Four types: single holistic, single embedded, multiple holistic, multiple embedded
The post-positive paradigm postulates there is one reality that can be objectively described and understood by “bracketing” oneself from the research to remove prejudice or bias. 27 Yin focuses on general explanation and prediction, emphasizing the formulation of propositions, akin to hypothesis testing. This approach is best suited for structured and objective data collection 9 , 11 and is often used for mixed-method studies.
Constructivism assumes that the phenomenon of interest is constructed and influenced by local contexts, including the interaction between researchers, individuals, and their environment. 27 It acknowledges multiple interpretations of reality 24 constructed within the context by the researcher and participants which are unlikely to be replicated, should either change. 5 , 20 Stake and Merriam’s constructivist approaches emphasize a story-like rendering of a problem and an iterative process of constructing the case study. 7 This stance values researcher reflexivity and transparency, 28 acknowledging how researchers’ experiences and disciplinary lenses influence their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of the phenomenon and development of the findings.
A key tenet of case study methodology often underemphasized in literature is the importance of defining the case and phenomenon. Researches should clearly describe the case with sufficient detail to allow readers to fully understand the setting and context and determine applicability. Trying to answer a question that is too broad often leads to an unclear definition of the case and phenomenon. 20 Cases should therefore be bound by time and place to ensure rigor and feasibility. 6
Yin 22 defines a case as “a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context,” (p13) which may contain a single unit of analysis, including individuals, programs, corporations, or clinics 29 (holistic), or be broken into sub-units of analysis, such as projects, meetings, roles, or locations within the case (embedded). 30 Merriam 24 and Stake 5 similarly define a case as a single unit studied within a bounded system. Stake 5 , 23 suggests bounding cases by contexts and experiences where the phenomenon of interest can be a program, process, or experience. However, the line between the case and phenomenon can become muddy. For guidance, Stake 5 , 23 describes the case as the noun or entity and the phenomenon of interest as the verb, functioning, or activity of the case.
Yin’s approach to a case study is rooted in a formal proposition or theory which guides the case and is used to test the outcome. 1 Stake 5 advocates for a flexible design and explicitly states that data collection and analysis may commence at any point. Merriam’s 24 approach blends both Yin and Stake’s, allowing the necessary flexibility in data collection and analysis to meet the needs.
Yin 30 proposed three types of case study approaches—descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory. Each can be designed around single or multiple cases, creating six basic case study methodologies. Descriptive studies provide a rich description of the phenomenon within its context, which can be helpful in developing theories. To test a theory or determine cause and effect relationships, researchers can use an explanatory design. An exploratory model is typically used in the pilot-test phase to develop propositions (eg, Sibbald et al. 31 used this approach to explore interprofessional network complexity). Despite having distinct characteristics, the boundaries between case study types are flexible with significant overlap. 30 Each has five key components: (1) research question; (2) proposition; (3) unit of analysis; (4) logical linking that connects the theory with proposition; and (5) criteria for analyzing findings.
Contrary to Yin, Stake 5 believes the research process cannot be planned in its entirety because research evolves as it is performed. Consequently, researchers can adjust the design of their methods even after data collection has begun. Stake 5 classifies case studies into three categories: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective/multiple. Intrinsic case studies focus on gaining a better understanding of the case. These are often undertaken when the researcher has an interest in a specific case. Instrumental case study is used when the case itself is not of the utmost importance, and the issue or phenomenon (ie, the research question) being explored becomes the focus instead (eg, Paciocco 32 used an instrumental case study to evaluate the implementation of a chronic disease management program). 5 Collective designs are rooted in an instrumental case study and include multiple cases to gain an in-depth understanding of the complexity and particularity of a phenomenon across diverse contexts. 5 , 23 In collective designs, studying similarities and differences between the cases allows the phenomenon to be understood more intimately (for examples of this in the field, see van Zelm et al. 33 and Burrows et al. 34 In addition, Sibbald et al. 35 present an example where a cross-case analysis method is used to compare instrumental cases).
Merriam’s approach is flexible (similar to Stake) as well as stepwise and linear (similar to Yin). She advocates for conducting a literature review before designing the study to better understand the theoretical underpinnings. 24 , 25 Unlike Stake or Yin, Merriam proposes a step-by-step guide for researchers to design a case study. These steps include performing a literature review, creating a theoretical framework, identifying the problem, creating and refining the research question(s), and selecting a study sample that fits the question(s). 24 , 25 , 36
Using multiple data collection methods is a key characteristic of all case study methodology; it enhances the credibility of the findings by allowing different facets and views of the phenomenon to be explored. 23 Common methods include interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis. 5 , 37 By seeking patterns within and across data sources, a thick description of the case can be generated to support a greater understanding and interpretation of the whole phenomenon. 5 , 17 , 20 , 23 This technique is called triangulation and is used to explore cases with greater accuracy. 5 Although Stake 5 maintains case study is most often used in qualitative research, Yin 17 supports a mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods to triangulate data. This deliberate convergence of data sources (or mixed methods) allows researchers to find greater depth in their analysis and develop converging lines of inquiry. For example, case studies evaluating interventions commonly use qualitative interviews to describe the implementation process, barriers, and facilitators paired with a quantitative survey of comparative outcomes and effectiveness. 33 , 38 , 39
Yin 30 describes analysis as dependent on the chosen approach, whether it be (1) deductive and rely on theoretical propositions; (2) inductive and analyze data from the “ground up”; (3) organized to create a case description; or (4) used to examine plausible rival explanations. According to Yin’s 40 approach to descriptive case studies, carefully considering theory development is an important part of study design. “Theory” refers to field-relevant propositions, commonly agreed upon assumptions, or fully developed theories. 40 Stake 5 advocates for using the researcher’s intuition and impression to guide analysis through a categorical aggregation and direct interpretation. Merriam 24 uses six different methods to guide the “process of making meaning” (p178) : (1) ethnographic analysis; (2) narrative analysis; (3) phenomenological analysis; (4) constant comparative method; (5) content analysis; and (6) analytic induction.
Drawing upon a theoretical or conceptual framework to inform analysis improves the quality of case study and avoids the risk of description without meaning. 18 Using Stake’s 5 approach, researchers rely on protocols and previous knowledge to help make sense of new ideas; theory can guide the research and assist researchers in understanding how new information fits into existing knowledge.
Columbia University has recently demonstrated how case studies can help train future health leaders. 41 Case studies encompass components of systems thinking—considering connections and interactions between components of a system, alongside the implications and consequences of those relationships—to equip health leaders with tools to tackle global health issues. 41 Greenwood 42 evaluated Indigenous peoples’ relationship with the healthcare system in British Columbia and used a case study to challenge and educate health leaders across the country to enhance culturally sensitive health service environments.
An important but often omitted step in case study research is an assessment of quality and rigour. We recommend using a framework or set of criteria to assess the rigour of the qualitative research. Suitable resources include Caelli et al., 43 Houghten et al., 44 Ravenek and Rudman, 45 and Tracy. 46
Although “pragmatic” case studies (ie, utilizing practical and applicable methods) have existed within psychotherapy for some time, 47 , 48 only recently has the applicability of pragmatism as an underlying paradigmatic perspective been considered in HSR. 49 This is marked by uptake of pragmatism in Randomized Control Trials, recognizing that “gold standard” testing conditions do not reflect the reality of clinical settings 50 , 51 nor do a handful of epistemologically guided methodologies suit every research inquiry.
Pragmatism positions the research question as the basis for methodological choices, rather than a theory or epistemology, allowing researchers to pursue the most practical approach to understanding a problem or discovering an actionable solution. 52 Mixed methods are commonly used to create a deeper understanding of the case through converging qualitative and quantitative data. 52 Pragmatic case study is suited to HSR because its flexibility throughout the research process accommodates complexity, ever-changing systems, and disruptions to research plans. 49 , 50 Much like case study, pragmatism has been criticized for its flexibility and use when other approaches are seemingly ill-fit. 53 , 54 Similarly, authors argue that this results from a lack of investigation and proper application rather than a reflection of validity, legitimizing the need for more exploration and conversation among researchers and practitioners. 55
Although occasionally misunderstood as a less rigourous research methodology, 8 case study research is highly flexible and allows for contextual nuances. 5 , 6 Its use is valuable when the researcher desires a thorough understanding of a phenomenon or case bound by context. 11 If needed, multiple similar cases can be studied simultaneously, or one case within another. 16 , 17 There are currently three main approaches to case study, 5 , 17 , 24 each with their own definitions of a case, ontological and epistemological paradigms, methodologies, and data collection and analysis procedures. 37
Individuals’ experiences within health systems are influenced heavily by contextual factors, participant experience, and intricate relationships between different organizations and actors. 55 Case study research is well suited for HSR because it can track and examine these complex relationships and systems as they evolve over time. 6 , 7 It is important that researchers and health leaders using this methodology understand its key tenets and how to conduct a proper case study. Although there are many examples of case study in action, they are often under-reported and, when reported, not rigorously conducted. 9 Thus, decision-makers and health leaders should use these examples with caution. The proper reporting of case studies is necessary to bolster their credibility in HSR literature and provide readers sufficient information to critically assess the methodology. We also call on health leaders who frequently use case studies 56 – 58 to report them in the primary research literature.
The purpose of this article is to advocate for the continued and advanced use of case study in HSR and to provide literature-based guidance for decision-makers, policy-makers, and health leaders on how to engage in, read, and interpret findings from case study research. As health systems progress and evolve, the application of case study research will continue to increase as researchers and health leaders aim to capture the inherent complexities, nuances, and contextual factors. 7
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is estimated that 18-30% of concussion sufferers experience symptoms lasting more than 1 month, known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Symptoms can be debilitating, and include headache, dizziness, nausea, problems with memory and concentration, sleep and mood disruption, and exercise intolerance. Previous studies have used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to show altered tissue susceptibility levels in adults acutely following concussion, however this finding has yet to be investigated in participants with PPCS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this exploratory case-controlled study, we measured tissue susceptibility using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in 24 participants with PPCS following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and 23 healthy controls with no history of concussion. We compute tissue susceptibility for seven white matter tracts and three deep grey matter regions and compare tissue susceptibility between groups using ANCOVA models controlling for age and sex. We also assess the relationship between regional tissue susceptibility and symptoms.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences between tissue susceptibility in participants with PPCS compared to control subjects in any of the evaluated regions. However, we show lower tissue susceptibility across four white matter tracts was generally associated with worse symptoms in the PPCS group. Specifically, we saw relationships between white matter susceptibility and headache (p=0.006), time since injury (p=0.03), depressive symptoms (p=0.021) and daytime fatigue (p=0.01) in participants with PPCS.
CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence in support of persistent changes in the brain months-to-years following injury and highlight the need to further understand the pathophysiology of PPCS, to determine effective prevention and treatment options.
ABBREVIATIONS: ATR: Anterior Thalamic Radiation; Caud: Caudate; CCB: Corpus Callosum Body; CCG: Corpus Callosum Genus; CCS: Corpus Callosum Splenium; CH: Cingulum; DHI: Dizziness Handicap Inventory; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FM: Forceps Minor; FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HIT-6: Headache Impact Test 6; IFOF: Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus; ILF: Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus; mTBI: mild traumatic brain injury; Pal: Pallidum; PPCS: Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms; PCSC: Postconcussional Syndrone Checklist; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire; Put: Putamen; RPQ: Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire; SLF: Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus; QSM: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article.
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Towards the wall or the bridge a case study of host–guest symbiosis in a chinese heritage tourism site.
2. literature review, 2.1. what is going on inside heritage tourist destinations as a symbiotic system, 2.2. who plays the role host–guest interaction in heritage tourism destinations, 2.3. how does symbiosis proceed a symbiosis framework for heritage tourist destinations based on host–guest interactions, 3. hypotheses development, 3.1. emotional solidarity and the sense of community belonging, 3.2. the sense of community belonging and willingness to participate in tourism, 4. materials and methods, 4.1. study area, 4.2. data sources and methodology, 4.2.1. stage i qualitative, 4.2.2. stage ii quantitative, 5.1. stage i, 5.1.1. identity qualification.
Every household starts stocking up on fish and ingredients to make crispy fish after 1 October, with too much work to do to prepare it for sale at the end of the year. (V02)
While ancient cities exist worldwide, Guangfu is the only one combining the water culture and Tai Chi culture. There are many young and older people playing Tai Chi at 5 o’clock, Foreigners also learn to play Tai Chi ( Figure 5 ). (V01)
Click here to enlarge figure
We don’t do the specialties such as crispy fish, as there are too many people doing it, and the competition is fierce. (V11)
5.2. stage ii, 5.2.1. sample description, 5.2.2. reliability test and cfa, 5.2.3. the results of hypothesis testing, 6. discussion, 6.1. theoretical implications, 6.2. practical implications, 7. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
No. | Gender | Identity | Date of Interview | Location of Interview | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V01 | Male | Ticket checking staff | 9 June 2022 | The entrance | 32 min |
V02 | Female | Snack bar owner | 11 June 2022 | Canton Street East | 18 min |
V03 | Male | Clothing shop owner | 11 June 2022 | Canton Street East | 40 min |
V04 | Female | Milk tea shop owner | 11 June 2022 | Canton Street East | 25 min |
V05 | Male | Returning villagers | 12 June 2022 | Inside the Ancient City | 47 min |
T01 | Female | Tourist (from Handan) | 9 June 2022 | East Gate | 9 min |
T02 | Male and female | A couple (from Handan) | 11 June 2022 | East Gate | 24 min |
T03 | Male and female | Family (from Henan) | 12 June 2022 | East Gate | 35 min |
T04 | Male | Tourists (aged 60+) | 12 June 2022 | South Gate | 7 min |
T05 | Female | Tourist (from Handan) | 13 June 2022 | South Gate | 16 min |
Items | Frequency | Percentage (%) | Items | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 180 | 58.3% | Tourism practitioners | 241 | 78% |
Female | 129 | 41.7% | Students | 21 | 6.8% |
Government/Enterprise Workers | 19 | 6.2% | |||
Under 18 | 9 | 2.9% | Professionals | 14 | 4.5% |
18–29 | 62 | 20.1% | Technicians | 8 | 2.6% |
30–39 | 164 | 53.1% | Others | 6 | 1.9% |
40–49 | 57 | 18.4% | | ||
50–59 | 10 | 3.2% | Less than 3000 RMB | 69 | 22.3% |
Over 60 | 7 | 2.3% | 3000–5000 RMB | 74 | 24% |
5001–7000 RMB | 48 | 15.5% | |||
Primary and below | 20 | 6.5% | 7001–8000 RMB | 45 | 14.6% |
Junior high school | 160 | 51.8% | 8001–10,000 RMB | 40 | 12.9% |
High School | 70 | 22.6% | 10,001 RMB and above | 33 | 10.7% |
Undergraduate and above | 59 | 19.1% |
Variables | Mean | S.D. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Estimate | AVE | C.R. | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.635 | 0.874 | 0.874 | ||||||
I am proud to have visitors come to Guangfu. (WN 1) | 3.58 | 1.311 | −0.647 | −0.706 | 0.856 | |||
I feel the community benefits from having visitors in Guangfu.(WN2) | 3.66 | 1.35 | −0.749 | −0.643 | 0.757 | |||
I appreciate visitors for the contribution they make to the local economy. (WN3) | 3.74 | 1.364 | −0.758 | −0.675 | 0.805 | |||
I treat visitors fairly in Guangfu. (WN4) | 3.76 | 1.283 | −0.764 | −0.553 | 0.765 | |||
0.696 | 0.872 | 0.871 | ||||||
I feel close to some visitors I have met in Guangfu. (EC1) | 3.75 | 1.26 | −0.81 | −0.358 | 0.763 | |||
I have made friends with some visitors in Guangfu. (EC2) | 3.69 | 1.315 | −0.707 | −0.691 | 0.88 | |||
I enjoy the process of interacting with tourists.(EC3) | 3.69 | 1.285 | −0.672 | −0.699 | 0.855 | |||
0.604 | 0.859 | 0.858 | ||||||
I identify with visitors in Guangfu. (SU1) | 3.66 | 1.077 | −0.727 | 0.104 | 0.758 | |||
I have a lot in common with Guangfu’s visitors.(SU2) | 3.74 | 0.992 | −0.846 | 0.489 | 0.776 | |||
I feel affection towards visitors in Guangfu. (SU3) | 3.79 | 1.025 | −0.699 | 0.098 | 0.737 | |||
I understand visitors in Guangfu. (SU4) | 3.74 | 1.049 | −0.782 | 0.129 | 0.834 | |||
0.611 | 0.862 | 0.864 | ||||||
I like Guangfu. (CB1) | 3.8 | 1.259 | −0.701 | −0.729 | 0.857 | |||
I am very concerned about the construction of Guangfu. (CB2) | 3.85 | 1.216 | −0.891 | −0.28 | 0.765 | |||
I do not want to move away from Guangfu. (CB3) | 3.69 | 1.262 | −0.716 | −0.506 | 0.719 | |||
I am on good terms with the other members in Guangfu. (CB4) | 3.69 | 1.262 | −0.638 | −0.71 | 0.78 | |||
0.642 | 0.877 | 0.876 | ||||||
I am willing to participate in resource conservation and environmental monitoring in Guangfu. (WPT1) | 3.53 | 1.234 | −0.377 | −0.886 | 0.824 | |||
I am willing to provide high quality services to the tourists in Guangfu. (WPT2) | 3.57 | 1.296 | −0.571 | −0.813 | 0.74 | |||
I am willing to be involved in improving the quality of life of community residents in Guangfu. (WPT3) | 3.67 | 1.243 | −0.533 | −0.875 | 0.835 | |||
I am willing to participate in the transmission and preservation of national culture in Guangfu.(WPT4) | 3.6 | 1.176 | −0.451 | −0.863 | 0.802 |
Welcoming Nature | Emotional Closeness | Sympathetic Understanding | A sense of Community Belonging | Willingness to Participate in Tourism | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Welcoming nature | 0.797 * | ||||
Emotional closeness | 0.486 | 0.834 * | |||
Sympathetic understanding | 0.329 | 0.345 | 0.777 * | ||
A sense of community belonging | 0.590 | 0.579 | 0.407 | 0.781 * | |
Willingness to participate in tourism | 0.372 | 0.398 | 0.325 | 0.436 | 0.801 * |
Hypothesis Paths | Estimate | Hypothesis |
---|---|---|
H1a: Welcoming nature → A sense of community belonging | 0.59 *** | H1a: supported |
H1b: Emotional closeness → A sense of community belonging | 0.579 * | H1b: supported |
H1c: Sympathetic understanding → A sense of community belonging | 0.407 * | H1c: supported |
H2a: A sense of community belonging → Willingness to participate in tourism | 0.436 *** | H2a: supported |
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Tao, H.; Chen, X.; Sun, Y.; Wang, Z. Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site. Land 2024 , 13 , 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315
Tao H, Chen X, Sun Y, Wang Z. Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site. Land . 2024; 13(8):1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315
Tao, Hui, Xiaoying Chen, Yehong Sun, and Zhe Wang. 2024. "Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site" Land 13, no. 8: 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315
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Open-Access Articles Using Case Study Methodology. As you can see from this collection, case study methods are used in qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research. Ang, C.-S., Lee, K.-F., & Dipolog-Ubanan, G. F. (2019). Determinants of First-Year Student Identity and Satisfaction in Higher Education: A Quantitative Case Study.
Revised on November 20, 2023. A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are ...
A case study, also known as a case report, is an in depth or intensive study of a single individual or specific group, while a case series is a grouping of similar case studies / case reports together. A case study / case report can be used in the following instances: where there is atypical or abnormal behaviour or development.
A Case study is: An in-depth research design that primarily uses a qualitative methodology but sometimes includes quantitative methodology. Used to examine an identifiable problem confirmed through research. Used to investigate an individual, group of people, organization, or event. Used to mostly answer "how" and "why" questions.
Although case studies have been discussed extensively in the literature, little has been written about the specific steps one may use to conduct case study research effectively (Gagnon, 2010; Hancock & Algozzine, 2016).Baskarada (2014) also emphasized the need to have a succinct guideline that can be practically followed as it is actually tough to execute a case study well in practice.
Case study research is typically extensive; it draws on multiple methods of data collection and involves multiple data sources. The researcher begins by identifying a specific case or set of cases to be studied. Each case is an entity that is described within certain parameters, such as a specific time frame, place, event, and process.
A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. A case study can be defined in a variety of ways (Table 5 ), the ...
ase study method (Yin, 2006, 2009b, and 2011a).3To maintain its brevity, the refresher gives less attention to the reporting phase of case studies, although a few words of advice are still offe. ed with regard to presenting case study evidence.The refresher concludes by discussing the positioning of the case study method among other social ...
Case study research has a long history within the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, dating back to the early 1920's. At first it was a useful way for researchers to make valid inferences from events outside the laboratory in ways consistent with the rigorous practices of investigation inside the lab.
CASE STUDY RESEARCH. urt SchochInthis chapter, I provide an introduction to case. study design. The chapter begins with a definition of case study research and a description of its origins and philosophical. nderpinnings. I share dis-cipline-specific applications of case study methods and describe the appropriate research questions addressed by.
First is to provide a step-by-step guideline to research students for conducting case study. Second, an analysis of authors' multiple case studies is presented in order to provide an application of step-by-step guideline. This article has been divided into two sections. First section discusses a checklist with four phases that are vital for ...
Abstract. This chapter explores case study as a major approach to research and evaluation. After first noting various contexts in which case studies are commonly used, the chapter focuses on case study research directly Strengths and potential problematic issues are outlined and then key phases of the process.
Research questions may also be broadly stated without specific reference to the existing literature or a typology of questions (phenomenological research questions), may be directed towards generating a theory of some process (grounded theory questions), or may address a description of the case and the emerging themes (qualitative case study ...
By including both quantitative and qualitative data, case study helps explain both the process and outcome of a phenomenon through complete observation, reconstruction and analysis of the cases under investigation (Tellis, 1997). Past literature reveals the application of the case study method in many areas and disciplines.
A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organisation, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are sometimes also used.
VARIATIONS ON CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY. Case study methodology is evolving and regularly reinterpreted. Comparative or multiple case studies are used as a tool for synthesizing information across time and space to research the impact of policy and practice in various fields of social research [].Because case study research is in-depth and intensive, there have been efforts to simplify the method ...
While each of these techniques is normally practiced on one or several cases (the diverse, most‐similar, and most‐different methods require at least two), all may employ additional cases—with the proviso that, at some point, they will no longer offer an opportunity for in‐depth analysis and will thus no longer be "case studies" in the usual sense (Gerring 2007, ch. 2).
However, some aspects of case study research—notably, the selection of cases—may be viewed through a quantitative template. In this symposium, we invite authors to contemplate the ways in which case study research might be conceived, and improved, by applying lessons from large-n cross-case research.
case survey is (1) select a group of existing case studies. chosen research questions, (2) design a coding scheme for. version of the qualitative case descriptions into quantified variables, (3) use multiple raters to code the cases and measure their interrater reliability, and. (4) statistically analyze the coded data.
A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. A case study can be defined in a variety of ways (Table 5 ), the ...
Case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences. There is no one definition of case study research.1 However, very simply… 'a case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units'.1 A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a ...
Note: Empirical studies can be subdivided into qualitative studies, quantitative studies, or mixed methods studies. See below for more information ... Case Studies. Distinguishing characteristic: Case studies focus on individual examples or instances of a phenomenon to illustrate a research problem or a a solution to a research problem.
Case study methodology is often used to develop an in-depth, ... . 52 Mixed methods are commonly used to create a deeper understanding of the case through converging qualitative and quantitative data. 52 Pragmatic case study is suited to HSR because its flexibility throughout the research process accommodates complexity, ...
In quantitative studies, the case study was also employed as a descriptive research technique (Merriam, 2009; Stewart, 2014). In the 1970s, case studies were originally utilized in educational ... case study when the purpose of the inquirer is to get additional insights into a specific occurrence. Stake (1995) describes specific steps to obtain ...
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this exploratory case-controlled study, we measured tissue susceptibility using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in 24 participants with PPCS following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and 23 healthy controls with no history of concussion. We compute tissue susceptibility for seven white matter tracts and three deep grey matter regions and compare tissue ...
The close connection between community residents and tourists in heritage tourism sites strengthens the relationship between people and places. To explore the mechanisms of host-guest interaction and the driving factors of residents' willingness to participate in tourism in heritage tourism destinations, this study adopts a mixed-method approach combining qualitative research and ...
For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center ...