research paper print media

• Corpus ID: 212656498

Print Media And The Challenges Of Social Media

• Udenze , Silas
• Published 2018

The decline of conventional news media and challenges of immersing in new technology

The internet and journalism practice in nigeria, users of the world, unite the challenges and opportunities of social media, uva-dare (digital academic repository) twitter, youtube, and flickr as platforms of alternative journalism: the social media account of the 2010 toronto g20 protests, journalism practice and new media in nigeria: an exploratory analysis of journalism culture and practice in nigeria, understanding new media: extending marshall mcluhan, social media and society, related papers.

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Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source

Social media sites have surpassed print newspapers as a news source for Americans: One-in-five U.S. adults say they often get news via social media, slightly higher than the share who often do so from print newspapers (16%) for the first time since Pew Research Center began asking these questions. In 2017, the portion who got news via social media was about equal to the portion who got news from print newspapers.

Social media’s small edge over print emerged after years of steady declines in newspaper circulation and modest increases in the portion of Americans who use social media , according to  a Pew Research Center survey  conducted earlier this year.

Overall, television is still the most popular platform for news consumption – even though its use has declined since 2016 . News websites are the next most common source, followed by radio, and finally social media sites and print newspapers. And when looking at online news use combined – the percentage of Americans who get news often from either news websites or social media – the web has closed in on television as a source for news (43% of adults get news often from news websites or social media, compared with 49% for television).

Among the three different types of TV news asked about, local TV is the most popular – 37% get news there often, compared with 30% who get cable TV news often and 25% who often watch national evening network news shows.

For the first time, we also asked respondents if they got news from a streaming device on their TV – 9% of U.S. adults said that they do so often. There is a large amount of overlap between those who stream TV news and those who get news on broadcast television – a majority of those who get news from streaming TV often (73%) also say that they get news often on broadcast or cable TV.

News diets differ drastically for younger and older Americans. Age gaps that have long been notable have now widened substantially, with those 65 and older five times as likely as 18- to 29-year-olds to often get news from TV. A large majority of those 65 and older (81%) get news from television often, as do about two-thirds (65%) of those 50 to 64. Far fewer young Americans are turning to television news, however – only 16% of those 18 to 29 and 36% of those 30 to 49 get news often from television.

The age divide is nearly as large for social media, but in the other direction: Those 18 to 29 are about four times as likely to often get news there as those 65 and older.

Print’s popularity only persists among those 65 and older. Among the oldest age group, about four-in-ten (39%) get news there often, but no more than 18% of any other age group do.

Online news websites are more popular among those ages 30 to 49. About four-in-ten (42%) in this age group get news often from websites and news apps. About a quarter (27%) of 18- to 29-year-olds get news from news websites, making it the second most commonly used platform for news for that age group. For these youngest adults, social media is the most popular news platform – 36% get news there often, topping news websites, TV (16%), radio (13%) and print (2%).

Younger Americans are also unique in that they don’t rely on one platform in the way that the majority of their elders rely on TV. No more than half of those ages 18 to 29 and 30 to 49 get news often from any one news platform.

See also: Americans Still Prefer Watching to Reading the News – and Mostly Still Through Television

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Elisa Shearer is a senior researcher focusing on news and information research at Pew Research Center .

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The enduring power of print for learning in a digital world

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Today’s students see themselves as digital natives , the first generation to grow up surrounded by technology like smartphones, tablets and e-readers.

Teachers, parents and policymakers certainly acknowledge the growing influence of technology and have responded in kind. We’ve seen more investment in classroom technologies , with students now equipped with school-issued iPads and access to e-textbooks. In 2009 , California passed a law requiring that all college textbooks be available in electronic form by 2020; in 2011 , Florida lawmakers passed legislation requiring public schools to convert their textbooks to digital versions.

Given this trend, teachers, students, parents and policymakers might assume that students’ familiarity and preference for technology translates into better learning outcomes. But we’ve found that’s not necessarily true.

As researchers in learning and text comprehension, our recent work has focused on the differences between reading print and digital media. While new forms of classroom technology like digital textbooks are more accessible and portable, it would be wrong to assume that students will automatically be better served by digital reading simply because they prefer it.

Speed – at a cost

Our work has revealed a significant discrepancy. Students said they preferred and performed better when reading on screens. But their actual performance tended to suffer.

For example, from our review of research done since 1992 , we found that students were able to better comprehend information in print for texts that were more than a page in length. This appears to be related to the disruptive effect that scrolling has on comprehension. We were also surprised to learn that few researchers tested different levels of comprehension or documented reading time in their studies of printed and digital texts.

To explore these patterns further, we conducted three studies that explored college students’ ability to comprehend information on paper and from screens.

Students first rated their medium preferences. After reading two passages, one online and one in print, these students then completed three tasks: Describe the main idea of the texts, list key points covered in the readings and provide any other relevant content they could recall. When they were done, we asked them to judge their comprehension performance.

Across the studies, the texts differed in length, and we collected varying data (e.g., reading time). Nonetheless, some key findings emerged that shed new light on the differences between reading printed and digital content:

Students overwhelming preferred to read digitally.

Reading was significantly faster online than in print.

Students judged their comprehension as better online than in print.

Paradoxically, overall comprehension was better for print versus digital reading.

The medium didn’t matter for general questions (like understanding the main idea of the text).

But when it came to specific questions, comprehension was significantly better when participants read printed texts.

Placing print in perspective

From these findings, there are some lessons that can be conveyed to policymakers, teachers, parents and students about print’s place in an increasingly digital world.

1. Consider the purpose

We all read for many reasons. Sometimes we’re looking for an answer to a very specific question. Other times, we want to browse a newspaper for today’s headlines.

As we’re about to pick up an article or text in a printed or digital format, we should keep in mind why we’re reading. There’s likely to be a difference in which medium works best for which purpose.

In other words, there’s no “one medium fits all” approach.

2. Analyze the task

One of the most consistent findings from our research is that, for some tasks, medium doesn’t seem to matter. If all students are being asked to do is to understand and remember the big idea or gist of what they’re reading, there’s no benefit in selecting one medium over another .

But when the reading assignment demands more engagement or deeper comprehension, students may be better off reading print . Teachers could make students aware that their ability to comprehend the assignment may be influenced by the medium they choose. This awareness could lessen the discrepancy we witnessed in students’ judgments of their performance vis-à-vis how they actually performed.

3. Slow it down

In our third experiment, we were able to create meaningful profiles of college students based on the way they read and comprehended from printed and digital texts.

Among those profiles, we found a select group of undergraduates who actually comprehended better when they moved from print to digital. What distinguished this atypical group was that they actually read slower when the text was on the computer than when it was in a book. In other words, they didn’t take the ease of engaging with the digital text for granted. Using this select group as a model, students could possibly be taught or directed to fight the tendency to glide through online texts.

4. Something that can’t be measured

There may be economic and environmental reasons to go paperless. But there’s clearly something important that would be lost with print’s demise.

In our academic lives, we have books and articles that we regularly return to. The dog-eared pages of these treasured readings contain lines of text etched with questions or reflections. It’s difficult to imagine a similar level of engagement with a digital text. There should probably always be a place for print in students’ academic lives – no matter how technologically savvy they become.

Of course, we realize that the march toward online reading will continue unabated. And we don’t want to downplay the many conveniences of online texts, which include breadth and speed of access.

Rather, our goal is simply to remind today’s digital natives – and those who shape their educational experiences – that there are significant costs and consequences to discounting the printed word’s value for learning and academic development.

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The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet Research Paper

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Introduction

Historical analysis and the present situation, the premise.

Generally, the world remains surrounded by paper publications. However, people currently give minimal attention to the roles of print media and their significance throughout the history. Consequently, the present status and the future potentials of print media are unclear due to the emergence of internet and other relevant technologies.

Observably, there is need to analyze the historical confluences between the print and internet media. It is important to analyze basic factors behind the dominance of internet over print media in the present century. In addition, the critical examination of varied approaches to enhance and promote the dominance of print media in the present society is also important. Observably, it is required to have a substantial research on the reasons behind the closure of most libraries and their incompetency.

This occurs in comparison to the internet. Notably, the application of strategic management and marketing approaches can play a critical role in enhancing the performance of various print media within the present global society. The significance of the appropriate advertising mix cannot be ignored in this context.

Furthermore, critical research has to focus on the interplay between the social media, TV, and the website. The impacts of the changes in the influence and popularity of print media on most company’s marketing approaches and competitiveness is also critical. These factors include some of the significant areas described within the paper.

Print media are symbolized through various forms including books, newspapers, magazines, and newsletters among others. The media might also include advertising, memos and business forms. Globally, media have played potential roles within the past and present society (Biagi, 2012).

Some of these roles include educating, notifying, entertaining, and manipulating peoples’ lives worldwide. The ability of the print media to visually stimulate and provide intellect by the help of text and facts enhances readers’ competencies. Print media remain an often applied term, which refers to the mode through which printed matter gets disseminated (Janoschka, 2004).

In the daily situation, individuals refer to print media as an industry or sector that does the printing and dispersion of information via a media meshwork that include newspapers and journals. Alternatively, individuals refer print media as the press. This is a transitional communicative channel that aims to cover a considerable number of individuals. Thus, this paper presents a critical review of the history of print media and its rivalry with the internet.

Historically, the print media revolution began in the 15 th century. Johann Gutenberg is seen as the father of printing during these early centuries (Janoschka, 2004). Printing developed and grew into a potential mode for dispersing information, enhancing the discovery and application of print as well as mass media.

It is observable that the physical appearance of several publications and print media during the 20 th century remains considerably. This resembles those that existed during the 18 th and 19 th century (Biagi, 2012). For quite a long time, the print media has also provided a potential storage mechanism for the vital information in the general society. However, the emergence of the internet (particularly within the present globalized societies) has changed the trend.

With the emergence of computers in the early 20 th century, technology has increasingly transformed the media (Okrent, nd.). Print media remain one of the areas within the media industry that have undergone considerable suffering due to the emergence of the internet. Individuals, corporate agencies, governments, and other entities recurrently depict a tendency of dependence on the internet as a vital source of information.

People spend more time on the web reading journals, magazines, and other articles posted online. Consequently, minimal attention has been accorded to the earlier vibrant print media (Janoschka, 2004). Obviously, the significance of the print media can never be underscored. For instance, the print media help to draw individuals around a specific public theme and concerns. It is vital to note that this significant role is bound to last even in the future of print media.

Notably, there was a general opinion during the late 21 st century that the print media was plunging (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012). During the 21 st century, the emergence and growth of the internet, electronic means of obtaining information, and online articles have led to considerable changes.

Although individuals can obtain information online from the internet, they still depict an urge to grasp the information and access it in a more trusted and solid manner. Perhaps, this explains the reason for adopting appropriate survival and competitive mechanisms by the print media and its personalities or fraternity.

As early as in the 2000s, several print media materials had recognized the importance of making their contents available online (Okrent, nd.). However, publishers began their operations online due to the basic discovery of computers and internet. Journalistic production has immensely revolved with the present capabilities to create instantaneous news online.

Presently, most libraries are getting extinct due to their incompetency. They can hardly contend internet favorably. The extinction of the print media equally sends vital advertising and marketing messages to the potential companies (Janoschka, 2004). There is need for more strategic promotion endeavors to enhance competitiveness in the increasingly transforming global marketplace and organizational demands.

This is because the individual demands and preferences transform following the impacts of technological applications and advancements. The potential organizations have recognized the need of involving the diverse media sources or mechanisms for their marketing or brand promotion strategies (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012). In order to capture target audiences in totality, there is great demand for companies to integrate the most popular sources of information transfer within their advertising and promotion endeavors.

It is still vital to recognize the significant roles eminent within the print media especially on product promotion. These observations are critical in the design of the companies’ advertising mix to enhance brand popularity. It is recognizable that the internet is never limited.

This means that both businesses and corporations have the capacity to register their personal and unique domains. Organizations ought to recognize the importance of Social Media Marketing (SMM) (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012). This must presently form part of the extension of their internet marketing approach or strategy.

An organization’s management must adopt strategic marketing approaches including search engine optimization (SEO) advocacy and email marketing methodologies. Ideally, the SMM refers to the medium through which organizations can apply to send information with the most targeted audience or market. This innovative marketing strategy is very noble and enhances adequate access to the targeted market with minimal challenges (Biagi, 2012).

Competitive companies or organizations have to identify the present vibrant media types and integrate strategic advertising within them. An appropriate marketing mix involving the utilization of all relevant and vibrant media types makes a critical recipe for effective performance brand promotion (Okrent, nd.).

The print media might not provide a singular mode for product promotion particularly for companies that are keen to gain a considerable competitive advantage. Social media has particularly grown into dominance in the last period. This is because it has assisted people to develop solid associations organically through diverse internet channels (Janoschka, 2004).

The recent emergence of social media sights such as the facebook and twitter have led to a considerable transformation in marketing. Consequently, it is vital to note that organizations or companies that do not align their marketing initiatives to fit such transformations are more likely to be edged out of the stiff competition. The involvement of qualified and expert personnel in the design of completive marketing strategies remains important.

The company’s management, through the personnel unit ought to ensure that persons with the critical skills as well as expertise are engaged to provide the effective and appropriate marketing strategies (Kipphan, 2001). Alternatively, outsourcing and hiring of outside skilled personnel would also provide for the companies an important source of human resource that can steer forward the strategic marketing methodologies. Organizations should not allow vague social media approach or strategies.

Business plans must integrate the components of effective marketing mix by involving all the relevant media types within their schedules. For example, newspaper websites help in the interactive flout by enabling its consumers to give their comments. This has elicited enhanced debates on the issues related to print media.

Contrary to the print media that offer their personal comment pages, internet offers sufficient and instant interaction between the readers (Biagi, 2012). Therefore, consumers of various products are never in a position to provide instant comments on their opinion and feelings concerning specific products or company brands.

It should be realized that an effective marketing mix of all the types of media helps the concerned organizations/companies to obtain immediate feedback about their products as well as services. Certain unique features of the internet can enable companies to develop and create their own profiles from which they are able to display and communicate their advertisement and product promotion messages.

Television advertising has particularly become more common because it provides both the visual and message aspects to the viewers (Janoschka, 2004). More similar to the internet advertising, these two media provides the market with unique qualities of habit changing and preference setting. Basically, in television advertising, viewers can see, hear and get attracted to the brand on promotion. However, this is a distinct quality that the print media largely misses.

When an advertisement is done through the print media, the target groups are only able to appreciate the physical outlook or appearance of the product being promoted. However, this aspect is also largely restricted given the limited space and the capacity to show other unique features as evident within the TV as well as internet advertising. For most companies, it is critical to apply all the media types in advertisement and product promotion initiatives.

This is basically because not all the individuals within the targeted groups are able to access all types of media in their places of living or daily lives (Kipphan, 2001). The utilization of an advertisement mix involving all the media types is therefore critical. This is because this initiative helps to enhance the four Ps of marketing.

There are clear indications that the physical wares within the print media including the newspapers, books, as well as magazines among several others are bound to seize to be the elementary or most lucrative modes of dispersing information or interacting with the media. Generally, it should be noticed that these changes are never occurring on the premise that the print is not good (Biagi, 2012).

The simple fact here is that the digital media seems to be the best relative to the print. People generally like associating with trendy and modern stuff. With the increased rate of globalization, there is a great realization that no one accepts to be left behind even with technology.

The digital media or internet seems to draw so many merits over the print media. With the internet, the information can be obtained at a relatively high speed; there is the obvious advantage of ubiquity and permanence (Okrent, nd.). The internet also offers one with the capacity or room to update, remix and target particular areas, groups, or tar gets. There is an obvious ability to socialize and even conduct marketing through links.

Its ability to enhance data storage and aid the feedback processes perhaps provides it with the most admirable quality that the print media has potentially lacked from the time of its invention. The companies have to consider cost limitations and conduct a cost and benefit analysis when choosing an appropriate media for their advertising (Kipphan, 2001). This is because companies are entities that aim to achieve cost effectiveness as well as efficiency through all their domains of operation.

Arguably, the digital media minimizes the incremental expenses associated with production as well as dispersion of any content to very negligible costs. This is largely unlike the print media that has to incur such costs, including for the distribution. There have been observations that due to this, it might prove an expensive venture to advertise through the print media. Most organizations will continue to discover that a majority of their clients have gone digital.

There is also an increasing observation that conducting product promotion or advertising through the internet remains affordable and exponentially effective. This is particularly within the post-scarcity economies (Kipphan, 2001). Because technology as well as connectivity is increasingly advancing, there is a general presence of content in almost all places.

The print media is, thus, observed to be slowly and steadily facing the edge. The availability of most magazines online in soft copies is perhaps a better demonstration or indication of the fate of the print media. Even when it comes to storage, the internet revolution has led to the development of sophisticated technologies including cloud computing technology (Janoschka, 2004).

Cloud technology, for instance, has led to the efficient storage of information within the internet. Basically, this has solved the previous fears and risks associated with data losses within the print media through neglect, calamities or disasters within organizations. Competitive business entities, therefore, find it more effective to utilize the digital media in their management systems, operations as well as advertising mechanisms.

The ability of the print companies to indulge proper advertising strategies would enhance their presence within the media industry. Moreover, a transformational leadership and management approach within the print media companies would be preferable to help transform the feeling or opinion that the print material is no longer fashionable (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012).

Developing creative brand promotion as well as advertising messages targeting the radio, television, the web, and other social media should be the main focus of the print media. It is vital to note that such a marketing mix would enhance their capacity to reach a wider capture of audience or clientele.

Consequently, when conducted in an appealing and appropriate way, it might transform the preferences of most persons and therefore change the trend that is currently notable. Companies that operate in print media services or activities ought to create an organizational culture and identify themselves and their products to be distinctly important and appropriate across all populations (Kipphan, 2001).

Brand development and d its consequent propagation within the market will be a critical step to all the print media companies. This is particularly in consideration of the present technological and globalization effects.

Design considerations would also be important aspects within the promotion of print media. With creative and unique design as well as contents, the print media is set to establish a powerful re-emergence into the social sector. The companies ought to understand that the marketplace presently has undergone significant evolution (Janoschka, 2004).

There initiatives towards effectively marketing the print material should thus focus on strategic methodologies that can significantly influence the market as well as the general population. The proper comprehension of notable market dynamics provides a critical stepping stone towards the revitalization of the print media by these companies or organizations (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012).

The management of the companies within the print media domain should therefore ensure that their marketing plans are traceable within the relevant market pace. There is a great realization that it is never adequate to presently advertise specifically on radio, print material or television. The companies should thus consider the basic fact that in order to reach a considerable number of clientele; they have to socialize with them via the social media as well as the internet.

Adoption of a strategic marketing integrated with the social media marketing is necessary in the companies’ marketing projects (Egol, Hawkes & Springs, 2012). This would help them to develop marketing plans that will link them to their clients and yield full attention and recognition of their brands within the market.

Evidently, media industry is registering a continuous transformation. This has caused considerable shifts in the establishment and use of media services. The drastic budge from the print media to internet for information transfer is an important consideration. The print media players have been confronted by cyclical demerits with tremendous decline in business compared to other forms of media.

Generally, the present media environment remains intricate and extremely fragmented. Ideally, it has become extremely hard for organizations and business entities to effectively approach and indulge their clients and prospects. The wider variety of media alternatives and the market interplays have made the buying process more complicated.

There is need for the media companies to engage in strategic marketing initiatives in order to remain relevant and competitive in the market. This is a critical provision when considered critically in various aspects. Based on the history, print media has evolved considerably.

Biagi, S. (2012). Media/impact: An introduction to mass media . Ohio, OH: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Egol, M., Hawkes,H. & Springs, G. (2012). Reinventing Print Media. Four new strategies offer a path to future profits for today’s troubled newspaper and magazine companies . Web.

Janoschka, A. (2004). Web advertising: New forms of communication on the Internet . New York, NY: Benjamins.

Kipphan, H. (2001). Handbook of print media: Technologies and production methods . California, CA: Springer.

Okrent, D. (nd.). The Death of Print? . Web.

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IvyPanda. (2019, May 13). The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-history-of-print-media-and-its-competition-with-the-internet-research-paper/

"The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet." IvyPanda , 13 May 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/the-history-of-print-media-and-its-competition-with-the-internet-research-paper/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet'. 13 May.

IvyPanda . 2019. "The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet." May 13, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-history-of-print-media-and-its-competition-with-the-internet-research-paper/.

1. IvyPanda . "The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet." May 13, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-history-of-print-media-and-its-competition-with-the-internet-research-paper/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The History of Print Media and Its Competition With the Internet." May 13, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-history-of-print-media-and-its-competition-with-the-internet-research-paper/.

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No Joke: The Onion Thinks Print Is the Future of Media

The satirical site is hoping a newspaper with fake stories and fake ads will lead to real money.

This week, The Onion began distributing a print edition for the first time in more than a decade. Credit...

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By Benjamin Mullin

Photographs and Video by Jamie Kelter Davis

• Aug. 16, 2024

The funniest writers at The Onion shuffled through dozens of news stories at a meeting last week, trying to discern which headline would make readers laugh harder.

“Next Up: 911 Operator Calmly Talks Woman Through Macarena,” suggested one writer, as his co-workers cackled. Another: “JD Vance Doubles Down on Controversial Criticism of Childless Children.”

The headlines — all 52 of them — were completely fake, possible fodder for the satirical news site. But the jokesters behind those stories are also hard at work on a genuine experiment in the media business, one so counterintuitive that it sounds as if it could have been published in The Onion.

This week, The Onion began distributing a print edition for the first time in more than a decade and will soon deliver it monthly to everyone who subscribes to its site. The move is a throwback to the publication’s roots as a campus weekly in the late 1980s.

But it is also emblematic of a growing trend in the media industry — trying new ways to attract and retain digital subscribers.

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A Plan to Promote Defense Research at Minority-Serving Institutions

Engaging the full breadth of talent in the United States is an important component of growing and sustaining dominance in research and development (R&D) and supporting national security into the future. By 2030, one-fifth of Americans will be above age 65 and at or nearing retirement from the workforce. Estimates of race and ethnic demographic changes between 2016 and 2030 show a decrease in the non-Hispanic white population and an increase in terms of both number and share of all other demographic groups, and this trend will continue to increase. These population shifts signal a citizenry and workforce that will be increasingly diverse. For the United States to maintain its global competitiveness and protect its security interests, targeted support is needed to cultivate talent from communities throughout the nation.

The nation's more than 800 Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) provide an impactful and cost-effective opportunity to focus on cultivating the current and future U.S. population for careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including in fields critical to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). At the request of DOD, this report identifies tangible frameworks for increasing the participation of MSIs in defense-related research and development and identifies the necessary mechanisms for elevating minority serving institutions to R1 status (doctoral universities with very high research activity) on the Carnegie Classifications of Institutions of Higher Education scale.

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Title: mutual reasoning makes smaller llms stronger problem-solvers.

Abstract: This paper introduces rStar, a self-play mutual reasoning approach that significantly improves reasoning capabilities of small language models (SLMs) without fine-tuning or superior models. rStar decouples reasoning into a self-play mutual generation-discrimination process. First, a target SLM augments the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with a rich set of human-like reasoning actions to construct higher quality reasoning trajectories. Next, another SLM, with capabilities similar to the target SLM, acts as a discriminator to verify each trajectory generated by the target SLM. The mutually agreed reasoning trajectories are considered mutual consistent, thus are more likely to be correct. Extensive experiments across five SLMs demonstrate rStar can effectively solve diverse reasoning problems, including GSM8K, GSM-Hard, MATH, SVAMP, and StrategyQA. Remarkably, rStar boosts GSM8K accuracy from 12.51% to 63.91% for LLaMA2-7B, from 36.46% to 81.88% for Mistral-7B, from 74.53% to 91.13% for LLaMA3-8B-Instruct. Code will be available at this https URL .

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News outlets were leaked insider material from the Trump campaign. They chose not to print it

At least three news outlets were leaked confidential material from inside the Donald Trump campaign. So far, each has refused to reveal any details about what they received. Here’s what to know.

FILE - Republican vice presidential candidate Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, left, and Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, shake hands at a campaign rally in Atlanta, Aug. 3, 2024. (AP Photo/Ben Gray, File)

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Republican vice presidential nominee Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, and his wife Usha Chilukuri Vance order ice cream at Olson’s Ice Cream Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2024, in Eau Claire, Wis. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)

Republican vice presidential nominee Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, waves as he leaves with ice cream at Olson’s Ice Cream Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2024, in Eau Claire, Wis. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)

At least three news outlets were leaked confidential material from inside the Donald Trump campaign, including its report vetting JD Vance as a vice presidential candidate. So far, each has refused to reveal any details about what they received.

Instead, Politico, The New York Times and The Washington Post have written about a potential hack of the campaign and described what they had in broad terms.

Their decisions stand in marked contrast to the 2016 presidential campaign, when a Russian hack exposed emails to and from Hillary Clinton’s campaign manager, John Podesta. The website Wikileaks published a trove of these embarrassing missives, and mainstream news organizations covered them avidly.

Politico wrote over the weekend about receiving emails starting July 22 from a person identified as “Robert” that included a 271-page campaign document about Vance and a partial vetting report on Sen. Marco Rubio, who was also considered as a potential vice president. Both Politico and the Post said that two people had independently confirmed that the documents were authentic.

“Like many such vetting documents,” The Times wrote of the Vance report, “they contained past statements with the potential to be embarrassing or damaging, such as Mr. Vance’s remarks casting aspersions on Mr. Trump.”

What’s unclear is who provided the material. Politico said it did not know who “Robert” was and that when it spoke to the supposed leaker, he said, “I suggest you don’t be curious about where I got them from.”

The Trump campaign said it had been hacked and that Iranians were behind it. While the campaign provided no evidence for the claim, it came a day after a Microsoft report detailed an effort by an Iranian military intelligence unit to compromise the email account of a former senior advisor to a presidential campaign. The report did not specify which campaign.

Steven Cheung, a spokesperson for Trump’s campaign, said over the weekend that “any media or news outlet reprinting documents or internal communications are doing the bidding of America’s enemies.”

The FBI released a brief statement Monday that read: “We can confirm the FBI is investigating this matter.”

The Times said it would not discuss why it had decided not to print details of the internal communications. A spokesperson for the Post said: “As with any information we receive, we take into account the authenticity of the materials, any motives of the source and assess the public interest in making decisions about what, if anything, to publish.”

Brad Dayspring, a spokesperson for Politico, said editors there judged that “the questions surrounding the origins of the documents and how they came to our attention were more newsworthy than the material that was in those documents.”

Indeed, it didn’t take long after Vance was announced as Trump’s running mate for various news organizations to dig up unflattering statements that the Ohio senator had made about him.

A lesson from 2016?

It’s also easy to recall how, in 2016, candidate Trump and his team encouraged coverage of documents on the Clinton campaign that Wikileaks had acquired from hackers. It was widespread: A BBC story promised “18 revelations from Wikileaks’ hacked Clinton emails” and Vox even wrote about Podesta’s advice for making superb risotto.

Brian Fallon, then a Clinton campaign spokesperson, noted at the time how striking it was that concern about Russian hacking quickly gave way to fascination over what was revealed. “Just like Russia wanted,” he said.

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Unlike this year, the Wikileaks material was dumped into the public domain, increasing the pressure on news organizations to publish. That led to some bad decisions: In some cases, outlets misrepresented some of the material to be more damaging to Clinton than it actually was, said Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a University of Pennsylvania communications professor who wrote “Cyberwar,” a book about the 2016 hacking.

This year, Jamieson said she believed news organizations made the right decision not to publish details of the Trump campaign material because they can’t be sure of the source.

“How do you know that you’re not being manipulated by the Trump campaign?” Jamieson said. She’s conservative about publishing decisions “because we’re in the misinformation age,” she said.

Thomas Rid, director of the Alperovitch Institute for Cybersecurity Studies at Johns Hopkins, also believes that the news organizations have made the right decision, but for different reasons. He said it appeared that an effort by a foreign agent to influence the 2024 presidential campaign was more newsworthy than the leaked material itself.

But one prominent journalist, Jesse Eisinger, senior reporter and editor at ProPublica, suggested the outlets could have told more than they did. While it’s true that past Vance statements about Trump are easily found publicly, the vetting document could have indicated which statements most concerned the campaign, or revealed things the journalists didn’t know.

Once it is established that the material is accurate, newsworthiness is a more important consideration than the source, he said.

“I don’t think they handled it properly,” Eisinger said. “I think they overlearned the lesson of 2016.”

David Bauder writes about media for the AP. Follow him at http://twitter.com/dbauder .

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News outlets were sent leaked Trump campaign files. They chose not to publish them

In the hours after President Joe Biden’s historic decision to step aside from the 2024 presidential race last month, journalists across three major US newsrooms began receiving emails from an anonymous person claiming to have tantalizing new information about the election.

The individual, who identified themself only as “Robert,” sent a trove of private documents from inside Donald Trump’s campaign operation to journalists at Politico, The New York Times and The Washington Post.

Beginning on July 22,  Politico reported , it began receiving emails from an AOL email address that contained internal communications from a senior Trump campaign official and a research dossier the campaign had put together on Trump’s running mate, Ohio Sen. JD Vance. The dossier included what the Trump campaign identified as Vance’s potential vulnerabilities. Politico was also sent portions of a research document about Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who had been among the contenders to join Trump on the GOP ticket.

Related article Suspected Iranian hackers breached Roger Stone’s personal email as part of effort to target Trump campaign, sources say

The Times  and  The Post  later reported that they, too, had been sent a similar cache, including a 271-page document on Vance dated Feb. 23 and labeled “privileged & confidential,” that the outlets said was based on publicly available information.

But despite receiving the sensitive campaign files, the three outlets opted to not publish reporting on the trove they’d been handed, even as the the person suggested they still had a variety of additional documents “from [Trump’s] legal and court documents to internal campaign discussions.”

“Politico editors made a judgment, based on the circumstances as our journalists understood them at the time, that the questions surrounding the origins of the documents and how they came to our attention were more newsworthy than the material that was in those documents,” Politico spokesperson Brad Dayspring told CNN in a statement.

Instead, the first public sign of any release of private information  came Saturday , when the Trump campaign went public with its announcement that it had been hacked, pointing the finger at Iranian operatives.

“These documents were obtained illegally from foreign sources hostile to the United States, intended to interfere with the 2024 election and sow chaos throughout our Democratic process,” Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung said.

On Monday,  CNN reported  that the FBI and other investigators were probing the apparent security breach, which sources said involved compromising the personal email account of longtime Republican and Trump operative Roger Stone.

Iran has denied the allegations, and the US government has declined to officially blame Tehran for the hack, a source told CNN, adding that the hackers’ techniques closely resembled those used by Iranian operatives.

But while the hacking incident, which occurred in June, set off a scramble in the Trump campaign, the FBI and Microsoft, the three news organizations that had received the files held off on publishing information from the trove. The decision marked a reversal from the 2016 election, when news outlets breathlessly reported embarrassing and damaging stories about Hillary Clinton’s campaign after Russian hackers stole a cache of emails from the Democratic National Committee, publishing them on the website Wikileaks.

The decision underscored the challenge news organizations face when presented with information potentially obtained by nefarious means and the shifting publishing standards of newsrooms in the wake of the 2016 election, during which Russian disinformation efforts we seen as playing a key role in Trump’s victory. In the run up to the 2020 election, newsrooms were presented with another conundrum when the contents of Hunter Biden’s laptop were shopped to news organizations, with most refusing to publish its contents over fears of a possible Russian disinformation effort.

“As with any information we receive, we take into account the authenticity of the materials, any motives of the source and assess the public interest in making decisions about what, if anything, to publish,” a Washington Post spokesperson told CNN on Tuesday.

A New York Times spokesperson declined to comment, saying that the newspaper doesn’t discuss editorial decisions about ongoing coverage.

Trump on Tuesday downplayed the significance of the hack, calling the materials “boring information.”

“I’ve been briefed, and a lot of people think it was Iran, probably was,” Trump said in an interview with Univision. “I think it’s pretty boring information, and we know pretty much what it is, it’s, it’s not very important information.”

During the 2016 campaign, then-presidential hopeful Trump publicly encouraged the hack and release of embarrassing emails about Clinton, which emerged shortly after a videotape showing Trump bragging about sexually assaulting women was unearthed.

“Russia, if you’re listening, I hope you’re able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing, I think you will probably be rewarded mightily by our press,” Trump said at a July 2016 news conference.

“WikiLeaks, I love WikiLeaks,” he later  told rallygoers .

The website, founded in 2006 by Julian Assange to facilitate the anonymous leaking of secrets, had  previously published  tens of thousands of classified documents relating to the Afghanistan war and military documents from the Iraq War. While Trump embraced the release of hacked files to embarrass his opponent, some believe the press went too far in its eager coverage of WikiLeaks’ releases.

“News organizations should proceed with caution when dealing with hacked documents. As long as they’re verified and newsworthy, then they’re fair game, but motive is an important part of the story, too,” Dan Kennedy, a journalism professor at Northeastern University, told CNN. “In 2016, too many news outlets ran with stories about the Democratic National Committee’s emails without questioning why WikiLeaks, which had ties to the Russian government, had hacked them in the first place.”

Jane Kirtley, a professor of media ethics and law at the University of Minnesota, said that news organizations must always vet documents and “make every effort to ensure they are what they purport to be,” an increasingly difficult task with the rise of sophisticated manipulation tools, including artificial intelligence.

“From an ethical perspective, journalists should ask:  who benefits from this disclosure? The role of the media is to act independently in this situation,” Kirtley told CNN. “Again, the journalists’ loyalty should be to the public, not one political party or candidate.”

Related article As Trump flails and invites conspiracies, allies plea for him to stay on message

Still, some criticized the decision by news outlets to withhold publication on the files as hypocritical after reporting in 2016 on the DNC emails obtained by Russian hackers, even as it remained unclear if some materials could still be published.

“Seriously the double standard here is incredible. For all the yapping on interviews, it would be great for people making these decisions to be accountable to the public,” Neera Tenden, a domestic policy adviser to President Biden,  wrote Tuesday on X . “Do they now admit they were wrong in 2016 or is the rule hacked materials are only used when it hurts Dems? There’s no in between.”

While it remains unclear who “Robert” is, news organizations appear to be showing the lessons learned over the last decade, offering a more cautious approach to hacking and state-run influence operations.

“This episode probably reflects that news organizations aren’t going to snap at any hack that comes in and is marked as ‘exclusive’ or ‘inside dope’ and publish it for the sake of publishing,” Washington Post executive editor Matt Murray  told the newspaper . Instead, “all of the news organizations in this case took a deep breath and paused, and thought about who was likely to be leaking the documents, what the motives of the hacker might have been, and whether this was truly newsworthy or not.”

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