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A systematic literature review of the solar photovoltaic value chain for a circular economy.

1. Introduction

2. analytical framework and related literature, 3. methodology, 3.1. phase 1: planning the review, 3.2. phases 2 and 3: location, selection, and evaluation of studies, 3.2.1. location, 3.2.2. selection and evaluation, 3.3. phase 4: data analysis and coding scheme, 4. analysis and results: descriptive analysis, 4.1. number and sources of publications, 4.2. methodological trends, 4.3. geographical trends, 5. analysis and results: discussion, 5.1. upstream pv value chain, 5.1.1. research and development (r&d), 5.1.2. solar grade silicon production, 5.1.3. crystallization, ingot molding, and wafering, 5.1.4. solar cell manufacturing, silicon-based, emerging pv cell technologies, 5.1.5. module manufacturing and balance of systems (bos), 5.1.6. pv installations, 5.1.7. geography and composition of the global pv supply chain, 5.2. midstream pv value chain: business models, 5.2.1. home-owned systems and feed-in-tariffs (fits), 5.2.2. third-party ownership models (tpos), 5.2.3. community solar model, 5.3. downstream: end-of-life management of pv systems, 5.3.1. pv panel reuse, 5.3.2. pv panel recycling, environmental issues related to the disposal of pv panels, 5.4. electric vehicle (ev) batteries for pv energy storage, 6. discussion and conclusions, 7. future research.

• What will be the impacts of raw material scarcity, price fluctuations, or other external shocks such as pandemics or extreme weather events on the resilience of the PV and battery supply chain? Additionally, what are the implications of scarcity and fluctuating prices for R&D activities and high-value material recovery activities at EOL (i.e., at the raw material stage)?
• Which PV technologies and battery chemistries will triumph over others in the quest to dominate market share over the medium and the long term? Additionally, what are the effects of these trajectories on the adoption, uptake, second life use, and decommissioning of PV systems and LIBs (i.e., PV and EV battery cell/module manufacturing stage)?
• How will the mix of dominant PV and battery technologies affect different policy options and industry arrangements for the deployment of innovative business models (that facilitate monitoring, collection, reuse, and recycling)? How do new BMs create simultaneous value for manufacturers, service providers, end-customers, and utilities (i.e., at the deployment and business model stage)?
• For both reuse and recycling scenarios, what are the estimated recovery rates, costs, and performance indicators for each PV technology? Additionally, at what rate will the recovered materials be used in new manufacturing cycles? Moreover, with new “circular tasks” to be performed (i.e., refurbishment for reuse, recycling, and so on) new ecosystem actors are likely to emerge. If so, what will be the nature of the work performed by these actors and what is their connection with the traditional actor network of the PV and LIB value chain (i.e., circular economy strategies)?

Supplementary Materials

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest, abbreviations.

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Franco, M.A.; Groesser, S.N. A Systematic Literature Review of the Solar Photovoltaic Value Chain for a Circular Economy. Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 9615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179615

Franco MA, Groesser SN. A Systematic Literature Review of the Solar Photovoltaic Value Chain for a Circular Economy. Sustainability . 2021; 13(17):9615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179615

Franco, Maria A., and Stefan N. Groesser. 2021. "A Systematic Literature Review of the Solar Photovoltaic Value Chain for a Circular Economy" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179615

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Solar Inverter Project Report

The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

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IJIRT Journal

A Solar Inverter or PV inverter, is a type of electrical converter which converters the variable Direct Current (DC)output of a Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Panel into a Utility Frequency (AC) that can be fed into a Commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS) component in a photovoltaic system, allowing Photovoltaic (PV) solar inverter is equipment that converts the DC output of solar batteries to the AC power which meets the requirements of the gird, its performance and quality are directly related to the photovoltaic effect on the public grid. Current national standard specifies only the requirements for protection and did not develop appropriate testing rules and procedures. This paper researched and developed the PV grid-connected inverter detects platform, analyzed the PV grid-connected inverter protective function and testing methods and procedures. We realized the PC integration of the system and the automatic test of the inverter by using Kingview software, to ensure the reliability and accuracy of test results, in addition, the host computer system has proved ease of use, stability and scalability.

ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering [e-ISSN: 2067-3809]

Muhammad Asif Rabbani

In this article solar power systems architecture along with the brief overview of the DC to AC inverters and their utilization as a power electronics device in solar photovoltaic systems is provided. The study provides details regarding the types of the inverters, single phase half bridge inverters, single phase full phase inverters and three phase inverters. As pulse width modulation (PWM) is widely used in inverters which works as a solar charge controllers so the principles of PWM along with carrier based and carrier less modulation techniques is also mentioned. A comprehensive simulation and implementation of a three phase PWM inverter in Simulink Matlab is also provided.

The change in the design of photovoltaic (pv) inverter is creating new challenges in the design of low and medium voltage collector system for large solar power plant as the amount of equipment using the inverter increase the runtime will decreases our basic focus on the creating new circuit which is built by various component which help in the reduction of THD (Total harmonic distortion). This paper presents a higher functionality of inverter circuit. This paper also present the small description of solar power.

Henry K O L A W O L E Ayetan

Renewable energy system uses batteries to store energy for later use. This is the least expensive and most universal applicable storage method available. Battery stores energy as low voltage DC. DC is preferable for some applications, particularly running motors. But most of the world operates at higher voltage AC. AC power is more efficient than DC and thus become world standard. AC cannot be stored since it is used as it is produced. It is convenient if renewable energy system contains a device to produce conventional AC house current. This device is called an inverter. The world of solid-state equipments has advanced by extra ordinary bounds. Modern inverters are extremely reliable; the models available today have failure rates well under 1%. Efficiency averages about 90% for most inverter with peaks at 95% to 98%. In short, inverter makes life simpler and a better job of running households such as appliances and lights is done.

eecs.berkeley.edu

Hanh-Phuc Le

Bharat Deore

The Sun, Wind, Waves and geothermal heat are free source of energy they can use this free and unlimited energy source to work the electrical appliances. They are permanent or self renewing. Solar energy is rapidly reducing an important means of expanding renewable energy resources. A great increase of photovoltaic (PV) power in now a day's generators establishment has increase due to efficiency of solar cells as well as the improvements of manufacturing technology of solar panels. We can receive the maximum radiation due to the movement of solar panel according to the sun direction. Solar panels are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. Capture the maximum power from the sun light in order to produce maximum power from the inverter. An inverter is an electrical or electromechanical device. This device will convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is available all over and free ...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Md. Shaharier Hasan

An inverter for solar panels is proposed in this paper. The inverter's various components have been tested with MATLAB Simulink. The output of the inverter has been analysed using MATLAB Simulink to determine whether pure sine waves are being produced. There are two kinds of loads that are employed in-house, inductive and capacitive loads. The outputs of the inverter are connected to the loads, and Irms, THDv, and Vrms have been measured. Additionally, the THDv value can be observed by adjusting the PV array's radiation and temperature. Furthermore, Irms and THDv changes can be accompanied by a change in the load value of inductive capacitance. The inverter's accessories, such as the PV array, Buck Converter, DC-DC, battery charge-controller, and battery connectors, are also tested using MATLAB Simulink. This kind of inverter can be used to illuminate buildings, businesses, and industries. Most household appliances run on alternating current, so to renovate DC to AC, an inverter is rummage-sale.

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research and Development

solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). The concentrated solar power system uses lens or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The process of conversion of light into electric current by the photovoltaics is known as the photovoltaic effect. Solar photovoltaic arrays are subjected to partial shading and rapid fluctuations of shading, in most of the portable applications. By partially shaded cells, the residual energy generated, either cannot be collected if the diode is bypassed, or impedes collection of power from the remaining fully illuminated cells, if the diode is not bypassed. The PV system is capable of maximizing the power generated by every PV cells in the PV panel. This system comprises of an array of parallel connected PV cells, a low-input voltage step up power converter and a simple bandwidth MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) tracker. The MPPT operation is to adjust photovoltaic interfaces, so that the operating characteristics of the load and the photovoltaic array match at the maximum power point, no matter what the stand-alone or grid connected photovoltaic applications are.

RSIS International

Photovoltaic generate electric power when illuminated by sunlight or artificial light. It directly convert the sun's energy into electricity which can be easily transported and converted to other forms for the benefit of society. The role of power electronics converter is very important in the PV systems. The electricity generated by a PV module is in the form of direct current (DC). Transformation of direct current to alternating current (AC) required by many common appliances and for grid-connection is achieved with inverter system. There are two stages where power electronics converter are used, first DC-DC converter stage in which lower level PV voltage is stepped-up at the required higher level; and second DC-AC inverter stage in which boosted DC link voltage is converted into AC. The inductor of traditional buck boost converter is replaced by switched inductor circuit consists of two inductor and three diodes. Buck Boost converter is used to boost the photovoltaic voltage at the required high level also act as a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controller together with MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum power from the photovoltaic module.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRSET , Dr. G JOGA RAO

The basis of this work is to provide electricity to villages and rural areas where there are fewer facilities for power transfer. The power transfer costs high which the rural area people cannot afford. To reduce this problem to some extent we can make use of renewable energy (solar energy). The solar panels produce DC power which we will convert to AC power using inverter operation. But present generation Inverters produce only square pulse or Sinusoidal wave with many harmonics and less efficient. This power may damage the inductor loads and reduce the efficiency. To overcome this problem lots of money needs to be invested which is not always affordable for the people who live in villages. In this work we are designing different inverters using with SG3525A PWM IC, ARDUINO for providing proper switching pulses to the MOSFETs to get maximum efficient output from inverter and this also helps in increasing the life cycle of the inverter. The cost of this inverter is less and the villagers can efficient make use of it for at least 20 years by installing this system.

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