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Theses and Dissertations

The legal and regulatory aspect of international cybercrime and cybersecurity: limits and challenges.

Nnesochi Nweze-Iloekwe , Golden Gate University School of Law

Date of Award

Degree type.

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Law (SJD)

First Advisor

Professor Rr. Remigus Chibueze

Second Advisor

Professor Dr. Christian Nwachukwu Okeke

Third Advisor

Professor Dr. Andrew Conteh

The development of the internet and digital technologies represent a major opportunity for humanity in transforming businesses and providing new tools for everyday communication. Internet users are spending increasing amounts of time online and undertaking a greater range of online and social networking activities. However, just like a double edged sword, the internet also presents opportunities to cybercrimes in the Information society. The nature of some ‘traditional’ crime types has been transformed by the use of computers and other information communications technology (ICT) in terms of its scale and reach, with risks extending to many aspects of social life, such as financial transactions, sexual offences, harassment and threatening behavior, and commercial damage and disorder.

Cybercrime is a transnational menace in the sense that it cuts across borders. The most critical challenges of the information society have been the security of digital data and information systems and the prevention of the malicious misuse of information communications technologies by cyber criminals, terrorist groups, or state actors. Measures to address these security challenges of the information society birthed a concept known as “cyber security”. Cyber security seeks to promote and ensure the overall security of digital information and information systems with a view to securing the information society. Thus, the concept is broadly concerned with social, legal, regulatory and technological measures that will ensure the integrity, confidentiality, availability and the overall security of digital information and information systems in order to achieve a high degree of trust and security necessary for the development of a sustainable information cyber space.

This dissertation contends that, on the one hand, International laws are behind in providing proper regulatory coverage for cybercrime, while, on the other hand, existing regulations have largely been unsuccessful in containing cyber security threats primarily due to complications caused by the disharmonization of cyber security laws and regulation. This dissertation also attempts to discuss the legal and regulatory aspects of cyber security in International law. An analysis of international, regional and national regulatory responses to cyber security in both developed and developing countries was made. It calls attention to the limits and challenges of these regulatory responses in the promotion of cyber security and explores several regulatory measures to address the highlighted challenges with a view to promoting global cyber security. It suggests several regulatory measures to enhance global cyber security and also emphasizes the need for the collective responsibility of states for global cyber security.

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Nweze-Iloekwe, Nnesochi, "The Legal and Regulatory Aspect of International Cybercrime and Cybersecurity: Limits and Challenges" (2022). Theses and Dissertations . 89. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses/89

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Cybercrime: Traditional Problems and Modern Solutions

The following thesis shall provide an analysis of the unique challenges which have arisen from the growing phenomenon that is cybercrime. This thesis shall then provide insight into and discussion around how these challenges can be addressed. The technological landscape in which organised cybercriminals operate presents unique challenges to law makers, investigators, and prosecutors. A useful analogy to describe this environment is that of the ungoverned lawless Wild West. This is an environment in which traditional methods of law enforcement and regulation struggle to be implemented efficiently. This struggle calls for new methods of regulation to be explored.

Cybercrime creates a number of unique challenges. The key challenges can be summarised as follows. The first, is the loss of data and difficulty in recording and analysing data as evidence. This difficulty is aggravated by the challenge of uncovering whether a cybercrime has taken place. The second challenge is the loss of location, namely the difficulty in establishing where the perpetrator of a cybercrime is located. The third and one of the biggest challenges associated with cybercrime, that is transnationality. While states are limited by the entrenched principles of jurisdiction, cybercriminals are not. Cybercriminality occurs across borders, which brings into focus the challenge of international cooperation which is endemic to any attempt to address cybercrime. One of the final challenges to regulating this space is the dichotomy between private and public actors, and the role of private actors in regulating the technological space and preventing cybercrime from occurring.

The majority of law relating to cybercrime occurs at a national level. Most jurisdictions rely on an approach grounded in the criminalisation of cybercrime. This approach is limited by the inherent reactive and consequence focused nature of criminalisation and the limitations of traditional jurisdictional boundaries of states. Consequently, although criminal law can be used to address the underlying criminal act it is not effective at preventing cybercrime. The limitations of a criminal law based approach necessitates consideration of alternative methods which can proactively address cybercrime.

A proactive regulatory approach is better suited to addressing the challenge posed by cybercrime. The boundaries between law, regulation, and social control are best described and viewed as a continuum. Along this continuum there are various options, configurations, and solutions which can be implemented. This spectrum includes options such as, government regulation, co-regulation, smart regulation, and self-regulation. These alternative approaches emphasis greater private sector responsibility. What is clear is that a solely criminal law focused response is not effective in isolation. It must be complimented by alternative effective forms of regulation which involve greater private sector involvement. Through being able to utilise all the instruments available it is proposed that the best possible solution to addressing cybercrime be achieved.

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Cyber crime: a comparative law analysis

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Capacity, capability, and collaboration: a qualitative analysis of international cybercrime investigations from the perspective of Canadian investigators

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• Published: 20 October 2023
• Volume 4 , pages 415–429, ( 2023 )

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Globalization and the proliferation of technology facilitate increased opportunities to commit cybercrime. Given its transnational and technical nature, cybercrime presents a unique challenge for law enforcement. Effective investigations often require international cooperation, as the victim, suspect, and evidence can be physically located in different jurisdictions. Existing research is primarily theoretical and does not explore the experiences of law enforcement investigators navigating treaties and legal frameworks in practice. Through six semi-structured interviews with specialized police investigators, this study investigates the challenges of international cybercrime investigations. Participants described a lengthy and complicated formal mutual legal assistance requests process and instead relied on informal assistance and joint investigations. They also faced challenges obtaining data evidence from transnational corporations and expressed the need for improved training and international networking opportunities. These experiences offer recommendations to facilitate the capability, capacity, and collaboration necessary to combat cybercrime globally.

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Buhrig, R. Capacity, capability, and collaboration: a qualitative analysis of international cybercrime investigations from the perspective of Canadian investigators. Int. Cybersecur. Law Rev. 4 , 415–429 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439-023-00101-1

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FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION IN COMBATING CYBER CRIME

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Cybersecurity plays an important role in the world of information technology. Securing data is one of the biggest challenges that the governments are facing today. In this case, the first thing that has to be taken into consideration is not only the implementation of solid legal measures to fight cybercrime, but also introducing specific tools that can essentially prevent those cybercrimes on rapidly growing information space. However, the effectiveness of these measures seem questionable given the global nature of the problem, unless a solid foundation for international legal cooperation is established. Thus this article looks at the existing challenges faced by governments that are adopting international legislations and conventions against cybercrime and also discuss the potential prospects of a single global framework for international cooperation in this area.

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[ Timur N. Butunbaev (2020); FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION IN COMBATING CYBER CRIME Int. J. of Adv. Res. 8 (May). 100-107] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/10911       DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/10911

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The Essence and Content of Cybercrime in Modern Times

• Karlygash ALMAZKYZY Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
• Yernar N. ESTEUSIZOV Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan

This article discusses the main characteristics of cybercrime as a new criminal threat to modern society. The authors attempted to explain the appearance of a new type of crime in the period of development and implementation of high technologies in all spheres of life of the world community. Using the dialectical method of cognition, as well as formal logical methods, steps in order to develop the conceptual apparatus of the investigated phenomenon of cybercrime were taken. Such terms as ‘cyberspace’ and ‘cybersecurity’ acquired the authors' explanations. According to the authors, criminality in cyberspace has been one of the most difficult problems of the international community in recent years due to the development of information and communication technologies. The article analyzes the phenomenological aspects of criminality in global information networks, discusses the definition of ‘cybercrime’, and considers the current trends in its development. Revealing the essence of the investigated type of crime, the authors analyzed the content and marked the differences of cybercrime from Internet crime, computer crime, crime in the information sphere, etc. The authors analyzed the modern normative, scientific and expert approaches to the study of the structure and state of cybercrime in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of the study and the conclusions of this article can be used as a theoretical contribution to the enrichment and expansion of scientific vision of cybercrime at the formation of approaches and the system of existing views, forming the concept of criminological security, and can also serve to further development of scientific ideas in the sphere of criminal law and criminological provision of prevention of cybercrime.

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