopaedic care

194.        Outcome of tibial plateau fractures treated by hybrid and Ilizarov external fixation

195.        Evaluation of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and transfusions in total knee replacement

196.   Functional outcome of distal radius fractures treated with fixation by percutaneous cannulated screw

197.        A study on management of paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with lateral percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation

198.        Diaphyseal fractures of the forearm in adults, comparative study of dynamic compression plate versus intramedullary nail

199.        A retrospective analysis comparing functional and radiological outcomes after treatment of unstable distal radius fractures using volar locked plate versus percutaneous fixation

200.        Gradual distraction for treatment of severe knee flexion contractures using the Ilizarov’s apparatus

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Bibliometric analysis of orthopedic theses in Turkey

Caner baysan.

1 Department of Public Health, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Dilek Yapar

2 Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health Antalya Muratpaşa District Health Directorate, Antalya, Turkey

Mehmet Ali Tokgöz

3 Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Aliekber Yapar

4 Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey

Ebru Kul Baysan

5 Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Etimesgut Şehit Sait Ertürk State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Tolga Tolunay

This study aims to investigate the topics distribution trend and evaluate the characteristics of orthopedics and traumatology residency theses during a 20-year period using a bibliometric analysis.

Materials and methods

Between January 2000 and December 2020, orthopedics and traumatology residency theses of all centers providing postgraduate education in Turkey were reviewed from the online application of the National Thesis Center of Higher Education Council. Using the advanced search screen, a total of 1,907 theses were reached. Massachusetts University Orthopaedics and Traumatology Fellowship Programs and Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology sub-study groups.

During the study period, the three most studied topics ones were orthopedic trauma (n=536; 28.1%), adult reconstruction and arthroplasty (n=301; 15.8%) and spine surgery (n=203; 10.6%). The least studied subject was bone and soft tissue tumors with 3.8% (n=73). The topic with the highest rate of publication in all years was again orthopedic trauma. There was a very strong positive (r=0.876) correlation between the total number of thesis publications and the years (p<0.001; R2=0.767). Based on institutions types, the number of theses published in the training and research hospitals increased as of 2016. More theses were published than expected on orthopedic trauma, adult reconstruction and arthroplasty, sports injuries and arthroscopy, shoulder and elbow surgery, foot and ankle surgery in the training and research hospitals (p=0.003).

The orthopedic research trends were differentiated over the years in our country. The classification of the orthopedic thesis topics shows in which orthopedics subfield research subjects are concentrated in our country and in which fields, research is needed.

Introduction

There has been a significant increase in the number of scientific articles published in recent years. Accordingly, the quantity and quality of the published articles are used to define the level of academic excellence for countries, institutions, and individuals.[ 1 ] The impact of the increase in scientific productivity has also been striking in orthopedics and traumatology. In recent years, the distinction between orthopedics sub-specialties has become apparent, and the number of specific journals accepting articles only related to a single field of orthopedics has been multiplied.[ 2 ]

The advances in scientific productivity have originated from the popularity of teaching and practicing evidence-based medicine methods all around the world. The most important effect of evidence-based medicine practices on postgraduate education is the use of quantitative research methods in theses prepared during residency training. The thesis is based on a research project and is published as open source in many countries for scientific, economic, and ethical reasons.[ 3 ]

Bibliometrics, a term first described by Pritchard[ 4 ] in 1969, is an analysis technique, and its use has increased since 1970 and has taken its place in the literature as a quantitative method that enables statistical analysis of all types of academic documents.[ 5 ] Since bibliometric research demonstrates the general trend of the research topics and reveals the literature development in that field, it provides the latest information about current developments and effectively shapes future studies. One of the ways to identify current research trends is to review the topics of the thesis in the relevant field.[ 6 ]

The number of orthopedics and traumatology residents and accordingly the number of theses has been increasing. Although previous analyses about a similar topic were made by Koca et al.,[ 7 ] the distribution according to orthopedics subgroups was not examined[ 8 ] and the aforementioned authors had access problems to the thesis database. In this study, we aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the theses published within the past 20 years in the field of orthopedics and traumatology according to their topics and features. We hypothesized that there was a change in the thesis topics over the years and based on the institution (university or training and research hospital) where the study was conducted.

Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2000 and December 2020, with specialization theses in the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology. The study protocol was approved by the Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (Date: 2020, No: 12/929). Orthopedics and traumatology residency theses of all centers providing postgraduate education in Turkey were reviewed from the online application of the National Thesis Center of Higher Education Council (available at: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi). The search strategy was constituted by entering the keywords “Orthopedics and traumatology” in the department line, “Medical residency” in the thesis type line, and “2000-2020” in the date range line of the advanced search screen that could be accessed online. As a result of the search, a total of 1,907 theses were reached, and title, subject, name of the author, name of the advisor, properties of the institution (name and system of service), and the number of pages were recorded. In theses with double advisors, the faculty member with a higher title was taken into consideration.

The thesis topics were determined according to the Massachusetts University Orthopaedics and Traumatology Fellowship Programs and Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology sub-study groups. The topics were divided into 10 topics as adult reconstruction and arthroplasty, foot and ankle surgery, hand and upper extremity surgery, orthopedic trauma, pediatric orthopedics, spine surgery, sports injuries, and arthroscopy, bone and soft tissue tumors, shoulder elbow surgery, and general orthopedics. The reviewing process of the theses from the national online database and the subgrouping of the scanned 1,907 theses were made by the committee formed by two orthopedic surgeons and a physiatrist. The members of the committee made decisions in an interdependent manner, and there were no differences of opinion in the decision-making process for the subgroups (Table I).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS for Windows version 25.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive data were presented in mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (25 th -75 th percentiles) or number and frequency. One-sample chi-square test was conducted to investigate the compatibility of the actual distribution of the categorical data with the expected distribution. The Pearson chi-square test was used to compare categorical data, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Bonferroni correction was carried out in multiple group comparisons. The Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships of continuous variables. Correlation coefficients (r) was rated as very weak: 0.0-0.19, weak: 0.20-0.39, moderate: 0.40-0.59, strong: 0.60-0.79, and very strong: 0.80-1.00. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

During the study period, 81.3% (n=1,551) of 1,907 residency theses in the field of orthopedics and traumatology were conducted in the university hospitals, while 18.7% (n=356) were in the training and research hospitals. The academic titles of thesis advisors were professors (n=948; 49.7%), associate professors (n=637; 33.4%), assistant professors (n=252; 13.2), and consultant orthopedic surgeons (n=49; 2.6%). In 21 (1.1%) of theses, the academic title of the advisor was unable to be determined.

Considering the distribution of the subgroups examined in the theses, the three most studied ones were orthopedic trauma (n=536; 28.1%), adult reconstruction and arthroplasty (n=301; 15.8%), and spine surgery (n=203; 10.6%). The least studied topic was bone and soft tissue tumors with 3.8% (n=73) (Figure 1). Based on the distribution percentages of the theses published according to the years, the topic with the highest rate of publication in all years was again orthopedic trauma. No thesis was completed in 2001 and 2002 under the topic of bone and soft tissue tumors and in 2007 under the topic of hand surgery (Figure 2).

The time distribution graphic of the theses published during the study period is shown in Figure 3. According to the number of the thesis by years, the most productive year was 2018 (n=148; 7.8%), and the least was 2002 (n=51; 2.7%). A very strong positive (r=0.876) correlation was found between the total number of thesis publications and the years (p<0.001; R2=0.767). Based on the institution types, the number of theses published in the training and research hospitals increased as of 2016.

According to the subgroup distribution of the theses, university hospitals were not statistically significant (p=0.725) between observed and expected values, while training and research hospitals were found to be statistically significant (p=0.003). More theses were published than expected on orthopedic trauma, adult reconstruction and arthroplasty, sports injuries and arthroscopy, shoulder and elbow surgery, foot and ankle surgery in the training and research hospitals (Table II).

Based on the subgroups in which the theses were done according to the academic degree of the advisor, orthopedic trauma was the most studied subgroup for all academic degrees, while the least studied subgroups were shoulder and elbow surgery for professors (n=43; 4.5%), and bone and soft tissue tumors for associate professors (n=14; 2.2%) and others (n=4; 1.3%) (Table III).

According to the observed and expected value agreement of the thesis subgroups according to the publication year interval, a statistically significant difference was found in the observed and expected frequencies between 2000 and 2010 (p=0.015), while no statistically significant difference was found between 2010 and 2020 (p=0.160). Spine surgery was the most expected value between 2000 and 2010, and shoulder and elbow surgery between 2011 and 2020 (Table IV).

Bibliometric analysis is a useful tool for obtaining information about the current state of research in specific areas and allows researchers to identify and undertake new research areas.[ 9 , 10 ] Residency theses are the mirror of the studies carried out in the field of health, which should have a high scientific research quality. Examining the bibliometric features of medical residency theses in the field of orthopedics and traumatology in our country is an important way to determine scientific field trends. The subject of thesis is significant in terms of the originality, quality, and acceptability of the thesis. The theses of residency in medicine are easily accessible in our country with the support of the National Thesis Center. Although it is easier to access and analyze published articles than theses, only 16% of 1,394 theses conducted between 1974 and 2012 could be published in the journals indexed in the PubMed database, according to a study conducted in Turkey.[ 7 ] Therefore, evaluating the bibliometric features of theses made in the field of orthopedics and traumatology after 2000 would be more guiding for researchers to determine the current research topic trends.

According to the distribution of theses on type of institutions, we observed that the majority of the thesis were carried out in university hospitals until 2016. The increase in the number of orthopedics and traumatology quota in residency exams of Turkey as of 2010 showed its effect on the number of theses published in 2016. It is expected that nearly 267 theses would be published every year between 2021 and 2026 due to the increased number of orthopedics and traumatology residents.

Based on the distribution of the thesis over the years, we found that the theses on the orthopedic trauma subgroups had the highest rate during the study period. Studies on adult reconstruction and arthroplasty increased in the past five years (2016-2020) as a thesis topic. In the international orthopedic literature, arthroplasty is one of the trend topics as of 2017. The increase in the number of thesis publications in the field of arthroplasty as a thesis topic shows that the international trend also influences the selection of the topic.[ 11 ] Review of the literature reveals that similar research data on bibliometric analyses of theses in the field of orthopedics or the subject distributions of published articles are scarce and, therefore, it is very difficult to compare the findings of our study with the others. In the literature, there are many studies available in which the metrics of published articles were examined; however, subject distributions were not mentioned in these studies either.[ 12 - 14 ]

When the theses on the subject of bone and soft tissue tumors were examined, it was the least preferred thesis topic among all the subjects in our study. The rarity of bone and soft tissue tumors than other orthopedic conditions could be the reason for the scarcity. In addition, when the distribution by institutions was examined, only six (8.2%) of the 73 theses were carried out in the training and research hospitals. The subject of orthopedics that requires the most multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and treatment process is undoubtedly orthopedic oncology. Referring patients with bone tumors to a specialist center that offers an early, multidisciplinary diagnosis-treatment approach and manages a large number of cases per year is a critical approach that increases the chance of survival.[ 15 ] In the orthopedic oncology field, in which hospital facilities, surgical skills, and experience are expected at the upper level; however, scientific performance of training and research hospitals are deficient. Although bone and soft tissue tumor surgery are performed in other health institutions, it may not have been the subject of scientific research due to the insufficient number of patients, due to the rare occurrence of bone and soft tissue tumor patients and the collection of existing patients in specific centers.

According to the academic titles of thesis advisors, professors served as three-fold more and associate professors two-fold more than other academic positions in this study. This result is an expected one; it was directly related to the time spent in the academy.

The main limitation of the current study is that not all of the theses conducted in the field of orthopedics and traumatology were included in the National Thesis Center due to the deficiencies of secretariats and end-user problems.

In conclusion, the current study provides a comprehensive overview of the residency theses conducted over a 20-year period in the field of orthopedics and traumatology with the bibliometric analysis. According to the results, the orthopedic research trends which were differentiated over the years in our country were determined. The classification of the orthopedic thesis into subgroups shows in which orthopedics subfield research subjects are concentrated in our country and in which fields, research is needed. Thesis topic selection is an important step for both the research assistant and the advisor. Since our study reveals the development of the literature in our country and shows the research areas, we believe that the theses to be conducted in the future would create a roadmap and contribute to the selection of topics.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Financial Disclosure: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic failures and evaluation of losses sustained

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Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel‘stvo , No. 10, pp. 48–55, October 2008.

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Shkol’nikov, S.Y., Sekisova, I.A. Mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic failures and evaluation of losses sustained. Power Technol Eng 42 , 331–338 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10749-009-0060-0

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