chapter 13 case study trace mineral deficiencies

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NASM FNS Certification > Chapter 13: Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Trace Minerals Flashcards

A polypeptide that circulates within the blood and functions in the circulatory transport of the many minerals and a few chemical compounds

Ceruloplasmin

A copper-dependent catalyst responsible for the oxidation of ferrous ion (Fé+) to ferric ion (Fě+), enabling iron to bind to transferrin. additionally referred to as ferroxidase I

Chelation therapy

Use of a chelator (e.g., EDTA) to bind metal ions to get rid of them from the body

A inborn condition usually caused by severe iodine deficiency throughout gestation, that is characterized by attenuated physical and mental development

Crohn’s Disease

A malady that causes inflammation and ulceration on sections of the internal organ tract

Cytochromes

heme proteins that transfer electrons within the electron transport chain through the alternate oxidation and reduction of iron

Ferric Iron (Fě+)

The oxidized form of iron able to be connected to transferrin for transport

a complex of iron and apoferritin that’s a significant storage form of iron

Ferrous Iron (Fé+)

The reduced kind of iron most typically found in food

dappled discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by prolonged consumption of excessive fluoride-containing compounds

Iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc plated onto it to guard against corrosion

A chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck; sometimes associated with iodine deficiency

Compounds that may induce goiter

percentage volume occupied by packed red blood cells in a centrifuged sample of blood

A chemical complex with a central iron atom (ferric iron Fě+) that forms the oxygen-binding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin

The iron found in hemoprotein and hemoprotein of animal foods

Hemosiderin

an insoluble kind of storage iron

Hypogonadism

attenuated functional activity of the gonads (ovaries or testes) with retardation of growth and sexual development

Hypothyroidism

The results of a lowered level of circulating thyroid hormone, with attenuation of mental and physical functions

Keshan disease

Selenium-deficiency disease that impairs the structure and function of the cardiac system

Menkes Syndrome

A genetic defect that ends up in copper deficiency

Metalloproteins

Proteins with a mineral cofactor as a vital piece of their structure

Metallothionein

an abundant, catalyst, zinc-containing polypeptide

Mineralization

The addition of minerals, like calcium and phosphorus, to bones and teeth

Inorganic compounds required for growth and for regulation of body processes

Myelin Sheath

The protecting coating surrounds nerve fibers

Myelinization

Development of the myelin sheath, a substance that surrounds nerve fibers

The oxygen-transporting polypeptide of muscle that resembles blood hemoglobin in function

Nonheme Iron

The iron in plants as well as the iron in animal foods that are not a part of hemoglobin or hemoprotein

Polyphenols

Organic compounds that include an unsaturated ring containing more than one -OH group as a part of their chemical structures; might produce bitterness in caffeinated beverages such as coffee and tea

Protoporphyrin

A chemical complex that mixes with iron to create heme

Selenocysteine

A selenium-containing amino acid that’s the biologically active variety of selenium

Selenomethionine

A selenium-containing amino acid derived from methionine that’s the storage kind of selenium

A sickness that results from excess silicon element exposure

Thyroglobulin

The storage variety of thyroid hormone inside thyroid gland

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Secreted from the pituitary gland at the bottom of the brain, an endocrine hormone that regulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones

Thyroxine (T4)

an iodine-containing protein hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to control the speed of cell metabolism; better-known biochemically as tetraiodothyronine

Total Parental Nutrition (TPN)

Feeding an individual by giving all essential nutrients intravenously

Transferrin

A peptide synthesized in the liver that transports iron within the blood to the erythroblasts to be used in haem synthesis

Transferrin Receptors

specialized receptors on the plasma membrane that bind transferrin

Transferrin Saturation

The extent to that transferrin has vacant iron-binding sites (e.g., low transferrin saturation indicates a high proportion of vacant iron-binding sites)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

an iodine-containing thyroid hormone with many times the biological activity of tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Wilson’s Disease

congenital disease of accumulated copper absorption, that results in poisonous levels within the liver and heart

NASM FNS Certification (13 decks)

• Chapter 1: Food Choices: Nutrients and Nourishment
• Chapter 2: Nutrition Guidelines and Assessment
• Chapter 3: Digestion and Absorption
• Chapter 4: Carbohydrates
• Chapter 5: Lipids
• Chapter 6: Proteins and Amino Acids
• Chapter 7: Alcohol
• Chapter 8: Metabolism
• Chapter 9: Energy Balance and Weight Management: Finding Your Equilibrium
• Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Chapter 11: Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Chapter 12: Water and Major Minerals
• Chapter 13: Trace Minerals
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Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition

Sharon rady rolfes, kathryn pinna, ellie whitney, the trace minerals - all with video answers.

Distinguish between heme and nonheme iron. Discuss the factors that enhance iron absorption.

Distinguish between iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. What are the symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia?

What causes iron overload? What are its symptoms?

Describe the similarities and differences in the absorption and regulation of iron and zinc.

Discuss possible reasons for a low intake of zinc. What factors affect the bioavailability of zinc?

Describe the principal functions of iodide, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum in the body.

What public health measure has been used in preventing simple goiter? What measure has been recommended for protection against tooth decay?

Discuss the importance of balanced and varied diets in obtaining the essential minerals and avoiding toxicities.

Describe some of the ways trace minerals interact with each other and with other nutrients.

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Chapter 333:  Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess

Paolo M. Suter

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Disclaimer: These citations have been automatically generated based on the information we have and it may not be 100% accurate. Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy.

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Introduction.

• THIAMINE (VITAMIN B 1 )
• TREATMENT OF THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
• RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B 2 )
• NIACIN (VITAMIN B 3 )
• TREATMENT OF PELLAGRA
• PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B 6 )
• FOLATE (VITAMIN B 12 )
• PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B 5 )
• TREATMENT OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
• TREATMENT OF VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY
• FLUORIDE, MANGANESE, AND ULTRATRACE ELEMENTS
• FURTHER READING
• Full Chapter
• Supplementary Content

Vitamins are required constituents of the human diet because they are synthesized inadequately or not at all in the human body. Only small amounts of these substances are needed to carry out essential biochemical reactions (e.g., by acting as coenzymes or prosthetic groups). Overt vitamin or trace mineral deficiencies are rare in Western countries because of a plentiful, varied, and inexpensive food supply; food fortification; and use of supplements. However, multiple nutrient deficiencies may appear together in persons who are chronically ill, alcoholic, or living in poverty. After bariatric surgery, patients are at high risk for multiple nutrient deficiencies. Moreover, subclinical vitamin and trace mineral deficiencies (often designated as “hidden hunger”), as diagnosed by laboratory testing, are quite common in the normal population, especially in the geriatric age group and socioeconomically deprived individuals due to the lack of nutrient-dense foods. Conversely, because of the widespread use of nutrient supplements and food fortification, nutrient toxicities are gaining pathophysiologic and clinical importance.

Victims of famine, emergency-affected and displaced populations, refugees, and camp populations are at increased risk for protein-energy malnutrition and classic micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine) as well as for overt deficiencies in thiamine (beriberi), riboflavin, vitamin C (scurvy), and niacin (pellagra).

Body stores of vitamins and minerals vary tremendously. For example, stores of vitamins B 12 and A are large, and an adult may not become deficient until ≥1 year after beginning to eat a deficient diet. However, folate and thiamine may become depleted within weeks among those eating a deficient diet. Therapeutic modalities can deplete essential nutrients from the body; for example, hemodialysis or diuretics remove water-soluble vitamins, which must be replaced by supplementation.

Vitamins and trace minerals play several roles in diseases: (1) deficiencies of vitamins and minerals may be caused by disease states such as malabsorption; (2) either deficiency or excess of vitamins and minerals can cause disease in and of itself (e.g., vitamin A intoxication and liver disease); and (3) vitamins and minerals in high doses may be used as drugs (e.g., niacin for hypercholesterolemia). Since they are covered elsewhere, the hematologic-related vitamins and minerals ( Chaps. 97 and 99 ) either are not considered or are considered only briefly in this chapter, as are the bone-related vitamins and minerals (vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium; Chap. 409 ).

See also Table 333-1 and Fig. 333-1 .

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