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The Work at Home Wife

Helping you work at home and make money online

Get Paid to be an Online Test Grader

August 14, 2024

One  work-from-home job loved by many in my community is contracting as an online test grader. In this position, you are working online grading tests, essays, and other papers. In many cases, these essays are submitted as part of standardized tests like the ACT or SAT. In some cases, they are in conjunction with Engish as a Second Language, or ESL , studies.

To qualify for many of these positions, you often need a bachelor’s degree. Some companies allow that degree to be in any subject. Others may be looking for specific degrees like English. Make sure you read through the company’s current job openings for specifics.

Online grading work opportunities are seasonal in most cases. We see many companies hiring in the fall and spring as this is when most standardized testing is done. That being said, don’t be afraid to check for openings in the off-season as well. And once you are accepted as an online scorer, most companies will invite you back year after year provided you do a good job and meet the workload requirements.

Also See: Get Paid to Test Websites

8 Legit Online Grading Jobs

1. measurement, inc..

Measurement, Inc. is one of the most popular scoring jobs with my readers. They require a bachelor’s degree in any subject. Their projects include test items in English Language Arts, mathematics, science, and other areas.

For most remote positions with this company, they do expect you to work Monday through Friday for the duration of your temporary contract. Their busy season is March through June. Available hours may vary by project.

Onsite positions are usually open year-round. Hiring for remote work is typically done from November through March. Openings were listed on the site at the time of writing this post.

Pearson is a well-known name in the learning community. They hire tutors , at-home test developers, online test scorers, and more. The company was named as a Top 100 Company with Remote Jobs by FlexJobs  and they have a solid review rating on Glassdoor of 3.6 out of 5 stars.

Opportunities vary throughout the year and some may be  location-specific . Most positions are temporary and project-based. A bachelor’s degree is required.

One of their most recent scoring openings was for an edTPA Scorer. This particular test makes sure new teachers are ready for the classroom. This was a more specialized scorer job and required not only a bachelor’s degree but also teaching experience or experience working with teachers.

You can often find Pearson’s most recent needs and requirements on FlexJobs .

Educational Testing Service, or ETS, provides scoring and test development for a variety of tests from student leader proficiency tests to high school equivalency exams (examples: Pravis, GRE, TOEFL.) As such, the requirements can vary greatly for each position. Some positions require a bachelor’s degree. Some require a Master’s. Some require applicants to possess a current teaching certificate while others do not.

4. Write Score

The Write Score site states that orientation for their scoring season will begin in late July to early August though positions are available throughout the year.

Unlike other companies, Write Score only requires a two-year degree and the ability to pass their qualifying test. They do accept resumes for their waitlist and applicants are contacted as needed.

ACT hires Readers to read and score student papers for the ACT Writing Test. This is an opportunity to read and score anytime and from any personal computer.

The site states this is performance-based work. Your earnings will depend on the accuracy and number of essays scored. The company does say Readers can earn $12 per hour or more.

To qualify, you will need a bachelor’s degree or higher, reside in the U.S., and have current teaching experience. Teaching English to high school students (junior and senior level) is preferred.

6. Creative English Solutions

Creative English Solutions, or CES, provides evaluations for students wishing to take the TOEFL, Testing of English as a Foreign Language, and TOEIC, Test of English for International Communication. As such, applicants must be native English speakers and possess a University degree.

Positions at CES offer a lot of flexibility. Though they do ask for a commitment of at least 10 hours per week, Evaluators can accept and decline assignments as they wish and on their own schedule.

In addition to hiring Evaluators, CES also hires freelance writers and voice actors.

7. Literably

Literably is a little different in that their scorers evaluate oral recordings of elementary students. Transcriptionists listen to student audio recordings and transcribe errors.

This position does not require any experience or special degrees. You simply need to pass their sample tasks. As with most transcription jobs, pay is based on performance, speed, and accuracy.

This is a flexible position and you can set your own hours.

8. ALTA Language Services

If you possess native fluency in another language, ALTA Language Services currently has several testing evaluator positions available. These are typically on-demand, part-time positions.

A degree is required, as is a minimum English proficiency level of a 2+/2+ on the ILR proficiency scale. As with most companies in this industry, training is required and paid.

At the end of the day, you aren’t going to get rich as an online test grader. At the time of writing this post, most positions offer average pay of $10 to $13 per hour. That being said, it can be flexible, fulfilling work at home for the right person. Most people report being happy with these positions. The biggest complaint is often that the work isn’t available year-round, but many consider it a nice supplemental income source.

About Angie Nelson

Angie Nelson began working from home in 2007 when she figured out how to take her future into her own hands and escape the corporate cubicle farm. Angie’s goal is sharing her passion for home business, personal finance, telecommuting, and entrepreneurship, and her work has been featured on Recruiter, FlexJobs and Business News Daily.

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Marking & Proofreading Jobs

At Academic Knowledge, we do not have individual proofreading jobs available. Experience in proofreading however is a fantastic skill for our writers to have! We also offer a marking service to our clients, which degree qualified individuals with proofreading skills may be interested in.

If you hold a minimum of an Undergraduate 2:1, have impeccable English spelling & grammar skills, and have experience in marking, critiquing and proofreading students’ work, we have writing and marking jobs available right now!

What do our markers & proofreaders do?

As a marker for Academic Knowledge, you will proofread and mark work directly in your area(s) of study.

Proofreading, marking and critiquing – our most comprehensive and popular service, you will provide an extensively corrected and critiqued piece of work. Alongside the mark, you will provide a thorough critique of the content of the piece, giving the client pointers and tips in order to improve their work and increase their grade.

How much proofreading work is available?

It is worth noting that the competition for assignments is tough – you will only be able to complete work in areas you are qualified in. We have a variety of proofreading jobs available, but the competition is fierce.

Why complete proofreading work at Academic Knowledge?

At Academic Knowledge, when completing a marking job you will be proofreading and marking a students completed work. As a marker, you will be helping the client in a huge variety of ways, by giving them support they may not be necessarily receiving at university. With large class sizes and multiple tutors, students (particularly international students) can find it difficult to attain the support they require.

By proofreading and marking a student's work, you will not only help them understand and improve their work, but also help them identify the common English spelling & grammar mistakes that can be made.

Want to apply?

Ideal candidates for our marking and proofreading job positions include current Masters and PhD students (as you may mark Undergraduate work as part of your position); Teachers and Lecturers (former and current); and exam markers.

Please note that you must hold a minimum of an Undergraduate degree to be considered. Proofreading qualifications, whilst desirable, cannot be considered on their own and can only be used to support your application.

The criteria includes:

• Minimum of an Undergraduate 2:1 degree.
• Flawless English spelling & grammatical skills.
• Use of Microsoft Word and knowledge of track changes and commenting.
• Proofreading and/or marking experience.

Academic Knowledge are always looking for talented proofreaders. If you fulfil the criteria then do not delay in completing our application form.  Apply today.

More about us

• Who are you?  About Academic Knowledge
• Do you  help students cheat?
• What are the most  frequently asked writer questions ?
• What are your  writer payment rates ?

Ready to get started?

Join hundreds of freelance writers who work with Academic Knowledge to help students achieve academic excellence.

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Documentary Lens

‘I Like It Here’: Aging Wistfully in the Hudson Valley

Looking back at the lives he and his friends led, the documentarian Ralph Arlyck delivers a memoir, an essay on mortality and a portrait of his community.

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By Alissa Wilkinson

“I got taxied into the world in the middle of the last century,” a man’s voice says at the start of “ I Like It Here ” (at the Firehouse theater in New York). We’re gliding slowly across a green rural landscape. “This is where I live now,” he continues. “I’m 78.”

The voice is Ralph Arlyck’s, and the movie is his, too. Arlyck is a veteran documentarian , and “I Like It Here” is part memoir, part personal essay on aging and mortality, part portrait of his community and home in the Hudson Valley. There’s no plot, per se. But I’ve seen the movie twice, and both times I found myself moved near tears.

“I Like It Here” feels like a cousin to Agnès Varda’s documentaries, particularly the curiosity and humor of “ Daguerréotypes ” (1975, Criterion Channel ), in which she records the daily lives of her neighbors on the Rue Daguerre. Arlyck also introduces us to several of his friends, most of whom he’s known for decades. They’ve grown old alongside one another, sharing lives that intersect and diverge. Most have started to recognize they’re the age their parents and grandparents were when they thought of them as “old.” It’s a realization that’s equal parts unsettling and amusing.

Arlyck’s recollections of his own family history, his marriage and his career as a filmmaker are part of the film. But they’re woven into the present narrative perfectly, without seeming at all self-indulgent. Instead, he’s doing precisely what great memoirists do: invite us into their stories as a way of making space for us to reflect on our own.

“I Like It Here” is loaded with gentle humor as a counterbalance to the pathos inherent in any reflection on mortality by a man who knows most of his life is behind him. Near the beginning of the film, we see hands pull a box of 36 new pencils from a desk drawer. In voice-over, Arlyck notes that he doesn’t go through pencils very fast, and it occurs to him that this is probably the last box of pencils he’ll ever purchase. It’s almost a morbid thought, but it’s also kind of funny, and he treats it as such. Pencils: they mean nothing, and everything.

The “here” of the title — Arlyck likes it here — opens up in complexity as the film progresses. It’s that green landscape from the beginning, where the neighbors and horses and Arlyck and his family live. But it’s also the planet, and an ineffable moment in time that he’s been lucky enough to inhabit. He and his friends talk about being aware that the end is coming, and have mostly gotten used to the idea. But late in the movie, he expresses a wistfulness that there’s nobody he can bargain with to stay longer than his time. “I’m having fun,” he says, while we see his grandchildren playing. “I’d actually rather not leave just yet.”

Alissa Wilkinson is a Times movie critic. She’s been writing about movies since 2005. More about Alissa Wilkinson

Automate your work with AI

1. Take a photo

Take a photo or scan the assessment, and we will do the reading.

2. Correctness Grading

We will handle all objective elements such as spelling, grammar, and factual accuracy.

3. Feedback & Improvements

Detailed feedback, comments, and suggestions for improvements.

4. Grade and Analysis

Get a suggested grade, and a through error analysis to identify common mistakes.

Save your time marking essays

Special features, advance handwriting recognition.

We can recognize handwritten text with remarkable accuracy, up to 95% in converting handwritten content into digital format. Including cursive writing, and interpreting added annotations like arrows pointing to inserted words.

Flexible Grading Rubrics

Adaptability is the key to our grading system. While a general rubric is available for different levels and common syllabi such as IELTS, teachers can also upload customized rubrics.

Customized Feedback

We allow you to customize the type, depth, and tone of feedback, aligning it closely with the teacher's style and instruction goals.

Model Essay and Comparison Analysis

Based on the student's essay, we will generate a model essay demonstrating how an ideal essay with the same content and topic could be structured based on the rubric set. Then, we will contrast and highlight areas of improvement and provide detailed explanations and justifications for the suggested enhancements.

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Tool and Die Maker- 76010

Job Description

At Boeing, we innovate and collaborate to make the world a better place. From the seabed to outer space, you can contribute to work that matters with a company where diversity, equity and inclusion are shared values. We’re committed to fostering an environment for every teammate that’s welcoming, respectful and inclusive, with great opportunity for professional growth. Find your future with us.

Boeing Commercial Airplanes is currently looking for Tool and Die Maker in Everett , Washington State!

Join our team as a skilled Tool and Die Maker! In this exciting role, you will unleash your expertise to plan, layout, fabricate, make, assemble, maintain, and repair a wide range of tools. Get ready to showcase your talent as you rebuild and repair hydraulic and vacuum fixtures. With a focus on precision, you'll tackle coordinated tolerances across multiple working planes, mastering obtuse, acute, and right angle construction. Your craftsmanship will shine as you work with various dies, including push-through, blanking, piercing, cut-off, forming, joggle, deep, and compound dies. Take this opportunity to make a lasting impact with your exceptional skills and join our dynamic team today!

Positions Responsibilities:

Employees in this position are responsible for planning, laying out, fabricating, assembling, repairing, and maintaining tools. They should have experience in both conventional and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) mills, lathes, grinding, polishing, fitting, etc.

They should be able to perform all functions of tool fabrication, rework, and repair as required. Troubleshooting problems and developing plans to resolve production issues, including rebuilding and repairing hydraulic and vacuum fixtures, is also part of the job.

The ability to determine the sequence of and coordinate tool fabrication work is essential. They should be able to obtain appropriate tool drawings, specification documents, and/or sketches using computing systems if they are not provided with the work order.

Studying specifications such as blueprints, sketches, models, or descriptions to determine materials required and machines to be used for fabricating parts and molds is necessary. They should also develop plans for accomplishing work in fabrication, maintenance, and repair of tools as required.

Coordinating planning or engineering change requests and routine maintenance work with other internal support groups is expected.

This job involves fabricating and building various types of tooling with dies such as push-through, blanking, piercing, cut-off, forming, joggle, deep, and compound dies. Knowledge of machining theory, mechanical systems, welding, and assembly is required for layout .

Reading and interpreting information from planning documents, drawings, tool orders, blueprints, sketches, specifications, engineering orders, and quality assurance manuals to determine the methods and sequence of operations necessary to fabricate and assemble tools, molds, jigs, dies, and fixtures is essential.

Laying out details, dimensions, and tooling points of parts, tools, molds, jigs, dies, and fixtures using shop mathematics, geometry, and trigonometry is necessary. They should also be able to set up and operate hand tools and power machine tools.

Fabricating, assembling, and inspecting a variety of molds, jigs, fixtures, tools, and dies to required configuration, dimensions, tolerances, and finish is expected. Checking work in progress and completed parts using precision measuring devices is also required.

Recording manufacturing data and statistics manually or with the aid of a computer or computer-based system is necessary. Understanding tolerance stack-up and datum structures is important.

Experience working with jigs, fixtures, inspection check fixtures, and tooling dies is required. A proven safety record and understanding of factory processes, safety rules, and requirements are essential. Excellent verbal and written communication skills are also necessary.

This position is expected to be 100% onsite. The selected candidate will be required to work onsite at one of the listed location options.

This position must meet export control compliance requirements. To meet export control compliance requirements, a “U.S. Person” as defined by 22 C.F.R. §120.15 is required. “U.S. Person” includes U.S. Citizen, lawful permanent resident, refugee, or asylee.

Resumes of current Puget Sound Boeing employees submitted via “Find Jobs” in Boeing/Workday will be considered as this job is not installed in QTTP.

Basic Qualifications (Required Skills/Experience):

1+ years of experience in repairing, maintaining, construction, and/or the inspection of tools, dies, jigs, powerfeed, etc.

1+ years of experience in machine shop processes, geometric dimensioning & tolerances, and machining capabilities of different types of materials.

1+ years of experience with hydraulics and pneumatics.

Experience using complete set of toolmaker shop equipment (milling, lathe, precision, grinding, polishing, and fitting).

Preferred Qualifications (Desired Skills/Experience):

5+ years of experience as a Tool & Die Maker.

Completed an approved Mold Maker or Tool and Die Maker state apprenticeship program and/or certified by the U.S.

Ability to perform machining operations with a specified degree of accuracy and within a timely manner Maintain close and exacting tolerances and finish requirements ensuring highest quality workmanship on all tools, gages, and fixtures with minimal scrap.

Capable of creating a repeatable setup and working to tolerances of +/-.0002" in controlled environment.

Possesses 4 and 5 axis CNC skills for mill or lathe, and extensive knowledge of detail cutting tool geometry for different cutting tool types and materials.

Ability to reverse engineer and manufacture mold components within time limitations.

Relocation:

This position offers relocation based on candidate eligibility.

Drug Free Workplace:

Boeing is a Drug Free workplace where post offer applicants and employees are subject to testing for marijuana, cocaine, opioids, amphetamines, PCP, and alcohol when criteria is met as outlined in Boeing Policies.

Shift Work:

This position is for a variety of shifts.

Union Representation Statement:

This is an hourly position governed by the International Association of Machinists (IAM-751) Collective Bargaining agreement.

Pay Transparency:

At Boeing, we strive to deliver a Total Rewards package that will attract, engage and retain the top talent.  Elements of the Total Rewards package include competitive base pay and variable compensation opportunities. 

The Boeing Company also provides eligible employees with an opportunity to enroll in a variety of benefit programs, generally including health insurance, flexible spending accounts, health savings accounts, retirement savings plans, life and disability insurance programs, and a number of programs that provide for both paid and unpaid time away from work. 

The specific programs and options available to any given employee may vary depending on eligibility factors such as geographic location, date of hire, and the applicability of collective bargaining agreements.

Pay is based upon candidate experience and qualifications, as well as market and business considerations.  

Summary pay range: $25.00 - $48.98

Applications for this position will be accepted until August 31, 2024.

Equal Opportunity Employer:

Boeing is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Employment decisions are made without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, physical or mental disability, genetic factors, military/veteran status or other characteristics protected by law.

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Your Benefits

No matter where you are in life, our benefits help prepare you for the present and the future.

• Generous company match to your 401(k).
• Industry-leading tuition assistance program pays your institution directly.
• Fertility, adoption, and surrogacy benefits.
• Up to $10,000 gift match when you support your favorite nonprofit organizations.

These programs are subject to eligibility requirements and other conditions, which may differ for employees of certain subsidiaries or business units, or union-represented employees depending on bargaining agreement terms. If this information conflicts with the program documents, the latter shall control. This material is informational only.

Our hiring events are a great way to learn about our innovations and culture.

We're committed to environmental stewardship — an important pillar of our broader sustainability strategy to help make the world better for future generations.

Join our team of innovators and dreamers, engineers and designers, cybersecurity experts and technologists. This is where you'll help build tomorrow today.

See how everyone here is an involved and engaged member of our communities.

See how we innovate and operate to make the world better.

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Oklahoma City is where you’ll shape tomorrow’s innovations.

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Learn how Boeing employees can earn a bonus by referring external hires.

The Boeing Pre-Employment Training Program (BPET) allows students from pre-certified academic manufacturing programs to skip the interview process when applying for specific manufacturing jobs at Boeing.

Our 12-week paid fellowship connects individuals with training, networking opportunities and hands-on experience.

Our three-year apprenticeships offer diverse experiences and prepare you to work on our aircraft.

Boeing’s Return Flight Program provides people with a pathway to return to their careers after an extended break.

Christina Upah believes problem-solving starts with a great team.

Ida Eggeblad uses interpersonal skills to connect teams across countries

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From intern to leader, east to west and in between, Laura shares how business and technology merge 

Rodney Kruse shifts his perspective each day by asking, “What have I learned?” 

A teammate’s skill for seeing the bigger picture helps her lead transformation at work and in her personal life.

'At Boeing, I've found a supportive environment where my attention to detail and focus are valued.'

'My team and I are using advanced tools and technologies to help chart Boeing’s future.'

Suellen achieved her dream to become a Boeing engineer. Now she’s mentoring our future leaders.

Elizabeth and Maggie share their stories on celebrating the perspectives and accomplishments from LGBTQIA+ employees and allies across Boeing.

Meet Melanie Brisbane, recent graduate and human resources professional. See how Melanie reached her dreams with help from our tuition assistance program.

Earn as you learn technical skills and receive credentials that can set you up for success.

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Aurelina Prada started at Boeing as an aircraft mechanic. Today, she's advocating for gender equity as a supply chain senior manager.

Since interning, Emily completed rotations in four business units and worked on the cargo air vehicle program. Today, she is a flight test conductor for the T-7A program.

Boeing's partnership with Thurgood Marshall College Fund is an initiative supporting HBCUs through campus recruitment, career immersion, scholarships, and more.

Find out how Enrica is advancing her career at prestigious universities around the world with tuition assistance from Boeing.

Anthony 'Tony' Crutchfield, Boeing vice president and retired lieutenant general, shares decades of leadership experience with students and early career professionals from underrepresented communities.

Angelie has been with Boeing for 12 years and was diagnosed with autism in April 2019. Through her story, she inspires others to overcome adversity.

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Meet Kay and Denise, inventors of an adhesive removal tool and an inspiration to other innovators across our company.

If you need a reasonable accommodation for any part of the employment process, please contact us.

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Our tuition assistance program pays your institution directly so you don’t have to pay out of pocket. Learn about our generous funding for courses, certificates, undergraduate and graduate degrees.

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Learn how our partnership with SkillBridge is supporting veteran teammates in discovering their next mission.

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There are so many things to explore within Boeing, and the company makes it easy to do so.

Fight your imposter syndrome and apply! When you are here, your number one priority is to learn, and stay hungry. You are never done learning. This will be the best experience of your life because you will see how bright your future is and how far Boeing will take you.

Meet Isabelle, a systems engineer intern at Boeing. Discover her journey from University of South Florida to impactful work in defense programming.

Meet Jesus Sanchez, a power machine operator in Auburn, Wash. See how Jesus used our tuition assistance program to obtain an associate degree in business.

Boeing's partnership with Thurgood Marshall College Fund helped these two students land their dream jobs.

As a global equity, diversity and inclusion leader, Zan works to ensure everyone feels they belong.

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Read how Kristin Innes and her partner Bonnie are growing their family with help from Boeing's fertility benefits.

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Meet Jimmy, an Air Force veteran and aviation safety coordinator that helps teams operating the F/A-18F Super Hornet and EA-18G Growler get home safely.

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Our software engineering challenges are immense. But the possibilities are even greater. Learn how our team is harnessing the power of future-forward computing.

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We are an equal opportunity employer.

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Electrical engineer Marcela Angulo works on next-generation defense technology and inspires Hispanic students to get involved in STEM.

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From space to defense, senior software and project engineer, Kimberly Sledge, inspires the next generation of Black women in STEM.

Chandler is pursuing her passions thanks in part to our development programs and tuition assistance.

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See how Jennifer helps engineers understand assembly principles that lead them to design better airplanes.

Kristine Ramos, design engineer, goes above and beyond to advocate for human spaceflight.

Meet Nixon, an engineer who uses our tuition assistance to stay on the cutting edge of emerging technology.

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Read how Kaomi Hashimoto has grown her career across continents, while supporting our next generation of leaders.

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The 10 Best Websites to Find Academic Writing Jobs

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If you're a student looking for some extra dough, academic writing is one of the best ways to encash your skills. At the same time, it enhances your knowledge and helps you grow as a learner. In fact, it's not just for students; you can do it full-time if you are a professional writer.

Having the freedom to work from home, at your own pace, and having opportunities to grow are just a few perks of this job. So, if you are ready to delve deeper, let's look at ten great websites for finding academic writing jobs.

1. WritingCreek

WritingCreek is one of the best academic writing sites to work with if you are a beginner. It has a simple and free-of-cost hiring process, which usually takes 24 to 48 hours to complete. Once the team approves your account, you can start bidding and earning straight away. It offers a rate of $4.00 per page to beginners and up to $12.00 to experts.

The site lets you choose the subjects you are proficient in and has a regular stream of academic tasks with short and long deadlines. WritingCreek gives you the liberty to choose your tasks and work at your own pace, and its support team is always available for a live chat whenever you need them.

It also helps you enhance your skills as its in-house editors give feedback on the papers accepted by the client, offering useful tips for improvement. WritingCreek usually pays twice a month through different payment methods like Payoneer and PayPal without deducting any extra charges. You can also check out these technical writing jobs if you have the expertise.

2. EssayShark

You can get started on EssayShark within a week after taking and passing its test. If you are a college student and have solid writing skills, this platform can help you earn a decent amount to aid you in your studies. The site lets you bid on papers that fall under your subject area.

You can choose your preferred subjects in advance to get relevant tasks and can chat with the customers directly to discuss the details of the paper. EssayShark pays you twice a month, and along with the pay, it also offers bonuses and rewards if the customers give you good ratings because of your timely submissions and high-quality work.

3. Writers.ph

Being among the top academic writing websites, this platform targets professional-level writers and researchers to work for them. It usually takes 24 to 48 hours to review your application, and once approved, you can start working immediately. The site gets projects from all around the world and has a constant flow of work. It also offers 24/7 support to help you with any issues that you might face.

In addition, Writers.ph offers job promotions based on your performance, leading to status improvement and increased pay rates. It also has proofreading, editing, and presentation-related tasks, along with academic paper writing. Also, check out these great smartphone apps for freelance writers .

4. LancerHop

LancerHop provides you with multiple fields to work in. It hires academic writers, web developers, editing experts, web content writers, copywriters, editing experts, and bloggers. The hiring process is similar to that of other academic writing websites, where you need to create a profile, and after passing the test, you can start working.

It creates a dashboard where the system assigns you tasks. All of your information regarding payment, task completion, and editing is available on the dashboard. The platform allows you to set flexible timings for your work by choosing from different time zones and also flexible working days like weekdays only.

5. Academia Research

Academia Research offers you decent pay rates and career growth opportunities in the academic writing field. The registration process requires a test to get selected. Once the team approves your account, you start at a General level, where the pay is $3.00 per page for high school and college level papers.

You can move on to Advanced, Premium, and First Class levels to get paid $2.00 per page for master's and Ph.D. level papers. The site has a variety of tasks with flexible deadlines related to different subjects and education levels. It pays you twice a month through the payment method of your choice.

6. Essay Service

This platform provides you with an easy-to-use website with a mobile-friendly interface to let you access your account from anywhere. Moreover, it has an efficient system for competitive bidding that also offers a price negotiation facility.

Essay Service helps you build a career and a network, and you can share your professional portfolio with your clients and other contacts, helping you expand your customer base in the process. You also get a 24/7 online support system to guide you at each step.

You can withdraw money every 48 hours through Skrill or wire transfer. In addition, it lets you stay connected through SMS, email, and push notifications without needing to go online.

7. Writers Labs

Writers Labs provides you with a variety of opportunities, including academic writing, article writing, and essay writing. Its pay rates are pretty decent, varying from $5.00 to $26.00 for one page, and it also offers a 2% to 4% bonus on high efficiency.

You get a list of tasks on the site and can choose from those tasks based on your preference and availability. In addition, its support team is there to guide you through the process to help you get started. Check out these ways to source clients as a freelance writer .

8. Write My Essay Online

Write My Essay Online is a platform suitable for both academic writing beginners and experts. The website has a regular influx of tasks and helps you get assignments in the areas of your interest.

Registration on this website is free, much like on most sites on this list, and it has flexible work timing, allowing you to choose your projects as per your desire. Through bidding, you can decide your own rates and get paid twice a month.

9. Academic Minds

Academic Minds provides numerous services to help you unleash your academic writing potential. You have the option of taking up multiple roles, like tutoring, marking work, writing essays and dissertations, and editing. The website is UK based and helps international students in excelling in their academic tasks.

You can start bidding once your account is completely set up, and there is a potential to earn as much as $4000.00 per month through dissertations and tutoring. You can also showcase your online writing portfolio on these free platforms .

10. WriterBay

WriterBay provides you with projects and assignments in numerous fields. It has a free lifetime membership that offers a platform where you can get long-term work.

After registering with WriterBay, you can manage the workload at your own pace. In addition, it offers competitive pay and opportunities for personal growth. Most of its services are similar to those offered by other sites on this list.

Find Your Next Academic Job Through These Sites

Academic writing jobs provide a valuable opportunity for learning and growth. It is a huge field of work that allows you to earn and grow in your career.

Most of the websites shared above help you earn well and offer flexible timings for easier management. You can choose one or more of these sites to move forward while enjoying the rewards from the comfort of your home.

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Freelance authors wanted check out our essay writing vacancies, faq from freelance authors, how do you become a freelance author on essayshark, why was i rejected, what if i didn’t complete my registration in time, what language do i need to know to work with you, can i combine freelance essay writing jobs with my full-time job, when will i get money for my work, do you have any other questions contact our support specialists now.

Get Essay Writing Jobs at Academia-Research.com

Are you a subject matter expert in your field and want to get paid for writing essays for students? Academia-Research is a great way for talented writers to connect with hundreds of students that need high-quality academic content for a wide range of topics. That’s right, dozens of students of all levels go to our website to get assistance with their projects. It includes everything academia-related: from compositions to long papers. The best part is that you can pick up and work on any topic within any field. With us you can build experience while earning good money!

We are the forefront company where you earn  living in the comfort of your home. Not only you can get paid to write essays online, but also build a legit career in the academic writing industry. Since day one you will grow as a professional and get promoted according to your monthly achievements. A bonus plan and tips from the customers are included.

We require degree-holding experts in many fields – English, Literature, Marketing, Arts, History, Psychology, Philosophy, Math, Chemistry, and more. If you have a degree in one of those fields and a desire to produce great papers, you’re more than welcome to apply!

THE BEST ONLINE ESSAY WRITING JOBS EVER

When you land our essay writing jobs, you’ll be a part of the elite network. You’ll be supported with all necessary support, comfortable conditions of work, and on time payment. If you want to be the one to manage your workload and fit work in with life, then this position definitely is for you! Here are more reasons to become a member of our team today:

• A variety of fields and topics to write for

Every day we replenish the pool of online essay writing jobs for students, which means you can easily pick up tasks within your field. We encourage our freelancers to take up tasks in a relevant to their education field.

• Flexible schedule

On our platform you have the freedom to work whenever you want. Whether you want to devote only a few hours or do it full-time, you’re welcome to choose your work mode. Pick up any task and stick to its delivery date – that’s all you need to do.

• Get paid to write essays: high rates plus bonuses

We value our professionals, that’s why we offer them great bonus plans and high pay rates, starting from $5-$20 per page. The price for a job depends on how fast it needs to be done and its level of difficulty.

• Convenient communication with your customers

Some jobs require direct communication with customers to deliver a more tailored paper. With our real-time platform you’ll get all the information you need to make your essay writer job as comfortable as possible. Get instant updates about incoming messages, converse with our Support Team and your customers – you can do all of this via our platform.

• Regular payouts

You’ll receive payment within the minimum of 14 days after finishing the job to any payment method of your choice. We also have a 30-day payment mode for those who want to receive their payments once a month. 100% of payments are released on time, no fail.

• No contests

We value your time and hard work. When you’ll pick up a writing job, you’ll be the only person working on it. No contests where customers decide whether they want to hire you or not. You write and get paid for it, that’s the way it works.

• New jobs every day

By replenishing the pool of available jobs every day, we at Academia-Research ensure that you have something to work on every day. So get up in the morning, check out what jobs we have available, pick up relevant ones (with the delivery dates you find comfortable), and plan your week accordingly!

• No membership fees

With us you get paid for doing freelance essay writing jobs. Work via your account with us at any time and reap its benefits without paying a dime for it.

• Only verified jobs

Every job is pre-paid by the customer and vetted by our Support Team, making it more convenient to find what you want to work on.

WE ARE LOOKING FOR QUALIFIED EXPERTS TO WRITE ESSAYS FOR MONEY

We are on the lookout for talented, knowledgeable writers with perfect English grammar and writing skills. If you have a strong academic background (at least a college degree) and proper qualifications to do academic essay writing jobs , this position is definitely for you!

To start working with Academia-Research, you need to take an English proficiency test and a writing skill test. It will take only a few hours, and we’ll check your write-up in a day. If you have a proven record in writing academically for other companies, you can get hired without any tests.

Essay writers wanted! As a writer within our network, you’ll be expected to comply with these requirements:

• On-time delivery
• Following the brief applied to each job
• 100% original content
• Well-structured and referenced writing
• Only credible sources

Ready to get the job? Essay writing can be your career and a source of a great income. Join the leading company in this industry today. We’re waiting for you to apply!

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Essay Writing Jobs

Working as an essay writer involves writing about a myriad of subjects for several clients all the time. The topics might be as many as there are subjects in any education field. Most of the essays are argumentative, which means that the writer needs to take a position on an argument. Arguments have to refute or support any given subject.

That way, writers are expected to develop an argument and support it; or refute it. A good argument is the one that shows the pros and the cons of any given subject with ease and in an articulate manner. Since essay writers are professional writers, they can write about different topics provided they be inside their areas of knowledge. A good writer sticks to what it knows and does not make things up. This might look easy, but it requires a substantial amount of research. The writer must have sufficient information about the topic and must conduct extensive research to get adequate knowledge about the subjects. This gives the writer a solid ground to support or refute the arguments presented.

Essay writing jobs require that the writer be well-versed in the English language; as well English grammar and syntax. That way, the points to discuss are represented accordingly. In some situations, the writer needs to seek advice from different people to improve the quality of the paper, by adding sources and relevant information.The writer should have enough information about the discussed topic before writing. Preparation is essential when writing because it gives the opportunity to develop ideas apparently.

An excellent essay discusses the topic in the simplest voice possible, without adding flamboyant words nor trying to sound academic. Using short sentences instead of long ones will improve the flow of the paper and make phrases stand for themselves instead of being academic-sounding gibberish. That way, the job requires writers to be concise and simple to improve the paper’s readability. That way, both instructors and clients will be pleased with the essay’s results. Also, customers give positive feedback c when they receive a high-quality project. That is advantageous to the writers in terms of having a potential client after a job well done.

Essay jobs require the author to provide three essential parts: An introduction; body, and a conclusion. An essay job should have a flow. That way, a reader can quickly make the transition between sections of the article.

An essay job should contain an introduction that provides a summary of the article. This also gives a direction for the piece, and the discussed issues in the body of the essay. The introduction also defines important words that are not explicit to prospective readers. The last sentence in the introduction contains the thesis statement; the writer’s stance and the direction the paper aims to follow. The thesis statement contains the writer’s side of the argument and the main points of the discussion.

The body paragraphs include the analysis and proof; as well as all the aspects of the essay. It should give an elaborate discussion of the issues mentioned in the introduction. The body should have a detailed description of the theme. Moreover, it should discuss all the aspects of the thesis statement. The argument should provide the points supporting and rejecting the topic of the essay.

The conclusion ends the essay with a summary of the main points that determine the validity of the thesis. Also, the thesis statement is restated at the end of the essay to ensure that the writer provides a clear explanation. An essay job should contain references and in-text citations.

The references show that sources the writer used to draw the information offered in the paper. It also means the essay is free of plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of using information from external sources without crediting the original authors.

Acknowledgement of the sources is an ethical practice of capital importance when working as an essay writer. However, the clients determine the standards to follow when writing projects. Therefore, it is important to follow the details and instructions of the customer when writing an essay job.

The client is in charge, and its wishes should be respected when writing an essay job. Failure to follow the details the customer gives may result in the cancellation of the entire order. Customers can also send the project back for revision if they consider the writer did not follow the instructions or missed a critical point of the essay.

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So, you have been hunting various sources online to find reliable high paying companies that offer essay writing jobs online? Swimming though the sea of scams can be disheartening, yet you continue to stay focused on the prize: utilizing your love for writing and earning a handsome commission for doing so. AcademicWritersOnline is a top resource offering essay writing jobs online to highly skilled English speaking writers with timely payouts and endless opportunities for continued writing.

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Our team of skillful writers handles the constant flow of hundreds of writing orders on the daily basis, which lets them achieve earnings potential beyond one’s expectations. Our incredibly professional writing service is infamous for giving freedom to every writer we employ to create his/her own set schedule, alleviating the need for a dull and boring day.

We do an excellent job in giving you full control of all of the work you do, and the distinct freedom of choosing your orders, which is the major reason why you are kept as busy as you want to be with essay writing jobs online for as long as you want. For the excellent efforts in completing assignments daily, you will be endowed with a competitive pay structure for your online writing efforts. AcademicWritersOnline appreciates the contribution of each and every writer on our team, and bases all of our successes on what you provide for us. Since we do not force assignments upon you, the skill that you are best matched for is the skill set that we'll use to gauge the assignments that you receive; making our essay writing jobs online not only a logical solution, but a fair platform across the board.

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We are more than certain you will appreciate your essay writing jobs online offered through our portal as we know what conditions should stimulate you for doing the best online writing in the industry. Join us now and you will see that our leading writing service will surpass all your expectations for jobs online, and once you see that we pay twice a month, on time, and offer you the best per page rate possible for your efforts, you will grow to make AcademicWritersOnline your new full time job, and spread the word of the many offerings of essay writing jobs online.

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Medieval history

Modern history, administrative and municipal status, demographics, transportation, notable people, twin towns and sister cities, external links.

Astrakhan was formerly the capital of the Khanate of Astrakhan (a remnant of the Golden Horde ) of the Astrakhan Tatars , and was located on the higher right bank of the Volga, seven miles (11   km) from the present-day city. Situated on caravan and water routes, it developed from a village into a large trading centre, before being conquered by Timur in 1395 and captured by Ivan the Terrible in 1556 and in 1558 it was moved to its present site.

The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga region, [16] it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia, [17] and the Caspian capital. [18] [19] The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization United Cities and Local Governments . [20] The great ethnic diversity of its population gives a varied character to Astrakhan. The city is the center of the Astrakhan metropolitan area .

The name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan ( حاجی‌ ترخان )—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings. Tarkhan is possibly a Turco-Mongolian title standing for "great khan ", or "king", while haji or hajji is a title given to one who has made the Islamic requisite of pilgrimage to Mecca . Together, they denoted "the king who has visited Mecca". [ citation needed ] The city has given its name to the particular pelts from young karakul sheep , and in particular to the hats traditionally made from the pelts. [ citation needed ]

Colloquially, the city is known by the short form Astra . Another popular nickname is The Caspian Capital . [ citation needed ]

Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta , which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde . Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan . Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his war with the Golden Horde . From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate by the Astrakhan Tatars . The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12   km upstream from the modern-day city.

Starting in A.D. 1324, Ibn Battuta , the famous Berber Muslim traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of Tangier , present-day Morocco to Mecca. Along the 12,100-kilometer (7,500   mi) trek, which took nearly 29 years, Battuta came in contact with many new cultures, which he writes about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the Golden Horde ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan , located on the Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, "one of the greatest rivers in the world". In the winter, the Khan stays in Astrakhan. Due to the cold water, Özbeg Khan ordered the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the Khan spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which the Khan granted him permission to do, the Khan then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses, and a dress of honor. [21] [22]

In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible , who had a new fortress, or kremlin , built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city. [3]

In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War , Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottomans, who had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. [ citation needed ] The Ottoman Empire , though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian fort on the Terek River . [23] In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia , Safavid Persia , Mughal India , [24] [25] and Khivan Khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character.

For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks . Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges. [26]

The city was held from 1707 by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin during the Bulavin Rebellion until they were defeated the next year. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that.

In 1717, it became the seat of Astrakhan Governorate , whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev . Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia . In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace. [26]

The Astrakhan Kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke . Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl , they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque .

In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov . Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga. [27] [28]

During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow . In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht , during Case Blue , the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad . Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 35   km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, elements of both the Luftwaffe 's KG 4 and KG 100 bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations.

In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast within the RSFSR . The oblast was retained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union .

In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of over 500,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city. [29]

Owing to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a significant role in the relations between Russia and Azerbaijan. As the latter's government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship". [30] Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries the name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev , as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream". [31] Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions. [32] [33] [34] [35]

After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia , in a hunger strike . Protestors, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, attracted 5,000 people to a rally on April 14. [36]

Astrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast . [10] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug . [11]

The city of Astrakhan is further subdivided into four administrative districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky and Truskovsky.

Astrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church , its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk. [ citation needed ] There is also a Catholic community, served by the Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan) . There is also a substantial Muslim population made up of Astrakhan Tatars and other Muslims. [37] At 1777 the white Mosque was built, [38] and the Baku Mosque was built in 1907–1909.

According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 475,629. [15]

At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was: [39]

The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea. At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest city in Russia.

Astrakhan features a continental cold desert climate ( Köppen climate classification : BWk ) with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year).

The below sea-level elevation and long distance from the ocean of Astrakhan significantly influences the climate. Winters are cold with average January temperature -3.6 °С (25.5 °F). Summer temperatures in Astrakhan are one of the highest in Russia with average Jule temperature 26.1 °С (79 °F) and may reach 40 °С (104 °F) and higher. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar latitude in Europe and worldwide for 46°N with the notable exception of the interior Pacific Northwest of the United States. [ citation needed ] The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.7 °С (85.5 °F) so the climate is truly continental. Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter.

Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University .

The city is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov . It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau , Istanbul , St. Petersburg and Moscow.

There is also a military airbase nearby ( Astrakhan (air base) ).

Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north ( Volgograd and Moscow), the east ( Atyrau and Kazakhstan ) and the south ( Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg , Baku , Kyiv , Brest and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas . Until 2007 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses.

• Luara Hayrapetyan , singer
• Boris Kustodiev , painter
• Joseph Deniker , naturalist and anthropologist
• Ilya Ulyanov , father of Aleksandr Ulyanov and Vladimir Lenin .
• Rinat Dasayev , association football player
• Marziyya Davudova , actress
• Velimir Khlebnikov , poet
• Emiliya Turey , handball player
• Andrei Belyanin , science fiction writer
• Dmitri Dyuzhev , actor
• Maksim Gleykin , former professional football player
• Vasily Trediakovsky , academic, poet, translator
• Tamara Milashkina , soprano
• Valeria Barsova , soprano
• Maria Maksakova, Sr. , mezzo-soprano
• Elena Nikitina , skeleton racer
• Yelena Shalamova , rhythmic gymnast
• Natalia Sokolovskaya , pianist and composer
• Nikolai Petrovich Skarzhinsky Russian Cossack Lieutenant decorated at the Battle of Borodino . [42]
• Pytor Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky Russian general and governor of Astrakhan. [43]

Astrakhan is twinned with:

• Astrakhan Jews
• Astrakhan Tatars

Related Research Articles

Privolzhsky District is the name of several various districts in Russia. The name literally means "something near the Volga".

Krasnoyarsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:

Akhtubinsk is a town and the administrative center of Akhtubinsky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Akhtuba River, 292 kilometers (181 mi) north of Astrakhan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 41,853 (2010 Russian census) ; 45,542 ; 50,261 (1989 Soviet census) ; 30,000 (1968).

Znamensk is a closed town in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 29,401 (2010 Russian census) , 24,628

Narimanov is a town and the administrative center of Narimanovsky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the western bank of the Volga River, 48 kilometers (30 mi) northwest from Astrakhan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,521 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,202 (2002 Census) ; 11,084 (1989 Soviet census) ; 3,400 (1979).

Kamyzyak is a town and the administrative center of Kamyzyaksky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the Kamyzyak River, 27 kilometers (17 mi) south of Astrakhan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 16,314 (2010 Russian census) ; 16,052 (2002 Census) ; 15,084 (1989 Soviet census) .

Volodarsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. The districts are generally named after V. Volodarsky, a Russian revolutionary and politician.

Chernoyarsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,217.99 square kilometers (1,628.58 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Chyorny Yar. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,220, with the population of Chyorny Yar accounting for 38.5% of that number.

Ikryaninsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,950 square kilometers (750 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ikryanoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 47,759, with the population of Ikryanoye accounting for 21.0% of that number.

Limansky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,234 square kilometers (2,021 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Liman. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 31,952, with the population of Liman accounting for 28.2% of that number.

Privolzhsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 840.9 square kilometers (324.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Nachalovo. Population: 43,647 (2010 Russian census) ; 38,649 ; 38,575 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Nachalovo accounts for 12.5% of the district's total population.

Volodarsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,883 square kilometers (1,499 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Volodarsky. Population: 47,825 (2010 Russian census) ; 47,351 ; 46,638 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of the administrative center accounts for 20.9% of the district's total population.

Yenotayevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 6,300 square kilometers (2,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Yenotayevka. Population: 26,786 (2010 Russian census) ; 27,625 ; 29,093 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Yenotayevka accounts for 28.4% of the district's total population.

Kharabali is a town and the administrative center of Kharabalinsky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Akhtuba River 142 kilometers (88 mi) northwest of Astrakhan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 18,117 (2010 Russian census) ; 18,296 (2002 Census) ; 18,566 (1989 Soviet census) .

Ikryanoye is a rural locality and the administrative center of Ikryaninsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,036 (2010 Russian census) ; 9,925 (2002 Census) ; 9,629 (1989 Soviet census) .

Krasny Yar is a rural locality and the administrative center of Krasnoyarsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,824 (2010 Russian census) ; 10,926 (2002 Census) ; 10,875 (1989 Soviet census) .

Nachalovo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Privolzhsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 5,451 (2010 Russian census) ; 4,830 (2002 Census) ; 3,922 (1989 Soviet census) .

Volodarsky is a rural locality and the administrative center of Volodarsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,005 (2010 Russian census) ; 9,553 (2002 Census) ; 9,326 (1989 Soviet census) .

Volgo-Kaspiysky is an urban-type settlement in Kamyzyaksky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,581 (2010 Russian census) ; 2,674 (2002 Census) ; 3,088 (1989 Soviet census) .

Kirovsky is an urban-type settlement in Kamyzyaksky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,249 (2010 Russian census) ; 2,259 (2002 Census) ; 2,446 (1989 Soviet census) .

• 1 2 3 4 5 Law #67/2006-OZ
• ↑ Decision #123
• ↑ Charter of Astrakhan, Article   35
• ↑ Charter of Astrakhan, Article   32
• ↑ Official website of Astrakhan. Head of the City Administration Archived May 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• ↑ Russian Institute of Urban Planning. Генеральный план города Астрахань. Основные технико-экономические показатели. Archived October 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ( General Plan of the City of Astrakhan. Main Technical Economical Measures ). (in Russian)
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Astrakhan Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service . Население Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ( Population ) (in Russian)
• 1 2 Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, Article   9
• 1 2 3 Law #43/2004-OZ
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. ( Russian Post ). Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) (in Russian)
• ↑ Charter of Astrakhan, Article   6
• 1 2 "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 26 March 2023 .
• ↑ "Официальный сайт органов местного самоуправления" . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2023 .
• ↑ "В военных подразделениях Астраханской области работают 35 тысяч специалистов — Российская газета — Спецвыпуск № 4762" . rg.ru . October 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ Howard Amos (17 July 2011). "Astrakhan" . themoscowtimes.com . Archived from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 18 September 2018 .
• ↑ "Gazprom dobycha Astrakhan to be major partner for Days of Spain in Russia within Astrakhan Oblast" . www.gazprom.com . 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021 . Retrieved 18 September 2018 .
• ↑ "Публикации – Члены ОГМВ Евразия" . euroasia-uclg.ru . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ " Lands of the Golden Horde & the Chagatai: 1332 - 1333 Archived August 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine ". University of California, Berkeley (UCB).
• ↑ Batuta, Ibn, and Samuel Lee. The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa. pp79
• ↑ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584 , 356.
• ↑ "Astrakhan's India Connection" . 16 March 2020.
• ↑ Staff, Homegrown (8 June 2021). "Fascinating Accounts Of Indians In Russia Dating Back To The 17th Century" . Homegrown . Retrieved 14 May 2023 .
• ↑ [books.google.com.sg/books?id=00o2eO8w06oC&pg=PA5]
• ↑ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on December 22, 2011 . Retrieved March 12, 2012 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
• ↑ "Astrakhan" . russia.rin.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2023 .
• ↑ "Heydar Aliyev Foundation - Azerbaijan-Russia Friendship Bridge in Astrakhan" . heydar-aliyev-foundation.org . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ "Azerbaijan, Russian Astrakhan mull relations" . azernews.az . 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ APA Information Agency, APA Holding. "APA - Presidents of Azerbaijan and Russia met in Astrakhan - PHOTO" . en.apa.az . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ "News.Az - Azerbaijani first lady Mehriban Aliyeva receives Astrakhan Oblast Order of Merit" . news.az . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ "tass.ru/en/world/699466" . tass.ru . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ "Гейдар Алиев на полях сражений Ивана Грозного - астраханские записки Эйнуллы Фатуллаева" . Haqqin . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• ↑ David M. Herszenhorn (14 April 2012). "Moscow Protesters Take Their Show on the Road" . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 April 2012 .
• ↑ "TATAR MUSLIM COMMUNITY OF ASTRAKHAN IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY" . Retrieved 14 May 2023 .
• ↑ "White Mosque of Astrakhan attraction reviews - White Mosque of Astrakhan tickets - White Mosque of Astrakhan discounts - White Mosque of Astrakhan transportation, address, opening hours - attractions, hotels, and food near White Mosque of Astrakhan" .
• ↑ "Итоги::Астраханьстат" . Retrieved 26 March 2023 .
• ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astrakhan)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate . Retrieved 8 November 2021 .
• ↑ "Astrahan (Astrakhan) Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 3 November 2021 .
• ↑ "Генерал Скаржинский и его дети: неизвестное о представителях известного рода" . 19 November 2016.
• ↑ "رشت و آستارا خان خواهر خوانده شدند+ تصاویر | پایگاه خبری تحلیلی 8دی نیوز" . 8deynews.com (in Persian). 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 .
• Государственная Дума Астраханской области.   Закон   №67/2006-ОЗ   от   4 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №46/2017-ОЗ от   5 сентября 2017 г.   «О преобразовании муниципальных образований и административно-территориальных единиц "Лебяжинский сельсовет", "Образцово-Травинский сельсовет", "Полдневский сельсовет" и внесении изменений в Закон Астраханской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района" и Закон Астраханской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Астраханской области"». Вступил в силу   по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №47, 19 октября 2006 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast.   Law   # 67/2006-OZ   of   October   4, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Astrakhan Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 46/2017-OZ of   September   5, 2017 On the Transformation of the Municipal Formations and the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Lebyazhinsky Selsoviet", "Obraztsovo-Travinsky Selsoviet", "Poldnevsky Selsoviet", and Amending the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District" and the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Astrakhan Oblast" . Effective as of   after ten days from the day of the official publication have passed.).
• Государственная Дума Астраханской области.   Закон   №43/2004-ОЗ   от   6 августа 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №47/2017-ОЗ от   5 сентября 2017 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Астраханской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района"». Вступил в силу   через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Астраханские известия", №34, 12 августа 2004 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast.   Law   # 43/2004-OZ   of   August   6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District , as amended by the Law   # 47/2017-OZ of   September   5, 2017 On Amending the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District" . Effective as of   the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).
• Городская Дума муниципального образования "Город Астрахань".   Решение   №24   от   31 марта 2016 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"», в ред. Решения №91 от   17 июля 2017 г.   «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"». Вступил в силу   22 апреля 2016 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Астраханский вестник", №15, 21 апреля 2016 г. (City Duma of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan".   Decision   # 24   of   March   31, 2016 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan" , as amended by the Decision   # 91 of   July   17, 2017 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan" . Effective as of   April   22, 2016 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
• Государственная Дума Астраханской области.   №21/2007-ОЗ   9 апреля 2007 г. «Устав Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №49/2017-ОЗ от   25 сентября 2017 г.   «О внесении изменения в статью   17 Устава Астраханской области». Вступил в силу   30 апреля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №18, 19 апреля 2007 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast.   # 21/2007-OZ   April   9, 2007 Charter of Astrakhan Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 49/2017-OZ of   September   25, 2017 On Amending Article   17 of the Charter of Astrakhan Oblast . Effective as of   April   30, 2007 (with the exception of several clauses).).
• Городской Совет города Астрахани.   Решение   №123   от   1 ноября 2000 г. «Об утверждени гимна города Астрахани». (City Council of the City of Astrakhan.   Decision   # 123   of   November   1, 2000 On Adopting the Anthem of the City of Astrakhan . ).
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). "Astrakhan (town)"   . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol.   2 (11th   ed.). p.   795.
• Official website of Astrakhan (in Russian)
• Directory of organizations in Astrakhan (in Russian)
• Old photos of Astrakhan
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• Chernoyarsky
• Ikryaninsky
• Kamyzyaksky
• Kharabalinsky
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• Narimanovsky
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Rusmania • Deep into Russia

Astrakhan Region

The Astrakhan Region is situated in the south of Russia where the River Volga drains into the Caspian Sea forming one of the largest river deltas in Europe.  It is also though a  land of both deserts and semi-deserts. Historically this area was the location of Sarai-Batu - the original capital of the Golden Horde.  The administrative centre is the city of Astrakhan, which arose as a Golden Horde trading point and was annexed into Russia by Ivan the Terrible in the mid-16th century.  Today the city is famous for its white kremlin - the most southern  kremlin in the whole of Russia.

The best time to visit the Astrakhan Region is in July and August when the lotuses blossom on the Volga Delta and the famous Astrakhan watermelons are harvested.  The region is also associated with the black caviar from the Caspian Sea.

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• Current affairs

Kazakh as an Unwritten Language: The Case of Astrakhan Oblast

• September 28, 2023
• 12 minute read

An ethnically diverse region that abuts the Caspian Sea in southwestern Russia, Astrakhan Oblast is home to the country’s largest Kazakh community. Almost 150,000 people, or 18 percent of the oblast’s population, identify as ethnic Kazakhs. Although Astrakhan does border Kazakhstan, most of them are not recent immigrants from the neighboring country. Their families have been living in what is now Astrakhan since long before the current national borders were drawn.

Dor Shabashewitz

Dor Shabashewitz is a Russia-born Israeli journalist and political analyst with a background in anthropology and sociolinguistics. He worked as a junior researcher at the RAS Institute for Linguistic Studies and conducted extensive fieldwork in Astrakhan’s Kazakh and Nogai rural communities as a part of his Master’s studies at the European University at St. Petersburg. In 2021, the Russian Federal Security Service forced him to leave the country following politically motivated accusations of “extremism” and “separatism.” These days, he covers ethnic minority rights and regional politics in the Lower Volga and Central Asia for RFE/RL ’s Tatar-Bashkir Service.

* The article that follows provides a brief overview of the sociolinguistic situation among those Kazakhs living in the Russian part of the Volga River delta. It is based on field research conducted by the author during his master’s studies between 2019 and 2021.

In the Middle Ages, Astrakhan was part of the Golden Horde and, later, an independent khanate. In 1556, it was conquered by the Russians and eventually incorporated into the Russian Empire as a governorate. The first major wave of Kazakh migration to Astrakhan Governorate began between 1799 and 1801, when Bökey Khan, son of the Junior jüz leader Nuraly, led several thousand nomadic families from across the Ural River to a more fertile area in the Volga River delta. A steady influx of Kazakh settlers continued well into the mid-nineteenth century. The new Astrakhan Kazakh community led by Bökey enjoyed the status of a semi-independent vassal state for several decades before gradually ceding most of its autonomy under pressure from the Russian authorities.

The early Soviet years revived the idea of a Kazakh autonomous area in Astrakhan. In 1919, some of the Kazakh districts of Astrakhan Governorate were grouped together under the name Volga-Caspian Kirghizia and transferred to what later became the Kazakh SSR. Most of them stayed and became part of Kazakhstan upon its independence, but some of the transfers were reversed in the 1920s. Thus, the Volodarsky and Krasny Yar districts ended up in Russia’s Astrakhan Oblast despite 70 percent and 50 percent of their inhabitants, respectively, being ethnic Kazakhs.

Notwithstanding the omnipresent linguistic Russification of the Soviet era, Kazakh enjoyed certain formal privileges in the Kazakh SSR as a co-official language that was used in many schools, especially in rural areas. State-funded magazines, newspapers, books, and movies were produced in the language. Government support for the national language and its social prestige only increased after Kazakhstan became a sovereign country in 1991. This was not the case in Astrakhan Oblast—the region’s Kazakh community had no linguistic autonomy or representation under the Soviets, and this did not change when the USSR fell apart.

Vitality Factors

In what state, then, is the Kazakh language among Astrakhan’s Kazakhs after decades without formal recognition? In what domains is it still spoken? What do the Astrakhan Kazakhs think of their ethnic language, and what role does it play in their identity? These were the questions I hoped to answer when I set off on a fieldwork trip to my home region’s Volodarsky district as a master’s student in social anthropology back in 2019.

During my fieldwork, I visited numerous rural settlements of varying sizes, ethnic compositions, locations, histories, and economic conditions. It became evident that all of these factors played a significant role in the vitality of Kazakh in any given village, but the relative weight of each factor was rather unexpected. My analysis showed that the share of ethnic Kazakhs in a village did not correlate strongly with how much they used the language in their daily lives. I have been to monoethnic Kazakh villages that spoke almost exclusively Russian, as well as mixed ones where Kazakh was still maintained by some members of the younger generations.

Geography and the perceived history of a settlement turned out to be the two most defining factors. Inhabitants of villages that are close to Astrakhan City and have a stable public transport connection to the city tend to switch to Russian more quickly than residents of more remote ones. Career opportunities in rural areas are scarce, prompting villagers to look for jobs in the urban center. When logistically possible, many opt to continue living in their villages and commute to work several times a week instead of moving to the city. Despite its impressive ethnic diversity, Astrakhan City is overwhelmingly Russian-speaking. Kazakh rural commuters tend to integrate into this environment and “bring it home” after work, influencing the linguistic landscape of their communities.

“Perceived history” deserves an anthropological study of its own. Many of the Astrakhan Kazakhs I interviewed explained that their villages were originally founded by Russian peasants or created by the Soviets in a centralized way and populated by collective farm workers of diverse origins. Many settlements with such histories gradually became majority-Kazakh, but most locals believed they were “not really Kazakh villages” and thus considered Kazakh a rather inappropriate language to use in public spaces. In settlements such as Vinny, this mentality led to Kazakh becoming a family language only, with Russian as the sole means of communication in all other domains—even between Kazakhs.

This stands in stark contrast to the village of Altynzhar, which was founded by Kazakh settlers and has a long tradition of local pride. The renowned nineteenth-century Kazakh composer Qurmangazy is buried in Altynzhar; the village hosts a museum dedicated to his life and to the culture of the region’s Kazakh community more generally. Altynzhar was also home to the Kazakh poet and language activist Mäjilis Ötejanov. Due to its history and cultural significance, Altynzhar is often viewed as the informal capital of the Astrakhan Kazakhs. This status, combined with the lack of reliable public transportation, helps the local population to maintain their language and identity better than elsewhere.

Language Use

Despite the differences between individual settlements, home is by far the most common domain of use for the Kazakh language across Astrakhan Oblast. For most of my respondents, constant code-switching between Russian and Kazakh is the default register when they talk to their relatives. The ratio of elements from the two languages, however, varies widely. Kazakh may dominate or it may only be represented by several words—but, as my experience shows, it is never fully absent.

In Vinny, I interviewed a young Kazakh man who was born and raised in the village but went to an urban high school and later moved to a different part of Russia for university. These days, he lives and works in Astrakhan City. At the time I met him, he was visiting Vinny to see his parents, who still lived there permanently. During the interview, he said he spoke no Kazakh at all: “I do not speak Kazakh… Never wanted to learn it, thought it was useless. Grandma would talk to me in Kazakh, and I am like… I do not understand everything, but I can get the general idea.”

Just an hour later, I overheard him using numerous Kazakh words in a Russian-language conversation with his mother. Answering my ensuing question, the young man explained: “There are still some words that are easier for me to say in Kazakh. Like ‘scoop’ or ‘ladle’—I just say ojaw .” Later, I discovered other Kazakh words in the speech register he used at home. They were terms related to farming, as well as the names of certain traditional foods and houseware items.

This case is by no means unique—in fact, it is very typical. Lexical domains related to rural ways of life and things you find in a traditional household seem to be the least likely to be forgotten by young and predominantly Russian-speaking Astrakhan Kazakhs. This may be because they lack any similar rural experience gained in a non-Kazakh context.

Leaving the “Kazakh” village for the “Russian” city, one practically replaces one’s entire vocabulary—but with exceptions. The array of subjects discussed in urban settings is at least as wide as that in rural areas, but the two sets of lexical domains do not always coincide. Traditional ethnic cuisine, cattle farming, agriculture, and culturally specific rural household items are not things that city dwellers usually speak of, hence the words for them are not as easily replaced with Russian equivalents in the speech of first-generation urbanites. Sometimes, the Kazakh words remain the only ones they know. The lack of need or even opportunity to talk about these things in Russian makes this set of Kazakh vocabulary more resistant to attrition. It is only natural for urban Kazakhs to use these terms when they go to a rural area to visit their family. This may be viewed as a “light version” of cue-dependent language retrieval .

Equally, even among those Astrakhan Kazakhs who live in rural settlements and use Kazakh-Russian code-mixing as their default home register, one can point to specific domains that almost universally trigger the use of a much higher share of Russian-language elements. This includes all of the “complicated” domains, as the respondents call them. For example, a middle-aged man from the village of Novy Rychan said: “When fixing a TV set, we are most definitely talking in Russian.” In a different settlement, I witnessed four men talking in almost “pure” Kazakh—that is, using few Russian elements. Then one of them mentioned the COVID-19 pandemic, and this change of subject, combined with “complex” vocabulary related to healthcare and government policies, triggered an instant switch to almost equally “pure” Russian.

As is evident from these situations, Kazakh is often regarded and used as a rural and “simplistic” language, fitting for discussions of farming but not technology or anything modern. This set of associations speaks to its low social prestige—but may also be viewed positively by some. Many heritage speakers of Astrakhan Kazakh associate the language with a sense of home and strong family ties. “Kazakh is… It is something about your home, you know, where you feel most comfortable and secure. It is the mother language, after all. Whenever I hear it, I think of those evenings I spent in the village of Multanovo with my parents and grandma as a kid. I miss this feeling now that I live in the city,” said one of my respondents.

Two other important domains associated with Kazakh, which are intertwined with each other, are religion and ethnic celebrations. While overwhelmingly secular in daily life, most Astrakhan Kazakhs identify as Muslim. Many hardly ever go to mosques—in fact, there are large, exclusively Kazakh villages with no mosques at all. Moreover, the minority that does adhere to a strictly Islamic way of life is viewed as odd and even suspicious by the more secular majority.

Still, events such as weddings and funerals almost universally have an Islamic element to them. Interestingly enough, many of my respondents think of Islam as inseparable from the Kazakh language. “When the Quran is being recited, you are supposed to talk in Kazakh,” said a middle-aged man from Novy Rychan. Obviously, the recitation itself happens in Arabic, and one is supposed to listen to it rather than talk simultaneously. What this respondent meant was that the “religious” and “traditional” atmosphere of such events triggered increased use of Kazakh before and after the recitation and other rituals.

Kazakh as an Unwritten Language

While still widely spoken in some of the more remote villages, Astrakhan Kazakh remains a practically unwritten language. In the early Soviet years, Kazakh was used at numerous village schools as the primary language of instruction, but it was quickly downgraded to being taught as a subject only. By 1966, it had disappeared from the region’s school system entirely.

The perestroika era brought a surge in ethnic activism, with Kazakh language lessons being reintroduced in almost a hundred village schools in the late 1980s and 1990s. Unfortunately, this did not last long: Vladimir Putin’s rule brought another wave of linguistic Russification as part of his “unity through uniformity” policy. Kazakh was soon downgraded to an optional, once-a-week class. Today, fewer than 20 Astrakhan Oblast schools offer it in any form, even though over 140 of the region’s rural localities have a Kazakh majority or plurality.

This lack of Kazakh at school has resulted in entire generations having little exposure to written Kazakh and being functionally illiterate in it, even when perfectly literate in Russian. This can be seen from the way the names of many Astrakhan Kazakhs are written in their Russian IDs and passports. When giving their children legal names, many parents opt for naive phonetic approximations that do not match the way a name is normally spelled in Kazakhstan (eg., Kuvanshkirey rather than the more typical Qwanışkereý in Kazakh or Kuanyshkerey in Russian). Many of my respondents said they had trouble understanding and distinguishing the “weird letters” used in Standard Kazakh, referring to the additional and modified Cyrillic characters that are absent from the Russian alphabet.

Russian dominates all of the “formal” domains in Astrakhan Oblast, from education to technology and interactions with the government

Lack of language-specific literacy is not the only linguistic barrier between Kazakh-speakers in Astrakhan and those in Kazakhstan. As explained above, Russian dominates all of the “formal” domains in Astrakhan Oblast, from education to technology and interactions with the government. This means that most Astrakhan Kazakhs never discuss these topics in Kazakh and may be unfamiliar with the more “complex” vocabulary in that language, even when fully proficient in the registers related to home, family, traditions, and rural lifestyle.

“The Kazakh word for ‘proof’ is dälel , which I only know because I looked it up. My neighbor grew up speaking Kazakh, but she would not understand me if I used it when talking to her. She just uses the Russian word, dokazatelstvo ,” said a respondent from Multanovo. This is a perfect example of a term perceived as “complex” and thus unknown to many Astrakhan Kazakhs.

Most Astrakhan Kazakhs are well aware of the differences between their ethnic language and the Kazakh of Kazakhstan. A middle-aged, native Kazakh-speaking respondent from Novy Rychan talked about his trip to Atyrau, Kazakhstan, saying that he felt insecure about his Kazakh skills while there. He opted to talk to locals in Russian because he feared they would mock his “incorrect” Kazakh. This perception of Astrakhan Kazakh as “simplified” and “Russified” is fairly common among its speakers. While somewhat negative, it may also serve as a marker of the community’s identity, helping to distinguish between “us” (Astrakhan Kazakhs) and “them” (Kazakhstan Kazakhs).

Future of Kazakh in Astrakhan

The case of an Astrakhan Kazakh person looking up and memorizing a “complex” word associated with the Kazakh language of Kazakhstan illustrates a small but important tendency. A growing number of young, native Russian-speaking Astrakhan Kazakhs are deliberately immersing themselves in Kazakhstani media, explaining that they want to learn the “proper” way to speak their language and reconnect with their culture, which has been partially lost to colonization and assimilation.

While most young Astrakhan Kazakhs seem to have no interest in using their ethnic language in any form, this minority tendency offers hope that Kazakh will live on in Astrakhan Oblast. If the language policy does not change in the decades to come, the local dialect may eventually die out as a natural form of communication in rural communities, but Standard Kazakh is likely to be maintained by the conscious activist minority.

That being said, the continuity of the language policy is a big “if.” Russia’s government has been increasingly unstable since the beginning of the war in Ukraine. In many regions, ethnic minorities feel that they are unfairly overrepresented among those sent to fight in Ukraine, and this is especially true for Astrakhan Kazakhs. At the same time, the federal government is cracking down on indigenous activism more heavily than ever.

The growing dissent among minorities has led to the emergence of numerous secessionist organizations. An overview of pro-independence movements that view Astrakhan as a part of their hypothetical states can be found in my recent article for New Eastern Europe . It is hard to make predictions about the success of these movements, but in the event that they succeed, language policy and power dynamics between the region’s ethnic groups are more than likely to change.

All photos by

Dor Shabashewitz and Valery Maslov

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