Search criteria for data collection and scope of research
Combinations of exact search keywords in the title, abstract and keywords | : “money launder*” OR “anti-money launder*” AND : “International” OR “Global” OR “Across the border” OR “Cross the border” | ||
---|---|---|---|
Filters applied | Duration | 2000–2020 | 724 entries found |
Topic | Search in title, abstract or keywords | 631 entries found | |
Type | Peer-reviewed articles/book chapters | 489 entries found | |
Language | Only English | 432 entries found | |
Subject | Business, management, economics, social sciences, law, computer science and IT | 126 entries found | |
Duplication | Remove duplicate entries in databases | 81 entries found | |
Relevancy | Read the abstracts to find relevancy | 46 entries found | |
Additional criteria to look for more publications | Looking at the reference list of review articles on money laundering Credible reports of international agencies, e.g. the EU and the UN | 7 more entries found 4 more entries found | |
Total sample for review | 46 entries + 7 entries + 4 entries | 57 entries found for final review |
Source of definition | Definition of money laundering | Count | Exemplary studies |
---|---|---|---|
Definition of Jordan’s Central Bank Instruction No. 10 (2001) | Hiding, disguising, using, owning or providing false information about the source of illegal funds | 1 | |
United Nations’ definition | A process which incorporates three phases: placement, layering and integration | 26 | , , , , , , , , , (2018), , , , , (2018), , , (2012), , (2018), , , , , , |
Criminal Justice Act 1990 (UK) | Hiding or transferring proceeds of drug trafficking became a crime | 1 | |
European Union (IFFs) | Financial activities are hidden from sight ranging from tax evasion and money laundering to illegal capital flight | 8 | , , , , (2018), , , |
FATF | Processing illegal profits originating from various types of activities such as drug trafficking | 4 | , , , |
Russian Criminal Code and the Federal Law on Combatting Money Laundering | Laundering of proceeds of crime | 1 | |
Vienna Convention | A criminal act | 2 | , |
USA Patriot Act | Process that enables concealing the origin, nature, control or ownership of illegal funds | 1 | (2010) |
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, USA | Corrupt corporate practices | 1 | ) |
Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) | Concealing and integrating illicit funds into the legitimate economy, e.g. through real estate purchases | 1 | |
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA), UK | An unlawful activity, use of illegal money | 1 |
Causes of money laundering
Individual | Country | Global |
---|---|---|
• Ethics • Third-party assistance from professionals within the field of law, accounting, and finance • Unintentional assistance of launderers • Power (elite, financial and nonfinancial advisors) | • Lack of resources and political will to mitigate money laundering • Organized crime • Corruption and other crimes such as tax evasion • Weak AML structures and supervision • Nonfinancial sector • National interests • Sociocultural elements • Power (government bureaucrats) | • Globalization • Crypto currencies • International mobility of capital • Offshore financial centers • Lack of transparency and information exchange • Informal transnational networks • Power (MNCs, transnational groups of regulators) |
Theories and related concepts used
Discipline category | Theory and related concepts used | Count | Authors |
---|---|---|---|
1. Normative standards | AML Directives, FATF guidelines, Federal Corrupt Practices Act, Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, OECD Convention, UN Convention against Corruption, US Department of Homeland Security’s missions | 22 | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
2. Business and economics | Agency theory | 2 | , ) |
Corporate responsibility theory | 2 | , | |
Business ethics | 2 | , (2011) | |
Institutional theory | 2 | , | |
Knowledge-capital model | 2 | , (2012) | |
Network theory | 1 | ||
Resource-dependency | 1 | ) | |
Theory of multinational corporation | 1 | (2012) | |
Beggar-thy-neighbor policy | 1 | (2010 ) | |
Game theory | 1 | ||
New interdependence approach | 1 | ) | |
3. Law and governance | Regulation theory | 1 | (2018) |
Regulatory state | 1 | ||
Policy diffusion | 1 | ||
Plausible folk theories | 1 | ||
Routine-activity theory | 1 | ) | |
4. Regional development | State transformation approach | 3 | , (2018), |
Dimensions of global flows | 1 | ||
Urban theory | 1 | ) | |
Market/security fundamentalism | 1 | ||
5. Information technology | Machine learning | 2 | , |
Information security | 1 | (2008) | |
Semi-Markov Decision Process | 1 | (2017) | |
System theory | 1 | ||
Decision support systems | 1 | ||
6. Others | Grounded theory | 1 | |
Metaphors | 1 |
Future agenda for research and practice
Future research questions | Proposed by |
---|---|
1. How are illicit financial flows defined and how can they be estimated? | , |
2. What kind of corporate entities and arrangements are used in the management of illicit funds? | (2018) |
3. What are the key actors and what is their role in evolution or spread of money laundering? | |
4. What are key concealment and layering practices of money launderers? | , |
5. How and to what extant do financial and nonfinancial sectors detect money laundering? | , |
6. How does the sociopolitical climate facilitate international money laundering? | , |
7. How does offshore finance generate unfair taxation in e-commerce and enable money laundering? | |
8. How does legislation challenge detecting international money laundering and why? | |
9. How does the war on terror affect shadow economies and the spread of money laundering across countries and institutions? | |
10. How do professional third-parties enable complex money laundering? | |
11. How does money laundering in home and host countries influence outward Foreign direct investments in different countries? | , (2012) |
12. How are cryptocurrencies used in money laundering and how does this affect the global society? | (2019) |
13. How do export controls affect money laundering? | (2018) |
14. Why do significant outflows of illicit capital take place and what does this mean to local economies? | , (2012) |
15. What are the costs and advantages of global AML frameworks? | , |
16. How should global regulatory standards for money laundering be promoted and implemented? | , |
17. How can the effectiveness of international AML be improved with economic incentives? | (2010) |
18. How do microlevel mechanisms lead to participation in AML? | |
19. How could technology and artificial intelligence be used and developed to detect and prevent suspicious transactions? | , |
20. How can MNCs detect or prevent money laundering? | , ) |
21. How to intervene with the misuse of power facilitating distortion in institutions which enables money laundering? |
Overview of published research on money laundering
Author (s) | Context of study | Contribution | Theory or concepts employed | Key findings/insights | Identified future research areas | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concept | Causes | Consequences | Controls | |||||
Jordan | Conceptual | Jordanian laws, international treaties | Extension of other crimes such as tax evasion and drug offences. criminalized as a different crime nowadays | Other crimes | Security-based | Jordanian Anti-Money Laundering Law of 2007: cooperation of local and foreign authorities | – | |
Bangladesh | Conceptual | FATF recommendations 2012, international conventions, domestic anti-money laundering initiatives | Process in which dirty money is placed, layered and integrated into the financial system | Corruption, lack of resources and political will to combat money laundering | Economic | Anti-money laundering frameworks, education and training, abolishing domestic tax amnesties, supervision | Focus on improving domestic circumstances before implementing international anti-money laundering frameworks | |
UK | Conceptual | Anti-money laundering laws, FATF recommendations, international conventions, criminal laws | Any dealing with property/possession that is produced by crime | Globalization | Economic, political | Criminalizing money laundering, not considering money laundering as an extension to other crimes, universal frameworks regarding international capital movements, financial sector supervision, international cooperation | Assessment of the benefits and costs of global anti-money laundering regimes | |
) | OECD countries and Turkey | Empirical, quantitative | Knowledge-capital model | – | Globalization and the level of corruption, money laundering and tax evasion in home and host countries | Economic, social, political | Greater transparency and targeted policies | Investigating developing or other countries, their degree of corruption, money laundering, tax haven similarities and outward Foreign direct investments |
USA and Mexico borders | Empirical, qualitative | US Department of Homeland Security’s missions | – | Busy ports of entry, busy entry times and supply chain vulnerabilities enabling illegal trade | Security-based, economic, social | Visibility and harmonization of standards in terms of security procedures within industry stakeholders | – | |
Global | Empirical, qualitative | Machine learning algorithms | – | Advancements in technology, financial products and, e.g. online strategies for trading | The rise in criminality (security-based) | Machine learning can help in detecting and tracking suspicious money laundering transactions | How technology should be used and how algorithms should be developed to detect suspicious transactions? | |
Bombay, India | Empirical, qualitative | Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act | Money can be laundered by utilizing and smuggling luxury goods (gold, diamonds) | Organized crime, political patronage and corruption, globalization | Economic, social, political | Democracy and transparency, regulation | Multidisciplinary research about organized crime within its social and political context | |
(2018 ) | Banking | Conceptual | Machine learning and artificial intelligence | – | – | – | Provides an overview of methods related to machine learning and AI algorithms to detect suspicious money laundering transactions | Techniques were lacking to detect some important money laundering transactions. Future developers should overcome such deficiencies |
) | Global | Conceptual | United Nations Convention against Corruption, FATF recommendations | Concealing the origin of illicit funds through financial institutions and transactions | Weak anti-money laundering structures | Economic, security-based | Criminalization, international cooperation/frameworks and legal assistance | Assessment of the benefits and costs of global anti-money laundering regimes |
Latin America (Global) | Empirical, qualitative | UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, FATF recommendations, US State Department’s International Narcotics Control Strategy Report | Hiding illicit origin of criminal funds | Insufficient financial regulation, supervision and compliance, internet | Political, economic, social | Anti-money laundering policies for offshore financial centers | Statistical modeling of the relationships between offshore financial centers. Further research on offshore and onshore tensions and their influence on taxation and e-commerce | |
Global | Conceptual | – | Money that has illicit origins is moved through illicit channels or is used for illegal purposes | Insufficient institutions, corruption and low capacity to detect money laundering | Economic, social | Global initiatives for counteracting, better domestic compliance, AML within the financial sector, international information exchange | Uncovering data with better quality, validating estimates and utilizing methods from areas such as informal economy to estimate illicit financial flows | |
) | Central Asia | Conceptual | Global anti-corruption regimes | – | Informal transnational networks | Economic, political | Transparency, distancing public and private interests, supervision of offshore vehicles and destination havens | Investigating the role of IB actors and public and financial sector actors in money laundering |
Russia | Conceptual | Russian law on money laundering, FATF recommendations | Transactions related to property/funds obtained by criminal means to make the funds, their source and purpose seem legitimate | Globalization, the weak banking system in Russia, insufficient regulatory compliance | Economic, political instability | Regulation, supervision and reporting by financial institutions, establishing financial intelligence units | – | |
International banking | Empirical, qualitative | System theory (structural coupling) | Process of disguising proceeds of crime. This process is defined as its form of crime | – | Economic | System theory serves as a path toward the improvement of money laundering detection | How to effectively apply structural coupling of computer/human profiling in detecting money laundering | |
Global | Conceptual | Game theory | Process in which criminally obtained funds are converted into seemingly legal ones | Globalization, weak national regulation | Economic, political | Global economic regulation and its coordination, international cooperation | Empirical studies should investigate mechanisms of regulatory convergence | |
Brazil | Conceptual | Brazilian legal frameworks (and international conventions) | - | Globalization, lack of internationally coordinated action | Political, economic | International treaties, conventions and cooperation, international exchange of information | – | |
EU | Report | 4th and 5th AML Directive | – | Anonymity in transactions, identification (including beneficial ownership), gaps in supervision and information exchange, technology, Fintech, lack of resources | – | Transparency, limiting virtual currencies’ anonymity, cooperation, central bank account databases, supervising transactions from high-risk countries | Regulatory and nonregulatory measures in Member States, assessing money laundering and terrorist financing risks, recommendations for supervisory authorities | |
Professional money laundering | Report | FATF | Laundering is not limited to only proceeds of crime | Third parties (who receive a commission) | – | – | Continue to investigate professional money laundering | |
German nonfinancial sector | Empirical, qualitative | Grounded theory | Transnational issue and a business procedure of organized crime | Compliance gaps, nonfinancial sector | Economic | More thorough and standardized approach toward anti-money laundering within the nonfinancial sector, international cooperation between regulative authorities, supervision, risk analysis, training | Testing and developing more hypotheses based on the ones introduced by the authors related to the level of AML in the nonfinancial sector | |
Banking | Conceptual | IT decision support systems | – | – | – | Study proposes AML conceptual model that is based on IT | IT experts should focus on advanced architecture which can provide intelligent, and flexible solution to control money laundering in banking | |
Global | Conceptual | Business and legal ethics | Using financial vehicles to hide criminal origins of funds and funding illicit purposes | Globalization, national interests and their impact on law and ethics | Political, economic | International coordination and enforcement and transparency | – | |
USA and Nigeria | Empirical, mixed-methods | Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) | – | Cultural context | Socioeconomic | Socioeconomic impacts of FCPA on world and US firms FCPA is beneficial for honest US MNCs in a way that it reduces unfair competition among other US MNCs | Investigating various aspects of socioeconomic and political impacts of FCPA on global trade. | |
(2010) | Global | Conceptual | Beggar-thy-neighbor policy | Process of disguising the origin of illicit funds for consuming | Globalization, tolerance of some countries toward money laundering | Social, economic, security-based, political | Financial transparency, legalistic approach, political approach, economic approach | Investigating countries that invite capital by guaranteeing secrecy. Studying the economics of money laundering empirically |
Global | Conceptual | Routine activity theory | Process in which illicit origin of funds is concealed and transformed into “clean money” | Globalization, mobility of international capital, motivation for the crime, insufficient supervision and compliance | Economic, political, social (decreasing trust) | International cooperation of public, private and nonprofit institutions | Investigating the role of informal institutions in controlling transnational white-collar crime | |
Global | Conceptual | Plausible folk theories | – | Ignorance in governance, weak criminal laws, insufficient penalties, lacking supervision, corruption and lack of controls | Economic, social, political | Global governance, criminal law, regulation, combining varying national interests into a mutual one through plausible folk theories | – | |
Global | Conceptual | New Interdependence Approach and State Transformation Approach | A process in which illegally earned funds are made to look legal and can be hence used | Globalization, weak regulation and international mobility of capital | Economic, social and political | Domestic regulation, international recommendations (such as FATF’s), financial transparency | – | |
Global | Conceptual | State transformation | Disguising criminal origins of funds to use them openly | Weak implementation of domestic anti-money laundering mechanisms | Economic, political, social | Improving local governance and implementation of compliance rules (state transformation) | Investigating the impact of local socio-political forces on implementation of global governance regimes | |
(2018) | Global | Conceptual | State transformation | Recycling criminal proceeds within the financial system | Lacking anti-money laundering mechanisms in some countries, institutional weakness as a result of power relations | Economic, political, social | Security governance | Applying the proposed security governance approach in action |
(2017) | Banking | Empirical, quantitative | Semi–Markov decision process | – | – | – | An IT-based AML model is proposed and tested. This model helps to allocate AML resources efficiently to detect the suspicious transactions report sent from banks and other financial institutions | The model is more effective compared to other traditional models that are based on the greedy resource allocation algorithms |
Liechtenstein | Empirical, mixed-methods | Metaphors | The process used by international criminals | Globalization, lack of transparency and international tax competition, under-regulated financial sectors | Political, reputational, economic | Implementation of anti-money laundering regulation, international cooperation | – | |
Global | Conceptual | Global AML regulations and standards | A task of converting illegally obtained funds into legal and usable funds | Global AML regulations comprise voluntary best practice standards. However, they cannot be highly adopted by organizations under certain conditions | Economic, policy-based | Conclusive rules | How can global AML regulations be adopted in different contexts? | |
(2019) | Crypto-monetary system | Conceptual | – | – | Globalization, internet and information technologies, lack of supervision, high volume of money transfers and difficulties in tracing funds | Ethical, political, social, economic | – | Investigating the scale of use of the Bitcoin system and its expenses on society |
Canada | Conceptual | Urban theory | Concealing illicit funds into the legitimate economy | Globalization, deregulation of private institutions and lack of supervision resources in public agencies | Political, economic | Implementing regulation, increasing monitoring, transparency, reporting and auditing capacity | Investigating resistance toward urban politics, which aims at promoting growth and development via de-regulation | |
UK | Conceptual | Transnational corporate bribery | Concealing funds originating from illicit actions and using them | Sociocultural elements, institutional vulnerabilities, lack of supervision | Social, economic, political | Recognizing beneficial owners, global harmonization of anti-money laundering efforts and controls | Empirical evaluation of prevention strategies | |
(2018) | International business (the UK and The Netherlands) | Empirical, qualitative | – | Concealing funds generated for/from illicit activities and converting them to look “legal” | Misuse of organizational structures and entities, globalization, anonymity, third party assistance in illicit finances | Economic, political, social | Increasing transparency (public registers) supervision and intervention with unethical third-party accountants and lawyers | Further empirical research into corporate financial crimes |
) | Global, private banking | Empirical, mixed-methods | Corporate responsibility, the Wolfsberg initiative, resource-dependency, institutional theory | Illicit process of converting proceeds of crime into seemingly legal funds | Insufficient managerial supervision of risky customers in banks, insufficient information about beneficial owners | Economic, social, political | Bank policies, due diligence, know your customer principles, monitoring, training, risk-based approach, multistakeholder agreements, blacklisting | Investigating microlevel mechanisms that guide firm behavior in international multistakeholder arenas |
Kyrgystan | Empirical, qualitative | – | – | Accessibility to global financial institutions, availability of offshore markets, corruption at the state level, weak state | Economic, political | A strong state, democracy, proper domestic institutions and financial regulation, official foreign relations | – | |
English football club Birmingham City FC | Conceptual | Appadurai’s five dimensions of global flows | – | Globalization, economic transnationalism, international investments, foreign ownership, offshoring and misusing business structures | Economic, social | Understanding the development and complexity of the global economy | Further empirical qualitative research and interviews in terms of investigating globalization in sports and foreign ownership of football clubs | |
Global | Conceptual | Anti-money laundering regulatory tools | Process of transferring criminal proceeds into the financial system | Globalization, development of information technology and financial infrastructure, offshore financial centers | Economic, social | Transparency, enhanced due diligence in banks, goodwill of internal management systems, harmonization of anti-money laundering practices between countries | – | |
International banking | Conceptual | Agency theory | One form of financial crime | Employees in financial institutions may facilitate laundering, assistance from the government | Economic (illicit trade), social | AML compliance of organizations should be embedded into a proactive CSR approach. Organizations should not solely rely on international regulations to improve their money laundering detection and reporting capabilities | How should organizations change internal reporting and whistleblowing approaches to support AML compliance? | |
) | Global, internal audit function | Conceptual | Agency theory | Linked to international organized crime | Globalization, gaps in banks’ anti-money laundering procedures and risk assessment, lack of appropriate governance and auditing | Social, technological | Regional audit committees, removing internal stakeholder dilemmas and focusing on AML in all units in banks, risk assessment and controls within financial institutions’ internal audit | Considering the role of internal audit function within globalized banking services |
Illegal logging | Conceptual | OECD Convention on Bribery, legislation against money laundering, financial sector regulation, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and Forest Certification, etc | Processing proceeds of crime to hide their illegal origins | Globalization, pervasive corruption | Economic, social, environmental | National legislation, awareness of criminal activities, compliance within banks, lawyers, and accountants | Investigating global resource consumption and distribution | |
(2012) | Transition economies | Empirical, quantitative | Theory of multinational corporation, knowledge-capital model | Funds that are earned from or used for illegal activity or transferred across borders illegally | Globalization, possibilities for international capital movements and offshoring, the existence of “money laundering center” countries, use of shell companies, weak regulatory systems, lacking transparency/corruption | Economic, political | Compliance, regulatory frameworks, international cooperation, democracy, transparency, political stability | Analyzing illicit capital flows of nontransition economies, investigating characteristics that lead to significant illicit capital outflows in different countries |
(2011) | French investment bank | Empirical, qualitative ethnography | Contradiction; managerial ethics | – | – | Social and strategic | – | How should investment managers deal with ethical dilemmas (such as ensuring AML compliance and, at the same time, serving the suspicious investors involved in money laundering)? |
Afghanistan | Empirical, qualitative | Institutional approach | Process of moving funds to hide their origin and relation to illegal activities | Globalization, shortcomings in formal institutions, corruption, lack of supervision in informal financial institutions | Economic, political | Hawala regulations, increased transparency | – | |
(2018) | Iran | Conceptual | Regulation theory | Hiding origin of illegal profits in the aim to use these funds (placement, layering, integration) | Globalization, use of offshore financial centers | Economic, political, social | Export compliance programs, avoiding cooperation with sanctioned or blacklisted entities, international regulation | How do export control systems influence international entrepreneurship? |
Global | Conceptual | FATF recommendations, sanctions and international standards | Placement of illegally obtained funds into the financial system, circulating them and investing them | Globalization, internet vulnerabilities and anonymity, virtual currencies | Economic, political, reputational, security-based | International cooperation in supervision, increasing understanding of new technologies, more effective sanctions and freezing of funds | – | |
Developing states | Empirical, mixed-methods | Policy diffusion “sameness amid diversity” | Concealing the origin of illegal funds gained by committing the crime | Globalization, development of international trade and finance | Political, social, economic | Learning between countries and adopting regulation and due diligence practices which have proven to be effective in other countries, international coordination | How to measure money laundering? | |
Global | Conceptual | The regulatory state, international AML initiatives | Converting illicit funds into another asset to hide the criminal origin and true ownership and to make the funds seem legal | Financial secrecy, liberal and international capital markets | Political, economic, territorial, social | International anti-money laundering cooperation, domestic criminalization of money laundering, territorial regulation, monitoring and reporting by financial intermediaries | What are the benefits of AML policies from the global aspect? | |
International banking | Conceptual | Information technology | Use of illegally obtained funds in seemingly legitimate ways | – | Economic, security-based | Technology provides solutions to combat money laundering concealed through charities | How could technology platforms (such as advanced mathematical modeling, automation, real-time data aggregation and voice analytics) help to track money laundering? | |
(2008) | e-governance and e-finance | Empirical, quantitative | Information security/fingerprint identification | – | – | – | Study enhances algorithm related to finger-code based approach for the prevention of money laundering | – |
Global | Report | FATF recommendations | Process of hiding the origin of funds to make them seem legitimate | Lacking AML mechanisms and resources | Economic, social | Tracing, freezing, confiscating and returning assets. Developing international cooperation and standards | How to succeed in asset recovery (governments and nongovernmental actors)? | |
– | Overview | Vienna Convention | Concealing or assisting to conceal the origin of illegal funds or property to avoid legal consequences | – | Economic | – | – | |
Italy and Russia | Empirical, quantitative | Network theory | Process of hiding illegally obtained funds | Globalization, using international alliances, networking with locals | Political, security-based, economic | National policies for anti-money laundering (fighting money laundering abroad does not necessarily prevent criminals from operating in their original territory), increased transparency | What kind of laws make it difficult to detect international money laundering and why? | |
The Middle East and North Africa | Conceptual | Market fundamentalism, national security fundamentalism | Transforming funds with illicit origins into seemingly legit money | Globalization, the profitability of crime, heavy-handed regulation, selective enforcement, quasi-criminalization of unofficial transfer networks and charities, which drives transactions underground, anonymity | Economic, political, security-based, social | Transparency, good governance, democracy, finding, freezing, and forfeiting criminal funds | How does the war on terror affect shadow economies and the frequency of financial crime? | |
Global (USA) | Conceptual | Multilateral counter measures | The criminal process of making illicit funds seem to originate from legitimate business operations | Expansion of international financial system, corruption, unregulated banking systems in countries that do not comply with international standards, globalization, new banking technologies, anonymity, economic citizenship programs, online gambling services, offshore regimes | Economic, diplomatic, strategic, social | Regulation and supervision by financial-service providers, transparency, information exchange between authorities, international cooperation | – | |
Global | Conceptual | Corporate social responsibility | Concealing the illicit origin of dirty money and layering the funds through the financial system to make them seem legal | Political instability, weak institutions, and insufficient legal compliance | Economic, political, social | Governmental institutions, business ethics, stakeholder activism, definition and adoption of anti-corruption norms within businesses, external reporting by businesses about their experiences to help share information and develop successful practices, collective actions within stakeholders and industries | – |
Publications included in our systematic review are indicated with an asterisk.
* Abu Olaim , A. and Rahman , A. ( 2016 ), “ Recent development of anti-money laundering law in Jordan ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 19 No. 4 , pp. 316 - 328 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-07-2015-0027 .
Adams , R. , Smart , P. and Huff , A.S. ( 2017 ), “ Shades of grey: guidelines for working with the grey literature in systematic reviews for management and organizational studies ”, International Journal of Management Reviews , Vol. 19 No. 4 , pp. 432 - 454 , doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12102 .
Ahen , F. ( 2022 ), “ International mega-corruption inc.: the structural violence against sustainable development ”, Critical Perspectives on International Business , Vol. 18 No. 2 , pp. 178 - 200 , doi: 10.1108/cpoib-04-2018-0035 .
* Ahmed , S.A. ( 2017 ), “ Practical application of anti-money laundering requirements in Bangladesh an insight into the disparity between anti-money laundering methods and their effectiveness based on resources and infrastructure ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 20 No. 4 , pp. 428 - 450 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-09-2016-0042 .
* Alldridge , P. ( 2008 ), “ Money laundering and globalization ”, Journal of Law and Society , Vol. 35 No. 4 , pp. 437 - 463 , doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2008.00446.x .
Alsuwailem , A. and Saudagar , A. ( 2020 ), “ Anti-money laundering systems: a systematic literature review ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 23 No. 4 , pp. 833 - 848 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-02-2020-0018 .
Apel , R. and Paternoster , R. ( 2009 ), “ Understanding ‘criminogenic’ corporate culture ”, Simpson , S.S. and Weisburd , D. (Eds), The Criminology of White-Collar Crime , Springer , New York, NY , pp. 15 - 33 .
Bahoo , S. , Alon , I. and Paltrinieri , A. ( 2020 ), “ Corruption in international business: a review and research agenda ”, International Business Review , Article 101660 , Vol. 29 No. 4 , doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2019.101660 .
BBC ( 2021 ), “ Pandora papers: secret wealth and dealings of world leaders exposed ”, available at: www.bbc.com/news/world-58780465 ( accessed 16 October 2021 ).
Bellomarini , L. , Laurenza , E. and Sallinger , E. ( 2020 ), “ Rule-based anti-money laundering in financial intelligence units: experience and vision ”, in 4th International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning (29 June-1 July 2020 virtual) , pp. 1 - 12 .
* Bojnec , S. and Fertő , I. ( 2018 ), “ Globalization and outward foreign direct investment ”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade , Vol. 54 No. 1 , pp. 88 - 99 , doi: 10.1080/1540496X.2016.1234372 .
Booth , A. , Papaioannou , D. and Sutton , A. ( 2012 ), Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review , Sage , London .
Buchanan , B. ( 2004 ), “ Money laundering – a global obstacle ”, Research in International Business and Finance , Vol. 18 No. 1 , pp. 115 - 127 , doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2004.02.001 .
* Burns , M. ( 2019 ), “ Containerized cargo security at the US – Mexico border: how supply chain vulnerabilities impact processing times at land ports of entry ”, Journal of Transportation Security , Vol. 12 Nos 1/2 , pp. 57 - 71 , doi: 10.1007/s12198-019-0200-1 .
Camillus , J. ( 2008 ), “ Strategy as a wicked problem ”, Harvard Business Review , Vol. 86 , pp. 99 - 106 .
* Canhoto , A.I. ( 2021 ), “ Leveraging machine learning in the global fight against money laundering and terrorism financing: an affordances perspective ”, Journal of Business Research , Vol. 131 , pp. 441 - 452 , doi: 10.1016/j.busres.2020.10.012 .
* Charles , M. ( 2001 ), “ The growth and activities of organised crime in Bombay ”, International Social Science Journal , Vol. 53 No. 169 , pp. 359 - 367 , doi: 10.1111/1468-2451.00323 .
* Chen , Z. , Van Khoa , L.D. , Teoh , E.N. , Nazir , A. , Karuppiah , E.K. and Lam , K.S. ( 2018 ), “ Machine learning techniques for anti-money laundering (AML) solutions in suspicious transaction detection: a review ”, Knowledge and Information Systems , Vol. 57 No. 2 , pp. 245 - 285 , doi: 10.1007/s10115-017-1144-z .
Christensen , J. ( 2011 ), “ The looting continues: tax havens and corruption ”, Critical Perspectives on International Business , Vol. 7 No. 2 , pp. 177 - 196 , doi: 10.1108/17422041111128249 .
* Clarke , A.E. ( 2021 ), “ Is there a commendable regime for combatting money laundering in international business transactions? ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 24 No. 1 , pp. 163 - 176 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-05-2020-0057 .
* Cobb , S.C. ( 2009 ), “ Redefining ‘offshore’ in Latin America ”, Growth and Change , Vol. 40 No. 2 , pp. 332 - 356 , doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2257.2009.00478.x .
* Collin , M. ( 2020 ), “ Illicit financial flows: concepts, measurement, and evidence ”, The World Bank Research Observer , Vol. 35 No. 1 , pp. 44 - 86 , doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkz007 .
Contractor , F.J. ( 2016 ), “ Tax avoidance by multinational companies: methods, policies, and ethics ”, AIB Insights , Vol. 16 No. 2 , pp. 10 - 13 .
* Cooley , A. and Sharman , J. ( 2015 ), “ Blurring the line between licit and illicit: transnational corruption networks in Central Asia and beyond ”, Central Asian Survey , Vol. 34 No. 1 , pp. 11 - 28 , doi: 10.1080/02634937.2015.1010799 .
Cloutier , C. and Ravasi , D. ( 2021 ), “ Using tables to enhance trustworthiness in qualitative research ”, Strategic Organization , Vol. 19 No. 1 , pp. 113 - 133 , doi: 10.1177/1476127020979329 .
Cooke , D.K. , DuBois , F. , Sawant , R.J. , Sprott , D.E. and Treviño , L.J. ( 2020 ), “ Bringing the dark side of international business into the classroom ”, AIB Insights , Vol. 20 No. 1 , doi: 10.46697/001c.13441 .
Cuervo-Cazurra , A. , Dieleman , M. , Hirsch , P. , Rodrigues , S. and Zyglidopoulos , S. ( 2021 ), “ Multinationals’ misbehavior ”, Journal of World Business , Vol. 56 No. 5 , p. 101244 , doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101244 .
* Defossez , D. ( 2017 ), “ The current challenges of money laundering law in Russia ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 20 No. 4 , pp. 367 - 385 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-09-2016-0041 .
* Demetis , D.S. ( 2018 ), “ Fighting money laundering with technology: a case study of bank X in the UK ”, Decision Support Systems , Vol. 105 , pp. 96 - 107 , doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2017.11.005 .
Denyer , D. , Tranfield , D. and Ernst Van Aken , J. ( 2008 ), “ Developing design propositions through research synthesis ”, Organization Studies , Vol. 29 No. 3 , pp. 393 - 414 , doi: 10.1177/017840607088020 .
Dierksmeier , C. and Seele , P. ( 2018 ), “ Cryptocurrencies and business ethics ”, Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 152 No. 1 , pp. 1 - 14 , doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3298-0 .
Di Maggio , P.J. and Powell , W.W. ( 1983 ), “ The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organisational fields ”, American Sociological Review , Vol. 48 No. 2 , pp. 147 - 160 , doi: 10.2307/2095101 .
* Drezner , D.W. ( 2005 ), “ Globalization, harmonization, and competition: the different pathways to policy convergence ”, Journal of European Public Policy , Vol. 12 No. 5 , pp. 841 - 859 , doi: 10.1080/13501760500161472 .
Enderwick , P. ( 2019 ), “ Understanding cross-border crime: the value of international business research ”, Critical Perspectives on International Business , Vol. 15 Nos 2/3 , pp. 119 - 138 , doi: 10.1108/cpoib-01-2019-0006 .
* Estellita , H. and Bastos , F.S. ( 2015 ), “ Tax exchange of information and international cooperation in Brazil ”, Revista Direito GV , Vol. 11 No. 1 , pp. 13 - 35 , doi: 10.1590/1808-2432201502 .
* European Commission ( 2019 ), “ Assessment of the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing affecting the internal market and relating to cross-border activities ”, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/supranational_risk_assessment_of_the_money_laundering_and_terrorist_financing_risks_affecting_the_union.pdf ( accessed 6 April 2022 ).
* FATF ( 2018 ), “ Professional money laundering ”, available at: www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/Professional-Money-Laundering.pdf ( accessed 8 April 2022 ).
FATF ( 2022 ), “ International standards on combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation ”, available at: www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF%20Recommendations%202012.pdf ( accessed 15 April 2021 ).
Ford , D. and Håkansson , H. ( 2006 ), “ IMP – some things achieved: much more to do ”, European Journal of Marketing , Vol. 40 Nos 3/4 , pp. 248 - 258 , doi: 10.1108/03090560610648039 .
* Friedrich , C. and Quick , R. ( 2019 ), “ An analysis of anti-money laundering in the german non-financial sector ”, Journal of Management and Governance , Vol. 23 No. 4 , pp. 1099 - 1137 , doi: 10.1007/s10997-019-09453-5 .
* Gao , S. and Xu , D. ( 2009 ), “ Conceptual modeling and development of an intelligent agent-assisted decision support system for anti-money laundering ”, Expert Systems with Applications , Vol. 36 No. 2 , pp. 1493 - 1504 , doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2007.11.059 .
Gaur , A. and Kumar , M. ( 2018 ), “ A systematic approach to conducting review studies: an assessment of content analysis in 25 years of IB research ”, Journal of World Business , Vol. 53 No. 2 , pp. 280 - 289 , doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2017.11.003 .
* Gaughan , P.H. and Javalgi , R.G. ( 2018 ), “ A framework for analyzing international business and legal ethical standards ”, Business Horizons , Vol. 61 No. 6 , pp. 813 - 822 , doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2018.07.003 .
* Geo-Jala , M.A. and Mangum , G.L. ( 2000 ), “ The foreign corrupt practices act's consequences for US trade: the Nigerian example ”, Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 24 No. 3 , pp. 245 - 255 , doi: 10.1023/A:1006025226862 .
* Gnutzmann , H. , McCarthy , K.J. and Unger , B. ( 2010 ), “ Dancing with the devil: country size and the incentive to tolerate money laundering ”, International Review of Law and Economics , Vol. 30 No. 3 , pp. 244 - 252 , doi: 10.1016/j.irle.2010.04.004 .
* Grabosky , P. ( 2009 ), “ Globalization and White-Collar crime ”, in Simpson , S.S. and Weisburd , D. (Eds), The Criminology of White-Collar Crime , Springer , New York, NY , pp. 129 - 151 .
* Halliday , T.C. ( 2018 ), “ Plausible folk theories: throwing veils of plausibility over zones of ignorance in global governance ”, The British Journal of Sociology , Vol. 69 No. 4 , pp. 936 - 961 , doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12605 .
* Hameiri , S. ( 2020 ), “ Institutionalism beyond methodological nationalism? The new interdependence approach and the limits of historical institutionalism ”, Review of International Political Economy , Vol. 27 No. 3 , pp. 637 - 657 , doi: 10.1080/09692290.2019.1675742 .
* Hameiri , S. and Jones , L. ( 2016 ), “ Global governance as state transformation ”, Political Studies , Vol. 64 No. 4 , pp. 793 - 810 , doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12225 .
* Hameiri , S. , Jones , L. and Sandor , A. ( 2018 ), “ Security governance and the politics of state transformation: moving from description to explanation ”, Journal of Global Security Studies , Vol. 3 No. 4 , pp. 463 - 482 , doi: 10.1093/jogss/ogy024 .
Han , J. , Huang , Y. , Liu , S. and Towey , K. ( 2020 ), “ Artificial intelligence for anti-money laundering: a review and extension ”, Digital Finance , Vol. 2 Nos 3/4 , pp. 211 - 239 , doi: 10.1007/s42521-020-00023-1 .
* Hong , X. , Liang , H. , Gao , Z. and Li , H. ( 2017 ), “ An adaptive resource allocation model in anti-money laundering system ”, Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications , Vol. 10 No. 2 , pp. 315 - 331 , doi: 10.1007/s12083-016-0430-y .
Hjørland , B. ( 2015 ), “ Classical databases and knowledge organization: a case for boolean retrieval and human decision‐making during searches ”, Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology , Vol. 66 No. 8 , pp. 1559 - 1575 , doi: 10.1002/asi.23250 .
Håkansson , H. ( 1992 ), “ Evolution processes industrial networks ”, in Axelsson , B. and Easton , G. (Eds), Industrial Networks. A New View of Reality , Routledge , London , pp. 129 - 143 .
Håkansson , H. , Ford , D. , Gadde , L.-E. , Snehota , I. and Waluszewski , A. ( 2009 ), Business in Networks , John Wiley and Sons , Chichester .
* Hülsse , R. ( 2009 ), “ From paradise to brand Liechtenstein's metaphorical struggle with globalization ”, Journal of Language and Politics , Vol. 8 No. 1 , pp. 112 - 135 , doi: 10.1075/jlp.8.1.07hul .
* Hülsse , R. and Kerwer , D. ( 2007 ), “ Global standards in action: insights from anti-money laundering regulation ”, Organization , Vol. 14 No. 5 , pp. 625 - 642 , doi: 10.1177/1350508407080311 .
Jones , O. and Gatrell , C. ( 2014 ), “ The future of writing and reviewing for IJMR ”, International Journal of Management Reviews , Vol. 16 No. 3 , pp. 249 - 264 , doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12038 .
* Kaygin , E. , Topcuoglu , E. and Ozkes , S. ( 2019 ), “ Investigating the bitcoin system and its properties within the scope of business ethics ”, Turkish Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 11 No. 2 , pp. 186 - 192 , doi: 10.12711/tjbe.2018.11.2.0020 .
Lawrence , T. and Suddaby , R. ( 2006 ), “ Institutions and institutional work ”, in Clegg , S. , Hardy , C. , Lawrence , T. and Nord , W.S. (Eds), Handbook of Organization Studies , 2nd ed ., Sage , London , pp. 215 - 254 .
* Ley , D. ( 2020 ), “ Regional growth ecology, a great wall of capital and a metropolitan housing market ”, Urban Studies , Vol. 58 No. 2 , pp. 297 - 315 , doi: 10.1177/0042098019895226 .
* Lord , N. and Levi , M. ( 2017 ), “ Organizing the finances for and the finances from transnational corporate bribery ”, European Journal of Criminology , Vol. 14 No. 3 , pp. 365 - 389 , doi: 10.1177/1477370816661740 .
* Lord , N. , van Wingerde , K. and Campbell , L. ( 2018 ), “ Organizing the monies of corporate financial crimes via organizational structures: ostensible legitimacy, effective anonymity, and third-party facilitation ”, Administrative Sciences , Vol. 8 No. 2 , p. 17 , doi: 10.3390/admsci8020017 .
* Maggetti , M. ( 2014 ), “ Promoting corporate responsibility in private banking: necessary and sufficient conditions for joining the Wolfsberg initiative against money laundering ”, Business and Society , Vol. 53 No. 6 , pp. 787 - 819 , doi: 10.1177/0007650312439448 .
* Marat , E. ( 2015 ), “ Global money laundering and its domestic political consequences in Kyrgyzstan ”, Central Asian Survey , Vol. 34 No. 1 , pp. 46 - 56 , doi: 10.1080/02634937.2015.1010854 .
* May , A. ( 2019 ), “ Football and the ‘mysterious nature of global capital’: a case study of Birmingham city FC and Birmingham international holdings ”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport , Vol. 54 No. 8 , pp. 957 - 970 , doi: 10.1177/1012690218755051 .
Mei , D. , Ye , Y. and Gao , Z. ( 2014 ), “ Literature review of international anti-money laundering research: a scientometrical perspective ”, Open Journal of Social Sciences , Vol. 02 No. 12 , pp. 111 - 120 , doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.212016 .
* Mugarura , N. ( 2017 ), “ The use of anti-money laundering tools to regulate Ponzi and other fraudulent investment schemes ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 20 No. 3 , pp. 231 - 246 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-01-2016-0005 .
* Naheem , M.A. ( 2015 ), “ HSBC swiss bank accounts-AML compliance and money laundering implications ”, Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance , Vol. 23 No. 3 , pp. 285 - 306 , doi: 10.1108/JFRC-03-2015-0016 .
* Naheem , M.A. ( 2016 ), “ Internal audit function and AML compliance: the globalisation of the internal audit function ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 19 No. 4 , pp. 459 - 469 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-05-2015-0020 .
Oliver , C. ( 1991 ), “ Strategic responses to institutional processes ”, The Academy of Management Review , Vol. 16 No. 1 , pp. 145 - 179 , doi: 10.5465/amr.1991.4279002 .
Omar , N. , Johari , Z.A. and Arshad , R. ( 2014 ), “ Money laundering – FATF special recommendation VIII: a review of evaluation reports ”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences , Vol. 145 , pp. 211 - 225 , doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.06.029 .
* Ozinga , S. and Mowat , H. ( 2012 ), “ Strategies to prevent illegal logging ”, in Wijen , F. , Zoeteman , K. , Pieters , J. and van Seters , P. (Eds), A Handbook of Globalization and Environmental Policy , 2nd ed. , Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd , Cheltenham, Glos , pp. 179 - 208 .
Palmatier , R.W. , Houston , M.B. and Hulland , J. ( 2018 ), “ Review articles: purpose, process, and structure ”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol. 46 No. 1 , pp. 1 - 5 , doi: 10.1007/s11747-017-0563-4 .
* Perez , M.F. , Brada , J.C. and Drabek , Z. ( 2012 ), “ Illicit money flows as motives for FDI ”, Journal of Comparative Economics , Vol. 40 No. 1 , pp. 108 - 126 , doi: 10.1016/j.jce.2011.03.007 .
* Pérezts , M. , Bouilloud , J.P. and de Gaulejac , V. ( 2011 ), “ Serving two masters: the contradictory organization as an ethical challenge for managerial responsibility ”, Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 101 No. 1 , pp. 33 - 44 , doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-1176-3 .
Petticrew , M. and Roberts , H. ( 2006 ), Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide , Wiley-Blackwell , Malden .
* Rahimi , H. ( 2020 ), “ Hawala as credit: recognizing how hawala supports the business climate in Afghanistan ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 23 No. 1 , pp. 224 - 244 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-07-2019-0053 .
Rittel , H.W.J. and Webber , M.M. ( 1973 ), “ Dilemmas in a general theory of planning ”, Policy Sciences , Vol. 4 No. 2 , pp. 155 - 169 , doi: 10.1007/BF01405730 .
Rojon , C. , Okupe , A. and McDowall , A. ( 2021 ), “ Utilization and development of systematic reviews in management research: what do we know and where do we go from here? ”, International Journal of Management Reviews , Vol. 23 No. 2 , pp. 191 - 223 , doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12245 .
Rousseau , D.M. , Manning , J. and Denyer , D. ( 2008 ), “ 11 Evidence in management and organizational science: assembling the field’s full weight of scientific knowledge through syntheses ”, Academy of Management Annals , Vol. 2 No. 1 , pp. 475 - 515 , doi: 10.5465/19416520802211651 .
Ryan , G. and Bernard , H. ( 2000 ), “ Data management and analysis methods ”, in Denzin , N. and Lincoln , Y. (Eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research , 2nd ed. , Sage , Thousand Oaks, CA , pp. 769 - 802 .
* Sadeghi , V.J. , Biancone , P.P. , Giacoma , C. and Secinaro , S. ( 2018 ), “ How does export compliance influence the internationalization of firms: is it a thread or an opportunity? ”, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research , Vol. 8 No. 1 , pp. 1 - 15 , doi: 10.1186/s40497-018-0089-3 .
* Scheau , M.C. and Zaharie , S.P. ( 2017 ), “ Methods of laundering money resulted from cyber-crime ”, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research , Vol. 51 No. 3 , pp. 299 - 314 .
Scott , W.R. ( 2001 ), Institutions and Organizations , Sage , Thousand Oaks .
* Sharman , J.C. ( 2008 ), “ Power and discourse in policy diffusion: anti-money laundering in developing states ”, International Studies Quarterly , Vol. 52 No. 3 , pp. 635 - 656 , doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00518.x .
Short , J. ( 2009 ), “ The art of writing a review article ”, Journal of Management , Vol. 35 No. 6 , pp. 1312 - 1317 , doi: 10.1177/0149206309337489 .
* Sica , V. ( 2000 ), “ Cleaning the laundry: states and the monitoring of the financial system ”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies , Vol. 29 No. 1 , pp. 47 - 72 , doi: 10.1177/03058298000290010801 .
* Singh , C. and Lin , W. ( 2020 ), “ Can artificial intelligence, RegTech and CharityTech provide effective solutions for anti-money laundering and counter-terror financing initiatives in charitable fundraising ”, Journal of Money Laundering Control , Vol. 24 No. 3 , pp. 464 - 482 , doi: 10.1108/JMLC-09-2020-0100 .
Soundararajan , V. , Jamali , D. and Spence , L.J. ( 2018 ), “ Small business social responsibility: a critical multilevel review, synthesis and research agenda ”, International Journal of Management Reviews , Vol. 20 No. 4 , pp. 934 - 956 , doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12171 .
* Sun , H.W. , Lam , K.Y. , Gollmann , D. , Chung , S.L. , Li , J.B. and Sun , J.G. ( 2008 ), “ Efficient fingercode classification ”, IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems , Vol. E91-D No. 5 , pp. 1252 - 1260 , doi: 10.1093/ietisy/e91-d.5.1252 .
Tiwari , M. , Gepp , A. and Kumar , K. ( 2020 ), “ A review of money laundering literature: the state of research in key areas ”, Pacific Accounting Review , Vol. 32 No. 2 , pp. 271 - 303 , doi: 10.1108/PAR-06-2019-0065 .
Tranfield , D. , Denyer , D. and Smart , P. ( 2003 ), “ Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review ”, British Journal of Management , Vol. 14 No. 3 , pp. 207 - 222 , doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.00375 .
* Transparency International ( 2017 ), “ International support to anti-money laundering and asset recovery: success stories ”, available at: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Money-laundering-and-asset-recovery-success-stories.pdf ( accessed 5 April 2022 ).
UNESCO ( 2010 ), “ Engineering: issues, challenges and opportunities for development ”, available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000189753 ( accessed 11 April 2022 ).
* UNODC ( 2022 ), “ Money laundering ”, available at: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/overview.html ( accessed 4 April 2022 ).
Van Duyne , P.C. , Harvey , J.H. and Gelemerova , L.Y. ( 2018 ), The Critical Handbook of Money Laundering: Policy, Analysis and Myths , Springer , London .
* Varese , F. ( 2012 ), “ How mafias take advantage of globalization: the Russian mafia in Italy ”, British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 52 No. 2 , pp. 235 - 253 , doi: 10.1093/bjc/azr077 .
* Warde , I. ( 2007 ), “ The war on terror, crime and the shadow economy in the MENA countries ”, Mediterranean Politics , Vol. 12 No. 2 , pp. 233 - 248 , doi: 10.1080/13629390701398033 .
* Wechsler , W.F. ( 2001 ), “ Follow the money ”, Foreign Affairs , Vol. 80 No. 4 , pp. 40 - 57 , doi: 10.2307/20050225 .
* Windsor , D. ( 2013 ), “ International business, corruption, and bribery ”, International Business Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility , Vol. 11 , pp. 65 - 95 , doi: 10.1108/S2051-5030(2013)0000011008 .
The authors gratefully acknowledge the grant support from the Foundation for Economic Education, Finland; Employee Foundation, Finland; Säästöpankki’s Foundation, Finland; TOP-foundation, Finland and Paulo’s Foundation, Finland. The authors thank Professor Niina Nummela and Adjunct Professor Peter Zettinig for their helpful and insightful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
About the authors.
Emilia A. Isolauri, MSc, is a Doctoral Researcher of International Business at the Turku School of Economics at the University of Turku, Finland. Her major research interests focus on social problems and business ethics through phenomena such as money laundering and white-collar crime.
Dr Irfan Ameer is working as a Lecturer in International Business at the University of Plymouth, UK. He is also associated with the University of Turku, Finland as a Post Doctoral Researcher in the Department of Marketing and International Business. His areas of interest include CSR, sustainability, and governance-related issues in marketing and international business.
All feedback is valuable.
Please share your general feedback
Contact Customer Support
Home / Essay Samples / Law / Money Laundering
The roots of counterfeiting in america.
While scrolling through an extensive collection of articles to find one I was interested in, this one on counterfeit money in the colonies specifically caught my eye. I have always been confused about what exactly counterfeiting is and how it’s accomplished, so I found the...
Credit card fraud is increasing at a very high rate due to the development of modern technology and the global superhighways of communication. Credit card fraud costs consumers and the financial company billions of dollars annually, and fraudsters continuously try to find new rules and...
Money laundry is by far one of the worst headaches most states suffer from either by enacting laws to prevent it which can take a lot of time, money and resources or by altering local laws to adhere to globally recognized financial laws and protocols...
According to PricewaterhouseCoopers estimations, about 1-2 trillion dollars are laundered every year. Criminals are getting more and more creative regarding their ways for cleaning their illegal profits. All of these results later in updating bank controls to catch that elusive ML scheme. Typologies can be...
We have defined 'money laundering' as the introduction of funds obtained by illegal methods such as theft, drug trafficking, embezzlement, arms trade, bribes, smuggling, and many others. (The stage of deposit - the stage of camouflage - the integration stage), so as not to discover...
Money laundering occurs in almost every country in the world, and a single scheme typically involves transferring money through several countries in order to obscure its origins. A great requirement remains for concerned authorities to play a vital role in tackling money laundering which is...
“Capital as such is not evil, it is its wrong use that is Evil, Capital in some form or other will always be needed” - Mohandas K. Gandhi If we ask a layman “what is Money Laundering?” The general guesses would be that it must...
The problem this memorandum will address is the regional regulator’s inadequate response to the ineffective money laundering regulations in Mozambique. The Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG) must act for the sake of upholding the global standards to combat money laundering. Money laundering...
Historically, money laundering has been around in some structure for a long time, when Chinese vendors burned cash through different organizations and complex money related exchanges to conceal the pay from government civil servants, who tried to decorate the salary. A few students of history...
Trying to find an excellent essay sample but no results?
Don’t waste your time and get a professional writer to help!
samplius.com uses cookies to offer you the best service possible.By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .--> -->