stages of pregnancy essay

Stages of Pregnancy Research Paper

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Before Pregnancy

Different conditions of a woman’s life-span at the before-pregnancy period, prenatal development, after pregnancy, different conditions of a woman’s life-span at the after-pregnancy period.

This paper aims to research all of the pregnancy stages month-by-month. Moreover, it includes describing a scenario specific to different stages of a woman’s lifespan during these periods: right before and right after prenatal development.

There are several essential steps women need to make before getting pregnant to lower the risks and improve their health. First of all, a woman must revise nutrition, start eating well and take multivitamins. Folic acid is the most important as it prevents congenital disabilities like neural tube defects. Secondly, a woman must get a health checkup and genetic consulting to become aware of the risks and ways to avoid them. Thirdly, Liou et al. (2016) state that “prenatal visits incorporate psychological assessment for early detection and management to prevent possible adverse birth outcomes”. Mental health must be checked due to the high stress to come with the pregnancy. Lastly, there is a must in limiting or getting rid of bad habits like smoking or drinking alcohol and coffee.

A woman’s lifespan can affect the pregnancy; that’s why the conditions of a specific period of life should be considered before getting pregnant. When a woman is in any life crisis, there might be stress-related issues with her menstrual cycles, and the need for additional medical consultancy regarding hormones might appear. At the aging stage of life, a woman risks delivering an ill baby or to have a difficult pregnancy. Steps before getting pregnant, such as health checkups and multivitamins, should be carefully made.

Women who discover a failure to launch syndrome need to get psychological assistance before getting pregnant as their self-esteem and expectations are on a lower level at this life stage. The other stressful periods are marriage or divorce, as women might doubt their choices or be overwhelmed by the events. Getting pregnant in these conditions might severely affect women’s mental and physical health, and reliable medical and psychological support is recommended.

Modern medicine allows one to get pregnant even when there are grown children and empty nest life. A woman might think that a newborn would be the solution to loneliness or improve the family’s relationship. However, she still has to remember that pregnancy seriously affects the health of an aging woman. If the pregnancy is not the first one, a woman might be a part of the sandwich generation that simultaneously cares about parents and young children. Getting pregnant in this stage requires insurance in someone else’s support, as taking everything on her own might seriously affect the pregnancy.

The average length of prenatal development is 38 weeks from the conception date. A zygote consistently develops throughout this period until becoming a ready-to-born baby. Brewer et al. (2019) state that “from the moment of conception, hormonal changes in the mother’s pregnancy and adapt to the future needs of the embryo” (p. 78). There are three main stages of pregnancy: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.

The First Month: Germinal and Embryonic Stages, the First Trimester

The conception is the beginning of the germinal stage of prenatal development; it happens when egg cell and sperm unite into a zygote in a fallopian tube. The cells start diviving and get functions that will determine their type once after reaching the the eight-cell point. Then, cells separate into two groups: outer cells turn into the placenta, and inner cells become the embryo. If the implantation passes successfully, it provoke hormonal changes that stop the menstrual cycle.

The cells grow, and by the third week form a human-looking embryo. It is how the embryonic stage begins, the most important period for brain development. The embryo divides into three different layers that will form body systems, and, during the week, neural tube forms that then becomes the central nervous system and brain. On the fourth week, the cardiovascular system grows, and develops heart that starts to pulse.

The Second Month: Embryonic Stage

The buds forming the arms and legs appear, and the systems continue developing at the first week of this stage. The embryonic period ends after the previous month, and the basic structures of central nervous system establish. When the nerves reach proper location, the connection with other neutral cells forms and creates rudimentary neural networks.

The Third Month: Fetal Stage

The embryo grows into a fetus when the cell differentiation is complete. The fetal period is the longest, and ends on the birth day. The reflexes begin to arise that lets the fetus make reflectively move his limbs. Moreover, the sex organs start differentiating during the month, and, by its ending, the whole range of body parts will establish.

The Fourth Month: The Beginning of the Second Trimester

The second trimester lasts from the fourth to the sixth month, the fetus’s size increases six times, body system develops, and nails, hair, brows, lashes form. Specifically, during the fourth month, the fetus grows to 6 inches in length. Lanugo, hair layer of the body, begins to form from the head. Muscles, bones, lungs continue to develop, and the fetus makes the first swallow and sucking motions.

The Fifth Month

The mother might notice the first movements in the stomach during the fifth month of pregnancy because it is the period when the fetus becomes active. It reaches 8 inches in length, and fat starts developing under the skin that is almost covered by lanugo. Fingernails, eyebrows, lashes also begin forming during this month.

The Sixth Month

Weeks of this month are when the eyes finish developing, and a startle reflex appears. Eyebrows, eyelashes form altogether, the hair on the head keeps growing longer. Hair grows longer on the head, and the eyebrows and eyelashes finish developing.

The Seventh Month: The Beginning of the Third Trimester

It is the period of brain and nervous system development. The fetus’s brain starts controlling such movements as opening and closing eyelids.

The Eighth Month

In the eighth month of prenatal development, the fetus learns to make breathing movements, yet the lungs are still immature. Moreover, the bones become completely developed but not hardened, and fat deposits grow above them.

The Ninth Month

The fetus grows in length and weight during this month of prenatal development. It becomes approximately 16–19 inches in length and weighs 5 lb. 12 oz. to 6 lb. 12 oz. It happens because of the body fat increase. The fetus’s brain start reaches the point when it fully controls all of the body functions.

The Tenth Month

During the last month, the fetus reaches its full-term conditions. A baby’s hair and nails grow, and if the fetus is healthy, all of the organ systems function well. The birth time depends on how a fetus developed during pregnancy. Shiota (2018) observed that “considerably large variability in the developmental stage among human embryos with the same gestational age” (p. 956). The exact time of a child to born cannot be predicted.

Generally, labor is divided into three stages. At the first stage, cervical dictation appears and keeps expanding until the active phase of labor. During the second stage, a woman pushes the baby through the birth canal with the intense contractions. The third stage is followed by the delivery of the placenta and called the afterbirth. After the placenta is out of the body, the midwife cuts the cord. Childbirth is a normal human experience, yet each labor is a unique process, so women perceive risks to life, and accompany it with intense fear and helplessness (Muzik & Rosenblum, 2017, p. 13). It is essential to provide a woman with psychological support during childbirth.

After giving birth, there are essential steps women must make for her and a baby’s health. At first, a woman must visit her postpartum checkups to prevent any health problems from appearing. Moreover, she must keep eating healthily and take vitamins to be able to breastfeed a child properly. A new mother must get baby care recommendations from a trusted consultant and follow them strictly during the first month of a child’s life.

Factors related to the pregnancy, such as type of birth, a pre-term newborn, health problems, negatively impact women’s quality of life (Martínez-Galiano et al., 2019). A woman’s life-span specifically impacts the after pregnancy period: a mother’s and a child’s health and wellness might be affected by life conditions. During crises, as well as stressful milestones like marriage or divorce, the after-pregnancy time might become a relief that distracts from harmful events. However, psychological assistance or family support might be required. A woman in such life-span conditions as aging has to get intense medical help during the after-pregnancy period as her health weakens after the stress of giving birth.

A woman with failure to launch syndrome is likely to get rid of it because of the new chance to change a life successfully. Such a scenario might also be applied to a woman’s life during the empty nest period as the newborn gives many responsibilities and activities. Women in these life-span stages have to get enough support from their friends and family to go through the after-pregnancy period successfully. Sandwich generation representatives might discover difficulties during the first months of a child’s life as even more people require care from a woman. A mother needs to set the priorities right and watch her mental health to avoid depression and overwhelming.

Shiota, K. (2018). Study of normal and abnormal prenatal development using the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The Anatomical Record , 301(6), 955-959. Web.

Brewer, S., Bhattacharya, S., Preston, P., Davies, J., & Sheena, M. (2019). The science of pregnancy: The complete illustrated guide from conception to birth . D.K. Publishing.

Liou, S. R., Wang, P., & Cheng, C. Y. (2016). Effects of prenatal maternal mental distress on birth outcomes. Women and Birth , 29(4), 376-380. Web.

Martínez-Galiano, J. M., Hernández-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., & Delgado-Rodríguez, M. (2019). Quality of life of women after giving birth: Associated factors related with the birth process. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 8 (3), 324. Web.

Muzik, M. & Rosenblum, K. L. (Eds.). (2017). Motherhood in the face of trauma: Pathways towards healing and growth. Springer.

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Prenatal Development Stages

Here's what happens during the three prenatal development stages

• Germinal Stage
• Embryonic Stage
• Fetal Stage

Frequently Asked Questions

While you might think of child development as something that begins during infancy, the prenatal period is also considered an important part of the developmental process. The prenatal development stages are a time of remarkable change that helps set the stage for future psychological development. The brain develops over the course of the prenatal period, but it will continue to go through more changes during the early years of childhood

There are three stages of prenatal development: the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage, the third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period, and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.

At a Glance

The three prenatal development stages involve the processes that occur from conception to birth. The first stage, known as the germinal stage, involves the formation of the zygote and early cell division. The second stage, called the embryonic stage, involves the early growth of the embryo, including the formation of the neural tube, which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord. The fetal period is the longest stage of prenatal development, and is when the organs, tissues, and body grow. Keep reading to learn more about the events that take place during each of these stages of prenatal development.

Click Play to Learn More About the Stages of Prenatal Development

This video has been medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD .

Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development

The germinal stage begins at conception when the sperm and egg cell unite in one of the two fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg is called a zygote. Just a few hours after conception, the single-celled zygote begins making a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus.

Important Events:

• Formation of the zygote
• Rapid cell division
• Formation of the blastocyst
• Journey from the fallopian tube to the uterus

Implantation

Cell division.

Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after conception. Through the process of mitosis, the zygote first divides into two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, and so on.

A significant number of zygotes never progress past this early part of cell division, with as many as half of all zygotes surviving less than two weeks.

Cell Differentiation

Once the eight-cell point has been reached, the cells begin to differentiate and take on certain characteristics that will determine the type of cells they will eventually become. As the cells multiply, they will also separate into two distinctive masses: the outer cells will eventually become the placenta, while the inner cells form the embryo.

Blastocyst Development

Cell division continues at a rapid rate during the approximately week-long journey from fallopian tube to uterus wall. The cells develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst is made up of three layers, each of which develops into different structures in the body.

• Ectoderm : Skin and nervous system
• Endoderm : Digestive and respiratory systems
• Mesoderm : Muscle and skeletal systems

Finally, the blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation. Implantation occurs when the cells nestle into the uterine lining and rupture tiny blood vessels. The connective web of blood vessels and membranes that form between them will provide nourishment for the developing being for the next nine months.

However, it is important to recognize that implantation is not always an automatic and sure-fire process.

Researchers estimate that approximately 60% of all natural conceptions never become properly implanted in the uterus, which results in the new life ending before the mother is ever aware she is pregnant.

When implantation is successful, hormonal changes halt the normal menstrual cycle and cause a whole host of physical changes.

Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development

At this point, the mass of cells is now known as an embryo. The beginning of the third week after conception marks the start of the embryonic period, a time when the mass of cells becomes distinct as a human embryo.

• Neural tube development
• Development of basic body structures
• Neurons form

Formation of the Neural Tube

The embryonic stage plays an important role in the development of the brain.  Approximately four weeks after conception, the neural tube forms. This tube will later develop into the central nervous system, including the spinal cord and brain.

The neural tube begins to form along with an area known as the neural plate. The earliest signs of neural tube development are the emergence of two ridges that form along each side of the neural plate.

Over the next few days, more ridges form and fold inward until a hollow tube is formed. Once this tube is fully formed, cells begin to form near the center. The tube begins to close, and brain vesicles form. These vesicles will eventually develop into parts of the brain , including the structures of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.​

Other Basic Structures Start to Form

Around the fourth week, the head begins to form, quickly followed by the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth. The blood vessel that will become the heart starts to pulse. During the fifth week, buds that will form the arms and legs appear.

By the eighth week of development, the embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except those of the sex organs. At this point, the embryo weighs just one gram and is about one inch long.

By the end of the embryonic period, the basic structures of the brain and central nervous system have been established. At this point, the basic structure of the peripheral nervous system is also defined.

The production of neurons , or brain cells, begins around day 42 after conception and is mostly complete sometime around the middle of pregnancy.

As neurons form, they migrate to different areas of the brain. Once they have reached the correct location, they begin to form connections with other neural cells, establishing rudimentary neural networks.

Fetal Stage of Prenatal Development

Once cell differentiation is mostly complete, the embryo enters the next stage and becomes known as a fetus. The fetal period of prenatal develop marks more important changes in the brain. This period of development begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth. This stage is marked by amazing change and growth.

• Nervous systems forms and basic reflexes emerge
• Sex differentiation occurs
• Increase in size and development of organs and tissues

Nervous System Develoment

The early body systems and structures established in the embryonic stage continue to develop. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord, and neurons continue to form. Once these neurons have formed, they begin to migrate to their correct locations. Synapses, or the connections between neurons, also begin to develop.

Between the ninth and twelfth week of gestation (at the earliest), reflexes begin to emerge. The fetus begins to make reflexive motions with its arms and legs.

Differentiation of Sex Organs

During the third month of gestation, the sex organs begin to differentiate. By the end of the month, all parts of the body will be formed. At this point, the fetus weighs around three ounces. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.

The end of the third month also marks the end of the first trimester of pregnancy.

Second and Third Trimester Growth

During the second trimester, or months four through six, the heartbeat grows stronger, and other body systems become further developed. Fingernails, hair, eyelashes, and toenails form. Perhaps most noticeably, the fetus increases about six times in size.

So, what's going on inside the brain during this important period of prenatal development? The brain and  central nervous system  also become more responsive during the second trimester. Around 28 weeks, the brain starts to mature faster, with an activity that greatly resembles that of a sleeping newborn.

During the period from seven months until birth, the fetus continues to develop, put on weight, and prepare for life outside the womb. The lungs begin to expand and contract, preparing the muscles for breathing.

While development usually follows this normal pattern, there are times when problems with prenatal development occur. Disease, malnutrition, and other prenatal influences can have a powerful impact on how the brain develops during this critical period.

Brain development does not end at birth. A considerable amount of brain development takes place postnatally, including growing in size and volume while changing in structure. The brain quadruples in size between birth and preschool. As children learn and have new experiences, some networks in the brain are strengthened while other connections are pruned.

The first 13 weeks of pregnancy are considered the most critical in prenatal development. It is during this period that the embryo forms organs. It is also the period when most miscarriages occur.

The main stages of the embryonic period encompass gastrulation (the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form), neurulation (formation of neural tissue), organogenesis (development of the organs).

Important fetal milestones at each of the prenatal development stages include:

• Germinal stage : The division of cells and implantation of the blastocyst.
• Embryonic stage : The development of the neural tube and organs.
• Fetal stage : Continued growth of organs and physical development in preparation for birth.

National Institutes of Health. What are stem cells, and why are they important? .

Ochoa-Bernal MA, Fazleabas AT. Physiologic events of embryo implantation and decidualization in human and non-human primates .  Int J Mol Sci . 2020;21(6):1973. doi:10.3390/ijms21061973

Rice University. 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective . In: Anatomy and Physiology.

Rice University. 28.3 Fetal Development . In Anatomy and Physiology.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health. Stages of pregnancy .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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• Pregnancy week by week

Fetal development: The 1st trimester

Fetal development begins soon after conception. Find out how your baby grows and develops during the first trimester.

You're pregnant. Congratulations! You'll undoubtedly spend the months ahead wondering how your baby is growing and developing. What does your baby look like? How big is he or she? When will you feel the first kick?

Fetal development typically follows a predictable course. Find out what happens during the first trimester by checking out this weekly calendar of events. Keep in mind that measurements are approximate.

Weeks 1 and 2: Getting ready

It might seem strange, but you're not actually pregnant the first week or two of the time allotted to your pregnancy. Yes, you read that correctly!

Conception typically occurs about two weeks after your last period begins. To calculate your estimated due date, your health care provider will count ahead 40 weeks from the start of your last period. This means your period is counted as part of your pregnancy — even though you weren't pregnant at the time.

Week 3: Fertilization

Fertilization and implantation

During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation.

The sperm and egg unite in one of your fallopian tubes to form a one-celled entity called a zygote. If more than one egg is released and fertilized or if the fertilized egg splits into two, you might have multiple zygotes.

The zygote typically has 46 chromosomes — 23 from the biological mother and 23 from the biological father. These chromosomes help determine your baby's sex and physical traits.

Soon after fertilization, the zygote travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus. At the same time, it will begin dividing to form a cluster of cells resembling a tiny raspberry — a morula.

Week 4: Implantation

The rapidly dividing ball of cells — now known as a blastocyst — has begun to burrow into the uterine lining (endometrium). This process is called implantation.

Within the blastocyst, the inner group of cells will become the embryo. The outer layer will give rise to part of the placenta, which will nourish your baby throughout the pregnancy.

Week 5: Hormone levels increase

Fetal development three weeks after conception

By the end of the fifth week of pregnancy — three weeks after conception — your hormone levels are rising.

The fifth week of pregnancy, or the third week after conception, the levels of HCG hormone produced by the blastocyst quickly increase. This signals your ovaries to stop releasing eggs and produce more estrogen and progesterone. Increased levels of these hormones stop your menstrual period, often the first sign of pregnancy, and fuel the growth of the placenta.

The embryo is now made of three layers. The top layer — the ectoderm — will give rise to your baby's outermost layer of skin, central and peripheral nervous systems, eyes, and inner ears.

Your baby's heart and a primitive circulatory system will form in the middle layer of cells — the mesoderm. This layer of cells will also serve as the foundation for your baby's bones, ligaments, kidneys and much of the reproductive system.

The inner layer of cells — the endoderm — is where your baby's lungs and intestines will develop.

Week 6: The neural tube closes

Fetal development four weeks after conception

By the end of the sixth week of pregnancy — four weeks after conception — small buds appear that will become arms.

Growth is rapid this week. Just four weeks after conception, the neural tube along your baby's back is closing. The baby's brain and spinal cord will develop from the neural tube. The heart and other organs also are starting to form.

Structures necessary to the formation of the eyes and ears develop. Small buds appear that will soon become arms. Your baby's body begins to take on a C-shaped curvature.

Week 7: Baby's head develops

Fetal development five weeks after conception

By the end of the seventh week of pregnancy — five weeks after conception — your baby's brain and face are the focus of development.

Seven weeks into your pregnancy, or five weeks after conception, your baby's brain and face are growing. Depressions that will give rise to nostrils become visible, and the beginnings of the retinas form.

Lower limb buds that will become legs appear and the arm buds that sprouted last week now take on the shape of paddles.

Week 8: Baby's nose forms

Fetal development six weeks after conception

By the end of the eighth week of pregnancy — six weeks after conception — your baby might be about 1/2 inch (11 to 14 millimeters) long.

Eight weeks into your pregnancy, or six weeks after conception, your baby's lower limb buds take on the shape of paddles. Fingers have begun to form. Small swellings outlining the future shell-shaped parts of your baby's ears develop and the eyes become obvious. The upper lip and nose have formed. The trunk and neck begin to straighten.

By the end of this week, your baby might be about 1/2 inch (11 to 14 millimeters) long from crown to rump — about half the diameter of a U.S. quarter.

Week 9: Baby's toes appear

Fetal development seven weeks after conception

By the end of the ninth week of pregnancy — seven weeks after conception — your baby's elbows appear.

In the ninth week of pregnancy, or seven weeks after conception, your baby's arms grow and elbows appear. Toes are visible and eyelids form. Your baby's head is large but still has a poorly formed chin.

By the end of this week, your baby might be a little less than 3/4 inch (16 to 18 millimeters) long from crown to rump — the diameter of a U.S. penny.

Week 10: Baby's elbows bend

Fetal development eight weeks after conception

By the end of the 10th week of pregnancy — eight weeks after conception — your baby's toes and fingers lose their webbing and become longer.

By the 10th week of pregnancy, or eight weeks after conception, your baby's head has become more round.

Your baby can now bend his or her elbows. Toes and fingers lose their webbing and become longer. The eyelids and external ears continue to develop. The umbilical cord is clearly visible.

Week 11: Baby's genitals develop

At the beginning of the 11th week of pregnancy, or the ninth week after conception, your baby's head still makes up about half of its length. However, your baby's body is about to catch up.

Your baby is now officially described as a fetus. This week your baby's face is broad, the eyes widely separated, the eyelids fused and the ears low set. Buds for future teeth appear. Red blood cells are beginning to form in your baby's liver. By the end of this week, your baby's external genitalia will start developing into a penis or a clitoris and labia majora.

By now your baby might measure about 2 inches (50 millimeters) long from crown to rump — the length of the short side of a credit card — and weigh almost 1/3 ounce (8 grams).

Week 12: Baby's fingernails form

Fetal development 10 weeks after conception

By the end of the 12th week of pregnancy — 10 weeks after conception — your baby might weigh about 1/2 ounce (14 grams).

Twelve weeks into your pregnancy, or 10 weeks after conception, your baby is sprouting fingernails. Your baby's face now has taken on a more developed profile. His or her intestines are in the abdomen.

By now your baby might be about 2 1/2 inches (61 millimeters) long from crown to rump — the length of the short side of a U.S. bill — and weigh about 1/2 ounce (14 grams).

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• Pregnancy: Stages of pregnancy. Office on Women's Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/stages-pregnancy. Accessed Feb. 25, 2020.
• Frequently asked questions: Pregnancy FAQ156: Prenatal development: How your fetus grows during pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/how-your-fetus-grows-during-pregnancy. Accessed Feb. 25, 2020.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Your Pregnancy and Childbirth Month to Month. 6th ed. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2015.
• Moore KL, et al. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 25, 2020.

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Essay on Pregnancy

Students are often asked to write an essay on Pregnancy in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Pregnancy

What is pregnancy.

Pregnancy is when a baby grows inside a woman’s womb or uterus. It starts when a sperm from a man joins with a woman’s egg. This tiny new life is called an embryo at first, and then a fetus as it gets bigger. A full pregnancy usually lasts about nine months.

Stages of Pregnancy

Pregnancy has three parts called trimesters. Each trimester is about three months long. In the first, the baby’s body is forming. During the second, the baby grows bigger and stronger. In the last trimester, the baby gets ready to be born.

Changes in the Mother

A pregnant woman’s body changes a lot. She may feel tired, have morning sickness, and her belly will grow as the baby does. She needs to eat healthy foods, get checkups, and take care of herself to help her baby grow strong.

The Birth of the Baby

When the baby is ready to be born, the mother will feel labor pains. This is when her body tells her it’s time for the baby to come out. The baby will come out through the birth canal, and the family will welcome a new member.

250 Words Essay on Pregnancy

Pregnancy lasts about nine months and is divided into three parts, called trimesters. In the first trimester, the baby is just starting to form. The mother might feel tired and sick. The second trimester is often easier. The baby grows bigger, and the mother can feel it move. In the last part, the third trimester, the baby gets ready to be born. The mother’s belly is very big, and she might feel uncomfortable and excited to meet her baby.

Health During Pregnancy

It’s important for the mother to take care of herself and the baby. Eating healthy food, going to the doctor for check-ups, and staying away from bad habits like smoking or drinking alcohol are all very important. These things help the baby grow strong and healthy.

Having the Baby

When the baby is ready to come out, the mother will feel pains called contractions. This is when the baby is pushing to get out of the womb. The mother will go to a hospital or a birthing center where doctors or nurses will help her give birth. After the baby is born, it’s a happy time for the family as they welcome the new member.

Pregnancy is a special time when a new life is being made. It’s full of changes, care, and excitement as families prepare for a new baby.

500 Words Essay on Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the time when a baby grows inside a woman’s womb or uterus. It starts when a sperm from a man joins with an egg from a woman. This is called fertilization. The fertilized egg then attaches to the wall of the uterus. This is the beginning of a nine-month journey, which we divide into three parts called trimesters.

The Three Trimesters

The second trimester is from week 13 to the end of week 26. The baby is now called a fetus. This is when the mother can feel the baby moving. The baby’s skin is thin and red, and its bones start to harden.

The third trimester is from week 27 until the birth. The baby grows bigger and stronger. It can now blink, dream, and even listen to sounds. The mother’s belly is very big, and she might feel uncomfortable and excited to meet her baby.

Changes in the Mother’s Body

Healthy habits for pregnancy.

It’s important for a mother to take care of herself during pregnancy. Eating healthy foods and staying away from harmful substances like cigarettes and alcohol are very important. Taking vitamins, getting rest, and doing gentle exercises can help keep the mother and baby healthy.

When the baby is ready to be born, the mother will feel contractions. These are like very strong belly aches that come and go. They mean the baby is pushing its way out. Birth usually happens in a hospital, but some choose to have their babies at home. Doctors, nurses, or midwives help the mother during birth.

After the Baby is Born

Pregnancy is a special time when a new life is growing. It brings changes and new responsibilities. It’s important for the mother to take good care of herself and get ready for the arrival of her baby. With support from family, friends, and doctors, she can look forward to the birth of her child. When the baby finally arrives, it’s the start of a new adventure for the whole family.

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Library Health & Wellness Women's Health Pregnancy

Top Pregnancy Articles – Trimesters, Stages Of Labor & More

Pregnancy is the time period from conception to delivery during which a baby develops in the mother’s womb. For due date calculations and milestone assessments, pregnancy is counted from the first day of the last menstrual period, which occurs about two weeks before conception. For many people, a missed menstrual period is the first sign of pregnancy. (1) Pregnancy lasts approximately 40 weeks, or just over 9 months, though any range between 38 to 42 weeks is considered normal, or full term. Babies born earlier than 37 weeks are considered premature, while babies born between 37 and 38 weeks are considered early term. (2)

The timeline of a pregnancy is separated into three trimesters, each lasting approximately 12 to 14 weeks. During the earliest stages, the developing baby changes from a fertilized egg into a ball of cells known as an embryo. At the end of eight weeks, after major organs have begun to form, the developing baby is considered a fetus. (3)

Types of Pregnancy Tests

Stages of labor, the first trimester, the second trimester, the third trimester.

Pregnancy can be detected through blood tests or urine tests. All pregnancy tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta that becomes detectable around 10 days after conception. Testing earlier than this can result in a false negative. Waiting to test until 1 to 2 weeks after the first missed menstrual period provides a more reliable result.  (4)

Urine-based pregnancy tests simply detect whether hCG is present. Because they tend to provide rapid, accurate results, these are typically used to diagnose a pregnancy both through at-home tests and in a doctor’s office. Blood tests can either detect the presence of hCG or the actual amount of hCG present in the blood sample. Quantitative tests that assess how much hCG is present can be used to diagnose anomalies, including the presence of twins, potential miscarriages, or ectopic pregnancies.  (5)

The start of labor marks the beginning of the birthing process and the end of pregnancy. Labor may progress quickly and be over in less than an hour or may continue for days before the baby is born. There are three stages of labor:

Early and Active Labor

Early labor begins with contractions, which are typically irregular at first. A clear or pink discharge may appear as the mucus plug sealing the cervix is released. As contractions become more regular and the cervix begins to dilate, early labor shifts into active labor. As the cervix dilates to approximately 10 centimeters in diameter and contractions become closer together, this signals the final part of active labor, called transition.

After about 15 to 60 minutes of transition, the birth process begins, and the baby emerges into the world headfirst. The process of birth can take anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours.

Delivery of the Placenta

After the birth of the baby, the parent’s body releases the placenta. This process may take up to an hour and usually includes milder contractions than experienced during the earlier stages of labor.  (6)

The first trimester of pregnancy includes everything from the first day of the last menstrual period to the 12th week of pregnancy. During the first trimester, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo, which implants into the uterine wall. The amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord form during this trimester. By the end of the first trimester, the fetus is approximately .5 to 1 ounce and 3 to 4 inches long.  (7)

During this stage of pregnancy, the pregnant individual may experience symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, mood swings, swollen breast tissue, and fatigue. The developing fetus is also particularly susceptible to external influences that can hamper development, such as exposure to alcohol, drugs, medications, environmental toxins, infectious diseases, and radiation.

The second trimester is the period from the 13th week to the 28th week of pregnancy. At this point, the placenta takes over much of the hormone production previously handled by the corpus luteum lining the uterus. This switch typically results in a reduction of traditional early-pregnancy symptoms, including morning sickness and fatigue.  (8)

During the second trimester, visible signs of pregnancy start to develop, including growth of the belly and breasts. New symptoms may emerge, including leg cramps, Braxton Hicks contractions, increased vaginal discharge, and dental sensitivity. Many pregnant people experience reduced fatigue and increased excitement about the upcoming birth, while some individuals may develop anxiety related to birth and parenting.  (9)

The third trimester of pregnancy includes everything from the 29th week of pregnancy through birth, which usually occurs at around 40 weeks. At around week 36, the fetus flips to face head-down in preparation for birth. By approximately 38 weeks, the fetal lungs have developed fully. At birth, the fetus usually weighs between 6 and 9 pounds and measures around 19 to 21 inches.  (10)

The growing fetus puts pressure on other organs in the mother’s body during the last trimester. This often results in an increased need to urinate, more frequent heartburn, difficulty taking deep breaths and frequent backaches. Fluid retention can cause swelling, particularly in the hands, face, and ankles. The discomfort of late pregnancy can take a toll on mental and emotional health, but this is usually temporary, since these symptoms typically go away after birth.

Some women experience a condition called postnatal depression after birth that makes it difficult to care for the newborn. Depression may also develop during pregnancy itself, a condition called perinatal depression. Symptoms of perinatal or postpartum depression include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, irritability, and fatigue to the point of being unable to carry out self-care tasks. Treatment may be necessary, especially if these symptoms persist after the birth.  (11)

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Further Reading

• Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
• Antidepressants during Pregnancy: Risks and Benefits
• Recognizing Subtle Signs of Postpartum Depression
• Special Considerations: Thyroid, Diabetes, and Lupus in Pregnancy
• Navigating Emotional Changes after Childbirth
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Causes and Effects
• Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Smoking on Child Mental Health
• Balancing Antipsychotic Use and Pregnancy Risks
• Prozac during Pregnancy: Safety and Considerations

Stages of Fetal Development

• Fertilization |
• Development of the Blastocyst |
• Development of the Embryo and Placenta |
• Development of the Fetus |

A pregnancy goes through several stages of development. A fertilized egg develops into a blastocyst, then an embryo, then a fetus.

Fertilization

During each normal menstrual cycle , 1 egg (oocyte) is usually released from of the ovaries, about 14 days after the last menstrual period. Release of the egg is called ovulation. The egg then enters into the funnel-shaped end of 1 of the fallopian tubes.

At ovulation, the mucus in the cervix (bottom part of the uterus) becomes more fluid and more elastic, allowing sperm to enter the uterus rapidly. Within 5 minutes, sperm may move from the vagina, through the cervix into the uterus, and to the fallopian tube—the usual site of fertilization.

If fertilization does not occur, the egg moves through the fallopian tube into the uterus, and it is passed out of the uterus with the next menstrual period.

If a sperm penetrates the egg, fertilization occurs. Cells lining the fallopian tube have hair-like structures, called cilia, that help sweep the fertilized egg (zygote) through the tube and into the uterine cavity. The cells of the zygote divide (split into 2 cells) repeatedly as the zygote moves down the fallopian tube to the uterus. The zygote enters the uterus within 3 to 5 days.

In the uterus, the cells continue to divide, becoming a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus about 6 days after fertilization.

A twin pregnancy may occur in 2 different ways: identical or fraternal. Identical twins result when 1 fertilized egg separates into 2 embryos after it has begun to divide. Because 1 egg was fertilized by 1 sperm, the genetic material in the 2 embryos is the same. If more than 1 egg is released and fertilized, the resulting twins are fraternal rather than identical because the genetic material in each egg and in each sperm is slightly different.

In a triplet pregnancy, 3 eggs may be fertilized or, sometimes, 2 of the embryos are identical twins (resulting form 1 fertilized egg that divided into 2) and the third embryo is nonidentical. Different combinations of identical and non-identical embryos may also occur in pregnancies with even more than 3 embryos.

From Egg to Embryo

Development of the Blastocyst

About 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterine cavity, usually near the top. This process, called implantation, is completed by day 9 or 10.

The wall of the blastocyst is 1 cell thick except in 1 area, where it is 3 to 4 cells thick. The inner cells in the thickened area develop into the embryo, and the outer cells burrow into the wall of the uterus and develop into the placenta. The placenta produces several hormones that help maintain the pregnancy. For example, the placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that prevents the ovaries from releasing eggs and stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone continuously. The placenta also carries oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus and waste materials from fetus to mother.

Some of the cells from the placenta develop into an outer layer of membranes (chorion) around the developing blastocyst. Other cells develop into an inner layer of membranes (amnion), which form the amniotic sac. When the sac is formed (by about day 10 to 12), the blastocyst is considered an embryo. The amniotic sac fills with a clear liquid (amniotic fluid) and expands to envelop the developing embryo, which floats within it.

Development of the Embryo and Placenta

The next stage in development is the embryo, which develops within the amniotic sac, under the lining of the uterus on one side. This stage is characterized by the formation of most internal organs and external body structures. The heart and major blood vessels develop early, at about 16 days after fertilization. The heart begins to pump fluid and then blood through the blood vessels at about 5 weeks (3 weeks after fertilization). Most other organs begin to form at about 5 weeks of pregnancy.

Almost all organs are completely formed by about 12 weeks of pregnancy. The brain and spinal cord are exceptions—they continue to form and develop throughout pregnancy.

Most congenital malformations ( birth defects ) occur during the period when organs are forming. During this period, the embryo is most vulnerable to the effects of medications, illicit drugs, viral infections, and radiation. Therefore, pregnant women should not be given any live-virus vaccinations. Pregnant women should only take medications that are essential to their health and are known to be safe in pregnancy (see Safety of Medications During Pregnancy ).

As the placenta develops, tiny finger-like projections (villi) form and extend into the wall of the uterus. The projections branch and rebranch in a tree-like arrangement. This arrangement greatly increases the area of contact that is available for fluid, oxygen, and nutrients to pass from the mother's blood vessels to the fetus and for carbon dioxide and waste to pass from the embryo to the mother.

Placenta and Embryo at About 8 Weeks

The placenta is fully formed by 18 to 20 weeks but continues to grow throughout pregnancy. At delivery, it weighs about 1 pound.

Development of the Fetus

At the end of the tenth week of pregnancy (8 weeks after fertilization), the fetal stage begins. During this stage, the organs and systems that have already formed grow and develop as follows:

By 12 weeks of pregnancy: The fetus fills the entire uterine cavity. As the pregnancy continues, the uterus enlarges as the fetus grows.

By about 14 weeks: The sex can be identified on ultrasound.

By about 16 to 20 weeks: Typically, the pregnant woman can feel the fetus moving. Women who have been pregnant before typically feel movements about 2 weeks earlier than women who are pregnant for the first time.

The brain accumulates new cells throughout pregnancy and the first year of life after birth. The lungs continue to mature until near the time of delivery.

Pregnancy: Week by Week

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Stages of pregnancy

Pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the first day of your last normal period. The weeks are grouped into three trimesters. (TREYE-mess-turs) Find out what's happening with you and your baby in these three stages.

First trimester (week 1–week 12)

During the first trimester your body undergoes many changes. Hormonal changes affect almost every organ system in your body. These changes can trigger symptoms even in the very first weeks of pregnancy. Your period stopping is a clear sign that you are pregnant. Other changes may include:

• Extreme tiredness
• Tender, swollen breasts. Your nipples might also stick out.
• Upset stomach with or without throwing up (morning sickness)
• Cravings or distaste for certain foods
• Mood swings
• Constipation (trouble having bowel movements)
• Need to pass urine more often
• Weight gain or loss

As your body changes, you might need to make changes to your daily routine, such as going to bed earlier or eating frequent, small meals. Fortunately, most of these discomforts will go away as your pregnancy progresses. And some women might not feel any discomfort at all! If you have been pregnant before, you might feel differently this time around. Just as each woman is different, so is each pregnancy.

Second trimester (week 13–week 28)

Most women find the second trimester of pregnancy easier than the first. But it is just as important to stay informed about your pregnancy during these months.

You might notice that symptoms like nausea and fatigue are going away. But other new, more noticeable changes to your body are now happening. Your abdomen will expand as the baby continues to grow. And before this trimester is over, you will feel your baby beginning to move!

As your body changes to make room for your growing baby, you may have:

• Body aches, such as back, abdomen, groin, or thigh pain
• Stretch marks on your abdomen, breasts, thighs, or buttocks
• Darkening of the skin around your nipples
• A line on the skin running from belly button to pubic hairline
• Patches of darker skin, usually over the cheeks, forehead, nose, or upper lip. Patches often match on both sides of the face. This is sometimes called the mask of pregnancy.
• Numb or tingling hands, called carpal tunnel syndrome
• Itching on the abdomen, palms, and soles of the feet. (Call your doctor if you have nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice or fatigue combined with itching. These can be signs of a serious liver problem.)
• Swelling of the ankles, fingers, and face. (If you notice any sudden or extreme swelling or if you gain a lot of weight really quickly, call your doctor right away. This could be a sign of preeclampsia .)

Third trimester (week 29–week 40)

You're in the home stretch! Some of the same discomforts you had in your second trimester will continue. Plus, many women find breathing difficult and notice they have to go to the bathroom even more often. This is because the baby is getting bigger and it is putting more pressure on your organs. Don't worry, your baby is fine and these problems will lessen once you give birth.

Some new body changes you might notice in the third trimester include:

• Shortness of breath
• Hemorrhoids
• Tender breasts, which may leak a watery pre-milk called colostrum (kuh-LOSS-struhm)
• Your belly button may stick out
• Trouble sleeping
• The baby "dropping", or moving lower in your abdomen
• Contractions, which can be a sign of real or false labor

As you near your due date, your cervix becomes thinner and softer (called effacing). This is a normal, natural process that helps the birth canal (vagina) to open during the birthing process. Your doctor will check your progress with a vaginal exam as you near your due date. Get excited — the final countdown has begun!

Your developing baby

First trimester (week 1-week 12).

At four to five weeks:

• Your baby's brain and spinal cord have begun to form.
• The heart begins to form.
• Arm and leg buds appear.
• Your baby is now an embryo and one-twenty-fifth inch long.

At eight weeks:

• All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
• Your baby's heart beats with a regular rhythm.
• The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
• The sex organs begin to form.
• The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
• The umbilical cord is clearly visible.
• At the end of eight weeks, your baby is a fetus and looks more like a human. Your baby is nearly 1 inch long and weighs less than one-eighth ounce.

At 12 weeks:

• The nerves and muscles begin to work together. Your baby can make a fist.
• The external sex organs show if your baby is a boy or girl. A woman who has an ultrasound in the second trimester or later might be able to find out the baby's sex.
• Eyelids close to protect the developing eyes. They will not open again until the 28th week.
• Head growth has slowed, and your baby is much longer. Now, at about 3 inches long, your baby weighs almost an ounce.

Second trimester (week 13-week 28)

At 16 weeks:

• Muscle tissue and bone continue to form, creating a more complete skeleton.
• Skin begins to form. You can nearly see through it.
• Meconium (mih-KOH-nee-uhm) develops in your baby's intestinal tract. This will be your baby's first bowel movement.
• Your baby makes sucking motions with the mouth (sucking reflex).
• Your baby reaches a length of about 4 to 5 inches and weighs almost 3 ounces.

At 20 weeks:

• Your baby is more active. You might feel slight fluttering.
• Your baby is covered by fine, downy hair called lanugo (luh-NOO-goh) and a waxy coating called vernix. This protects the forming skin underneath.
• Eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, and toenails have formed. Your baby can even scratch itself.
• Your baby can hear and swallow.
• Now halfway through your pregnancy, your baby is about 6 inches long and weighs about 9 ounces.

At 24 weeks:

• Bone marrow begins to make blood cells.
• Taste buds form on your baby's tongue.
• Footprints and fingerprints have formed.
• Real hair begins to grow on your baby's head.
• The lungs are formed, but do not work.
• The hand and startle reflex develop.
• Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
• If your baby is a boy, his testicles begin to move from the abdomen into the scrotum. If your baby is a girl, her uterus and ovaries are in place, and a lifetime supply of eggs have formed in the ovaries.
• Your baby stores fat and has gained quite a bit of weight. Now at about 12 inches long, your baby weighs about 1½ pounds.

Third trimester (week 29-week 40)

At 32 weeks:

• Your baby's bones are fully formed, but still soft.
• Your baby's kicks and jabs are forceful.
• The eyes can open and close and sense changes in light.
• Lungs are not fully formed, but practice "breathing" movements occur.
• Your baby's body begins to store vital minerals, such as iron and calcium.
• Lanugo begins to fall off.
• Your baby is gaining weight quickly, about one-half pound a week. Now, your baby is about 15 to 17 inches long and weighs about 4 to 4½ pounds.

At 36 weeks:

• The protective waxy coating called vernix gets thicker.
• Body fat increases. Your baby is getting bigger and bigger and has less space to move around. Movements are less forceful, but you will feel stretches and wiggles.
• Your baby is about 16 to 19 inches long and weighs about 6 to 6½ pounds.

Weeks 37–40 :

• At 39 weeks, your baby is considered full-term. Your baby's organs are ready to function on their own.
• As you near your due date, your baby may turn into a head-down position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.
• At birth, your baby may weigh somewhere between 6 pounds 2 ounces and 9 pounds 2 ounces and be 19 to 21 inches long. Most full-term babies fall within these ranges. But healthy babies come in many different sizes.
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Chapter 7. Growing and Developing

7.1 Conception and Prenatal Development

Learning objectives.

• Review the stages of prenatal development.
• Explain how the developing embryo and fetus may be harmed by the presence of teratogens and describe what a mother can do to reduce her risk.

Conception occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father . In humans, the conception process begins with ovulation , when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube . Ovulation occurs about halfway through the woman’s menstrual cycle and is aided by the release of a complex combination of hormones. In addition to helping the egg mature, the hormones also cause the lining of the uterus to grow thicker and more suitable for implantation of a fertilized egg.

If the woman has had sexual intercourse within one or two days of the egg’s maturation, one of the up to 500 million sperm deposited by the man’s ejaculation, which are travelling up the fallopian tube, may fertilize the egg. Although few of the sperm are able to make the long journey, some of the strongest swimmers succeed in meeting the egg. As the sperm reach the egg in the fallopian tube, they release enzymes that attack the outer jellylike protective coating of the egg, each trying to be the first to enter. As soon as one of the millions of sperm enters the egg’s coating, the egg immediately responds by both blocking out all other challengers and at the same time pulling in the single successful sperm.

Within several hours of conception, half of the 23 chromosomes from the egg and half of the 23 chromosomes from the sperm fuse together, creating a zygote — a fertilized ovum . The zygote continues to travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus. Although the uterus is only about four inches away in the woman’s body, the zygote’s journey is nevertheless substantial for a microscopic organism, and fewer than half of zygotes survive beyond this earliest stage of life. If the zygote is still viable when it completes the journey, it will attach itself to the wall of the uterus, but if it is not, it will be flushed out in the woman’s menstrual flow. During this time, the cells in the zygote continue to divide: the original two cells become four, those four become eight, and so on, until there are thousands (and eventually trillions) of cells. Soon the cells begin to differentiate , each taking on a separate function. The earliest differentiation is between the cells on the inside of the zygote, which will begin to form the developing human being, and the cells on the outside, which will form the protective environment that will provide support for the new life throughout the pregnancy.

Once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, it is known as the embryo . During the embryonic phase, which will last for the next six weeks, the major internal and external organs are formed, each beginning at the microscopic level, with only a few cells. The changes in the embryo’s appearance will continue rapidly from this point until birth.

While the inner layer of embryonic cells is busy forming the embryo itself, the outer layer is forming the surrounding protective environment that will help the embryo survive the pregnancy. This environment consists of three major structures: The amniotic sac  is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator . The placenta  is an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material . The filtering occurs through a thin membrane that separates the mother’s blood from the blood of the fetus, allowing them to share only the material that is able to pass through the filter. Finally, the umbilical cord   links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus . Thus the placenta and the umbilical cord protect the fetus from many foreign agents in the mother’s system that might otherwise pose a threat.

Beginning in the ninth week after conception, the embryo becomes a fetus. The defining characteristic of the fetal stage is growth. All the major aspects of the growing organism have been formed in the embryonic phase, and now the fetus has approximately six months to go from weighing less than an ounce to weighing an average of six to eight pounds. That’s quite a growth spurt.

The fetus begins to take on many of the characteristics of a human being, including moving (by the third month the fetus is able to curl and open its fingers, form fists, and wiggle its toes), sleeping, as well as early forms of swallowing and breathing. The fetus begins to develop its senses, becoming able to distinguish tastes and respond to sounds. Research has found that the fetus even develops some initial preferences. A newborn prefers the mother’s voice to that of a stranger, the languages heard in the womb over other languages (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980; Moon, Cooper, & Fifer, 1993), and even the kinds of foods that the mother ate during the pregnancy (Mennella, Jagnow, & Beauchamp, 2001). By the end of the third month of pregnancy, the sexual organs are visible.

How the Environment Can Affect the Vulnerable Fetus

Prenatal development is a complicated process and may not always go as planned. About 45% of pregnancies result in a miscarriage, often without the mother ever being aware it has occurred (Moore & Persaud, 1993). Although the amniotic sac and the placenta are designed to protect the embryo, substances that can harm the fetus , known as teratogens , may nevertheless cause problems. Teratogens include general environmental factors, such as air pollution and radiation, but also the cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs that the mother may use. Teratogens do not always harm the fetus, but they are more likely to do so when they occur in larger amounts, for longer time periods, and during the more sensitive phases, as when the fetus is growing most rapidly. The most vulnerable period for many of the fetal organs is very early in the pregnancy — before the mother even knows she is pregnant.

Harmful substances that the mother ingests may harm the child. Cigarette smoking, for example, reduces the blood oxygen for both the mother and child and can cause a fetus to be born severely underweight. Another serious threat is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital anomalies, and intellectual disabilities . Each year in Canada, it is estimated that nine babies in every 1,000 are born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and it is considered one of the leading causes of intellectual disabilities in the world today (Health Canada, 2006; Niccols, 1994). Because there is no known safe level of alcohol consumption for a pregnant woman, the Public Health Agency of Canada (2011) states that there is no safe amount or safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy. Therefore, the best approach for expectant mothers is to avoid alcohol completely. Maternal drug abuse is also of major concern and is considered one of the greatest risk factors facing unborn children.

The environment in which the mother is living also has a major impact on infant development (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Haber & Toro, 2004). Children born into homelessness or poverty are more likely to have mothers who are malnourished, who suffer from domestic violence, stress, and other psychological problems, and who smoke or abuse drugs. And children born into poverty are also more likely to be exposed to teratogens. Poverty’s impact may also amplify other issues, creating substantial problems for healthy child development (Evans & English, 2002; Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007).

Mothers normally receive genetic and blood tests during the first months of pregnancy to determine the health of the embryo or fetus. They may undergo sonogram, ultrasound, amniocentesis, or other testing (Figure 7.1). The screenings detect potential birth defects, including neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down syndrome), genetic diseases, and other potentially dangerous conditions. Early diagnosis of prenatal problems can allow medical treatment to improve the health of the fetus.

Key Takeaways

• Development begins at the moment of conception, when the sperm from the father merges with the egg from the mother.
• Within a span of nine months, development progresses from a single cell into a zygote and then into an embryo and fetus.
• The fetus is connected to the mother through the umbilical cord and the placenta, which allow the fetus and mother to exchange nourishment and waste. The fetus is protected by the amniotic sac.
• The embryo and fetus are vulnerable and may be harmed by the presence of teratogens.
• Smoking, alcohol use, and drug use are all likely to be harmful to the developing embryo or fetus, and the mother should entirely refrain from these behaviours during pregnancy or if she expects to become pregnant.
• Environmental factors, especially homelessness and poverty, have a substantial negative effect on healthy child development.

Exercises and Critical Thinking

• What behaviours must a woman avoid engaging in when she decides to try to become pregnant, or when she finds out she is pregnant? Do you think the ability of a mother to engage in healthy behaviours should influence her choice to have a child?
• Given the negative effects of poverty on human development, what steps do you think societies should take to try to reduce poverty?

DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices.  Science, 208 , 1174–1176.

Duncan, G., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development.  Child Development, 71 (1), 188–196.

Evans, G. W., & English, K. (2002). The environment of poverty: Multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socio-emotional adjustment.  Child Development, 73 (4), 1238–1248.

Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development.  Annual Review of Psychology, 58 , 145–173.

Haber, M., & Toro, P. (2004). Homelessness among families, children, and adolescents: An ecological-developmental perspective.  Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7 (3), 123–164.

Health Canada. (2006). It’s your health: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder [PDF] . Retrieved June 2014 from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/alt_formats/pacrb-dgapcr/pdf/iyh-vsv/diseases-maladies/fasd-etcaf-eng.pdf

Mennella, J. A., Jagnow, C. P., & Beauchamp, G. K. (2001). Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants.  Pediatrics, 107 (6), e88.

Moon, C., Cooper, R. P., & Fifer, W. P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language.  Infant Behavior & Development, 16 , 495–500.

Moore, K., & Persaud, T. (1993).  The developing human: Clinically oriented embryology  (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Niccols, G. A. (1994). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Implications for psychologists.  Clinical Psychology Review, 14 , 91–111.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). The healthy pregnancy guide . Retrieved May 10, 2014 from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-gs/guide/index-eng.php

Image Attributions

Figure 7.1: “ Leipzig, Universitätsklinik, Untersuchung ” by Grubitzsch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0417-001,_Leipzig,_Universit%C3%A4tsklinik,_Untersuchung.jpg) is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 DE (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en).

Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition Copyright © 2014 by Jennifer Walinga and Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Pregnancy stages and changes

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• Your body changes during pregnancy. You may love some changes and feel uncomfortable with others.
• You may experience of a lot of physical changes during pregnancy, or only a few.
• You will probably have emotional ups and downs during pregnancy. 
• If you have depression or a mental health condition during pregnancy, you need specialist care and treatment.
• Some physical and emotional experiences are common to a particular trimester (stage) of pregnancy.

On this page

About pregnancy stages and changes, changes to your body that may indicate pregnancy, morning sickness, pregnancy stages, your feelings and emotions during pregnancy, depression during pregnancy, anxiety during pregnancy, other serious issues during pregnancy, where to get help.

If you are pregnant , your body is experiencing major change. From symptoms that you might expect, to ones that are completely unexpected, every woman will have a different pregnancy experience.

It’s helpful to have an idea of how your body may react to the different stages of pregnancy. It also helps to know how pregnancy may affect your emotions and feelings.

You may first realise that you’re pregnant when you miss your period. That’s a good time to take a pregnancy test or speak with your doctor.

In early pregnancy, you may experience some (or all, or even none) of the following symptoms:

• aches and pains (possibly in your lower abdomen and in your joints)
• morning sickness , which may be nausea or actual vomiting, and does not just happen in the morning
• constipation
• food cravings and aversions
• heartburn and indigestion
• a need to urinate (pee) more often
• vaginal thrush
• skin changes and itching, and possibly skin tags
• haemorrhoids (also known as piles)
• restless legs (leg twitching at night)
• varicose vein
• swelling in your ankles, feet and hands
• dizziness or fainting
• fatigue , or lack of energy
• nasal problems, or shortness of breath
• larger, tender breasts.

Better Health Channel has more information about these pregnancy symptoms .

If any of the symptoms become difficult to manage, talk to your doctor about what to do. In particular, if any morning sickness, aches and pains, dizziness or breathing difficulties make it hard to get through your normal day, ask for advice.

The first thing to know about morning sickness is that it can hit you at any time of day. Probably a result of your changing hormones, it usually starts about week 6 and settles by week 14. The good news is that you may feel better if you:

• drink small amounts of fluid, often. Try flat lemonade, sports drinks, diluted fruit juice, weak tea, clear soup or a hot drink make of stock
• suck on ice or ice-blocks (if you can’t keep down other fluids)
• try ginger tablets, dry ginger ale or ginger tea
• eat small amounts of food more often, so you don’t have an empty stomach
• eat a dry biscuit when you wake up in the morning, to avoid feeling sick when you get out of bed
• try salty foods such as potato crisps or salty biscuits
• suck on barley sugar or boiled lollies
• avoid fatty, rich or spicy foods
• avoid the smell of hot food
• avoid cooking dishes with strong smells
• rest as much as you can.

A small percentage of women have prolonged and excessive vomiting (called hyperemesis), which can lead to dehydration if it is not treated. See your doctor if you have severe morning sickness.

In some extreme cases, women need to be rehydrated in hospital, using intravenous fluids.

We talk about 3 stages of pregnancy – first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. Some physical and emotional experiences are more common in each of these trimesters.

First trimester

In the first trimester:

• You feel tired and possibly nauseous (like vomiting).
• You gain 1 or 2 kilograms, or maybe less if you have morning sickness. Most of this weight is in the placenta (which feeds your baby), your breasts, your uterus (womb) and the extra blood that you are making.
• Your heartbeat and breathing rate are faster.
• Your breasts become tender, larger and heavier.
• Your growing uterus puts pressure on your bladder, so you feel like you need to urinate (pee) a lot.
• You may feel swinging moods.
• You know exactly how you feel about having a baby, or you have no idea how to feel!

Second trimester

In the second trimester:

• You start to feel better, with less tiredness, morning sickness and moodiness.
• You may feel your mind is wandering and not focused at work or at home.
• You gain about 6 kilograms.
• You may feel anxious about tests (including an ultrasound ) done at this stage. But, if they find any health issues, these tests will ensure you and your baby receive the right care.
• Your hair may become thicker and your fingernails may become stronger. Or, your nails may be softer and break more easily.
• You may crave some foods, such as sweet, spicy or fatty foods.
• You may not like the taste or smell of some foods.

Third trimester

In the third trimester:

• Forgetfulness may continue.
• You feel tired and probably uncomfortable.
• You may be annoyed by the discomfort.
• You may start to worry about labour as it nears.
• You probably gain about 5 kilograms. Much of this weight is your baby, but also amniotic fluid, the placenta, your breasts, your blood and your uterus.
• You may have back pain.
• You may find it hard to sleep because you are uncomfortable.
• The baby may be placing pressure on your lungs, making it harder to breathe.
• You may feel Braxton Hicks contractions (tightening of the muscles of the uterus). They do not mean labour is starting.

During pregnancy you will probably feel many ups and downs. You may experience some or all of these emotions (and they may change quickly):

• Surprise – if your pregnancy is unexpected. You may then feel joy (if you welcome the pregnancy) or fear (if you are unsure about the change to your life) or both.
• Happiness – particularly if you have been trying to have a baby and you feel well.
• Anger – which can result from your body’s hormonal changes, from a sense of being vulnerable, or from pregnancy symptoms that are uncomfortable or painful.
• Fear for the baby’s health – if you have concerns about your baby having an illness or disability. If you are worried about a particular risk, talk to your midwife or doctor.
• Fear of birth – which is a recognised psychological disorder. Counselling and talking with your midwife or doctor can help you overcome this fear.
• Love – for your baby, your partner and your family.
• Sadness or disappointment – if you have illness or complications during your pregnancy, or you can’t have the birth plan that you would prefer.
• General sadness about the world – whereby you find it hard to watch the news or hear sad stories about children or families.
• Grief – if you suffer a miscarriage , a loss at a later stage of pregnancy, or a stillbirth.
• Prolonged sadness from perinatal depression – in this case, you will need the help of mental health specialists.

Mood swings during pregnancy

The hormones changing in your body mean you will probably have heightened emotions, both positive and negative. And you will probably swing between these emotions.

While you may be overjoyed about having a baby, you may also be stressed and overwhelmed. You may feel worried about whether:

• your baby will affect your relationship with your partner
• you will cope financially
• you will be able to juggle work and parenting
• you will be a good mother
• the baby will be healthy
• your other children will accept and love the new baby.

You may also feel unimpressed with your changing body. You may be worried about putting on too much weight, or not enough. Or not being able to do the physical activity that you usually do. Or not looking attractive to your partner.

Add the hormone-induced fatigue, forgetfulness and moodiness, and you may feel completely out of control. This is all common.

About 15 per cent of women will have depression or anxiety during pregnancy. And even more will suffer from these conditions after giving birth.

Many women don’t seek help because they feel embarrassed or guilty about feeling so awful when are they are supposed to be happy. But depression is not something that you can control in this way.

Because an untreated mental health condition can have long term effects on your health and wellbeing, and on your baby too, getting the right treatment is vital. Talk to your doctor if you are:

• depressed or miserable for most of the day and on most days
• annoyed, angry or anxious a lot of the time
• crying a lot (and not always for a reason)
• losing interest in activities that you usually like
• struggling to sleep (even when your baby is sleeping), or sleeping more than usual
• under- or over-eating
• feeling tired most of the time
• not able to concentrate
• preoccupied or anxious about things going wrong with your pregnancy, you, your baby or your partner
• feeling that you have not bonded with your baby, or that you have no maternal feelings
• feeling guilty, or feeling that you are failing as a mother
• thinking about harming yourself
• thinking it would be better if you or your baby were dead
• thinking about suicide .

Remember, tell someone if you feel depressed, because early treatment is the best treatment.

Plenty of safe and effective treatments are available for depression during pregnancy and while breastfeeding . But herbal and complementary treatments such as St John’s wort may not be safe in pregnancy.

You may be feeling quite anxious about your pregnancy and about being a parent. Many pregnant women feel some anxiety, but a few develop an anxiety disorder that needs treatment.

Symptoms of an anxiety disorder include:

• constant worry, stress or nervousness
• muscle tension and teeth clenching
• not ever feeling calm
• not being able to sleep well or for long
• panic attacks .

Some pregnant women develop mental health conditions that are a significant risk to both them and their child. Other women may already have a mental health condition that is more difficult to manage during pregnancy.

Specialist health care is needed for pregnant women with:

• bipolar disorder (of which pregnancy may trigger the first episode), with manic highs and depression lows
• schizophrenia
• eating disorders , including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa . The risks include a loss of nutrition for your baby, an increased risk of miscarriage , and anaemia .
• In an emergency, call Triple Zero (000) for an ambulance
• Your GP (doctor)
• Obstetrician
• PANDA (Perinatal Anxiety and Depression Australia) External Link Tel. 1300 726 306
• Lifeline External Link Tel. 13 11 14 for crisis support and suicide prevention
• beyondblue External Link Tel. 1300 22 4636
• Common concerns in early pregnancy External Link , Royal Women’s Hospital.
• Mental health and pregnancy External Link , Royal Women’s Hospital.
• Emotions during pregnancy External Link , National Childbirth Trust, UK.
• Now you are pregnant External Link , Royal Women's Hospital.

This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:

Give feedback about this page

More information, related information.

• Pregnancy and birth services
• Pregnancy - signs and symptoms
• Pregnancy tests - ultrasound
• Pregnancy support - fathers, partners and carers
• Pregnancy - week by week

From other websites

• External Link The Women's - Advice on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
• External Link The Women's - Common discomforts of pregnancy
• External Link Information on emotional changes each trimester

Content disclaimer

Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website.

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In the free dictionary by Farlex, "It states that Teen pregnancy by a female age 13 to 19, which is understood to occur in a girl who hasn't completed her core education has a few or no marketable skills, is financially dependent upon her parents and or continues to live at home and is mentally immature." It turns out that the United States has the highest teen pregnancy and birth rates of comparable countries. This means that approximately 7500,000 American […]

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• Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being
• v.6(2); 2011

First time pregnant women's experiences in early pregnancy

There are few studies focusing on women's experiences of early pregnancy. Medical and psychological approaches have dominated the research. Taking women's experiences seriously during early pregnancy may prevent future suffering during childbirth.

To describe and understand women's first time experiences of early pregnancy.

Qualitative study using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Data were collected via tape-recorded interviews in two antenatal care units in Sweden. Twelve first time pregnant women in week 10–14, aged between 17 and 37 years participated.

To be in early pregnancy means for the women a life opening both in terms of life affirming and suffering. The central themes are: living in the present and thinking ahead, being in a change of new perspectives and values and being in change to becoming a mother.

Conclusions

The results have implications for the midwife's encounter with the women during pregnancy. Questions of more existential nature, instead of only focusing the physical aspects of the pregnancy, may lead to an improvement in health condition and a positive experience for the pregnant woman.

Introduction

Women's overall experiences during childbirth are an important outcome of labour (Waldenström, 2003 ) and may affect them for years to come (Simkin, 1991 , 1992 ). Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge and understanding of women's experiences, in particular those arising contact with the health care system. However, studies focusing on women's experiences tend to address childbirth rather than pregnancy (Lundgren, 2002 ), and studies about pregnancy are more focused on late rather than early pregnancy (Coggins, 2002 ).

Most studies of pregnancy have a medical perspective as a result of the dominance of the obstetric concept of risk in maternity care and research. According to this perspective, pregnancy and childbirth are dangerous and can only be considered non-pathological in retrospect (Davis-Floyd, 1992 ; Mead, 2008 ). According to Mead ( 2008 ), there should be a shift from approaching childbirth from the perspective of a catastrophe waiting to happen to the conviction that pregnancy and childbirth are normal until proven otherwise.

Pregnancy may also be described as a crisis (Raphael-Leff, 1991 ) or from a psychological and psychoanalytical perspective (Bondas, 2000 ; Reid & Garcia, 1989 ). According to these perspectives, pregnancy is a period of a mature crisis with significant potential for positive development (Eriksson, 1996 ). However, according to Bondas and Eriksson ( 2001 ), the classic crisis, role, and stress paradigms focusing on negative and pathological versus external societal perspectives might no longer provide a full understanding of the experiences of pregnant women in the Western world. Consequently, existential questions seem to be neglected in maternity care organisations (Bondas & Eriksson, 2001 ). Hence, there is a lack of knowledge about pregnancy as the point of departure in the birthing woman's lifeworld (Bondas, 2000 ).

However, there are some studies focusing on pregnancy from a caring perspective. Pregnancy may be understood as a transition (Imle, 1990 ) and as a part of a woman's transition to motherhood (Bergum, 1997 ). Changing relationships with people around the women (Bondas & Eriksson, 2001 ) and reflections about their own life situations are seen to be of primary importance (Lundgren & Wahlberg, 1999 ) during pregnancy. Women with diabetes experience a sense of objectification during pregnancy; combined with a lack of control; and the awareness of having an unwell, high-risk body. They also refer to an exaggerated sense of responsibility, constant worry, pressure, and feelings of self-reproach (Berg, 2005 ; Berg & Honkasalo, 2000 ). Coggins (2002) found that women were dissatisfied with the emotional and psychological support they received in early pregnancy. Recognising the importance of women's experiences and posing relevant questions that reveal suffering in both lay and professional caring might prevent the potential postpartum misery of motherhood (Bondas & Eriksson, 2001 ).

In Sweden, maternity care during pregnancy is integrated in the general health care system and is free of cost for all women. Midwives provide all the antenatal care for healthy women with normal pregnancies (Kaplan, Hogg, Hildingsson & Lundgren, 2009 ). A Swedish midwife working in antenatal care meets almost every pregnant woman several times during the pregnancy. A woman will often meet the same midwife in maternity care for both her medical check up and care during pregnancy. During these meetings, the midwife also provides information and guidance about pregnancy and childbirth (Socialstyrelsen, Board of Health and Welfare, 1996 ). Although a midwife's responsibility is normal pregnancy and childbirth, research from Sweden indicates that there is a tendency to neglect a woman's lifeworld and to focus mainly on medical issues (Olsson, 2000 ).

To summarise, there are few studies focusing on women's experiences of early pregnancy from a caring perspective and especially that take into account the woman's lifeworld. Medical and psychological approaches have dominated the research. According to Coggins ( 2002 ), women express a need for midwifery care during early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe and understand women's first time experiences of early pregnancy.

The research was conducted using a hermeneutic approach with the lifeworld as a fundament (Dahlberg, Dahlberg, & Nyström, 2008). The intention was to describe the lifeworld of a pregnant woman, but also to reach an understanding of what it means to be in the early stages of pregnancy for the first time. The lifeworld is the foundation of phenomenological philosophy and existential hermeneutics (Dahlberg et al., 2008). In the development of the lifeworld theory, Husserl ( 1936/1970 ) referred to natural experience or natural attitude. Meeting the woman from a lifeworld perspective means to be able to see, understand, describe, and to analyse parts of her world, as perceived by the woman soon after she became aware of the pregnancy. This perspective focuses not only on the world or the subject but also on their interaction. The lifeworld perspective is formed by an interest in people's own stories and life histories (Dahlberg et al., 2008 ). A hermeneutic approach (Gadamer, 1997 ), with openness as the starting point, was chosen to interpret women's accounts of early pregnancy and to understand their meaning. A hermeneutic approach based on Gadamer's (1997) philosophy regarding the pre-requisites of understanding, existential interpretations can be described as an attempt to understand how the women experience their lives or life situations. From a hermeneutic perspective, the data that is compiled is dependent upon interpretation and any relevant insight or understanding stemming from the authors’ backgrounds (Ödman, 1994 ). Two of the authors have backgrounds of several years of experience of meetings with pregnant women in antenatal care, experience of the reactions of mothers to the birth of a child, and years of teaching midwifery within the subject field of pregnancy. In addition, they have their own pregnancies as points of reference. One of the authors has no such directly personal or professional background.

The participants

Every woman, pregnant for the first time, was asked to participate in the study by a midwife during their first visit (pregnancy week 10–14) to the midwife at two public antenatal care units in Sweden. One of these was situated in a suburban area and the other in a city. The purpose of inviting women from both suburban and city areas was to reach variation in relation to the studied phenomena. The importance of appreciating linguistic nuances for the interpretation of the interviews, lead the researchers to only select Swedish speaking mothers to participate (Bengtsson, 1999 ). Of 14 women meeting these criteria, 12 wished to participate. The women were between 17 and 37 years old, healthy, and assessed as having normal pregnancies. Of the 12 participants, 11 had planned their pregnancies and one was unplanned. The midwives at each antenatal care unit, who had been informed about the study by the first author/researcher (CM), gave the women a short verbal introduction to the study at their first visit to the antenatal care unit. The researcher (CM) was present in order to conduct a short verbal presentation of the study and to ask if the women would like to participate. If the women agreed to participate, they then received more detailed written information about the study and confirmation that participation would be confidential. The women were given time to read through the information. The researcher was close by in order to answer any questions. If the women still wished to participate, they were asked to sign a formal consent agreement. Five women chose to participate in an interview some days later. The interviews took place at the public antenatal care unit and lasted between 30 and 40 minutes.

The data collection consisted of two stages. To begin with, the woman was encouraged to draw a picture depicting her experiences of early pregnancy. She was left alone and without distractions for 3–5 minutes until the drawing was finished or until she indicated that she had nothing to add. After that, the tape recorder was switched on and the woman was encouraged to tell about the picture. It was asked, “Please, tell me about your drawing and what you feel or experience right now.” When the telling reached a natural pause, the researcher asked questions about the picture and its description. Follow-up questions were posed as necessary. The conversation ended when the woman did not have anymore to say and when she felt satisfied that they had managed to accurately pin down her experiences. The purpose of a lifeworld phenomenological interview is to get the informant to reflect upon a particular phenomenon or in this case the experience of early pregnancy for the first time (Dahlberg et al., 2008 ).

Participants were asked to draw pictures as it is thought that a picture adds a dimension of “communication” to the verbal account according to Dahlberg et al. ( 2008 ). Högberg ( 1996 ) writes that the process of creating a picture prompts self-reflection. The picture content can be described as building a bridge between the inner and the outer. According to Dahlberg et al. ( 2008 ), a drawing can lead the interview dialogue directly into lived experiences, which gives the participants and the interviewer access to the lifeworld. The drawing can be said to exist somewhere between lived and verbally expressed experience. A drawing can also add depth to a subsequent interview, as talking about the picture can make it easier to establish contact. The drawing can also help to give a concrete form to the pregnancy. The recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim.

Data analysis

The data were analysed according to the principles of lifeworld hermeneutics as described by Dahlberg et al. ( 2008 ). The purpose of the analysis was to search for “otherness” and to see something “new” (Gadamer, 1997 ). First, all of the interviews were read through to get a picture of them as a whole. When the researcher had gained a preliminary understanding of the data, a new dialogue with the text began. Meaning units were formed according to the aim of the study. The data were then organised into different themes and sub-themes. The text and the themes were then read again to search for a new whole, a main interpretation, going from the whole to the parts and back to the whole again. The main interpretation was structured at a more abstract level than the earlier interpretation made during the analysis process (Dahlberg et al., 2008 ).

The research project has been approved by the research committee at Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg and by the operation managers of two public antenatal care units in Western Sweden (Ö 439-02).

Living in the present, looking back, and thinking ahead

Having a secret.

The women describe feelings of happiness and a desire to tell others about their pregnancy. At the same time, they want to keep the pregnancy a secret, something that they and their partner have in common until everyone can tell that they are expecting a child. Keeping the secret of being pregnant can, in turn, lead to a feeling of loneliness. They may also want to share their joy, to tell everybody about their secret, as it is not yet visible. In due time, the pregnancy will become visible and will no longer be a secret. By then, it will be easier to be “different” and also to act differently as this will be understandable from other people's perspective.

Sometimes you don't want people to know either. I feel that I have a secret, that they don't know … if you meet someone you don't know. Then it can be nice to keep it all to yourself and not have to share anything, which will happen later anyway, when it's all visible. By then everybody in town will probably look at you. You know yourself what you do when a pregnant woman comes by. It's very beautiful and you can't help looking. (2)

Sharing the secret

The need to share the happiness of being pregnant is strong; the women express relief once they have told friends and colleagues. While close friends are informed about the pregnancy at an early stage, most women wait to tell their colleagues about their pregnancy. The women express worries about miscarriage. They are also concerned about the potential effect on their jobs and careers. Some of the women express a feeling of uncertainty as to how their colleagues will react. Some women worry about how their careers might be affected. Once a woman has shared her secret, she usually gets support and understanding at work. The opposite can also occur; that is, no perceived understanding or change of working conditions. In the cases where the woman does not like her work, she can experience it as yet more important that the pregnancy ends in delivery of a child.

And then I started to think that it would be noticed, so it was just as well to tell them. It was great to tell people at work since it lead to an acceptance that you might not be able to keep up the same pace and you sometimes might seem irritable. So that worked out well, and then we waited quite a while to tell friends and relatives. It felt good to leave everyone else in the dark, because it felt like it was only my and John's thing to begin with … (4)

I felt at risk of being overtaken. There are others at work, who have passed their childbearing age, so to speak, and who are getting positions and promotions that I know could get. But I'm considered less eligible because I am likely to have children sooner or later. At the moment I don't feel like going back to that position after my maternity leave. I'm counting the months that are left now. (3)

Being a part of a larger context and a longing to give

The women express a sense of security in the relationship with their partner and their partner's family and a sense of community being a part of a larger context. The pregnancy became more real to them when they told their parents that they were expecting a baby. The women refer to both joy and pride when they talk about the moment when their parents got to know about the pregnancy.

Some women relate that they are the only ones that can give their family a grandchild and how this contributes to a sense of power within the family. They see the pregnancy as a gift to their parents. They are proud that they can contribute a new generation to the family. There is a desire for closer and deeper bonds within the family during the wait for the expected baby and this makes the family grow together as a family.

So this is their only chance to become grandparents, through me … Mother must also realise that if it's going to happen it might just as well be now … (10)

Have you noticed a difference with your parents?

Yeah, yeah I think so and it's great, they have reacted extremely positively which was really nice, a relief, because one wants anyway, even though you are grown up you listen to what your parents say. It was really nice to have their full support and feel that they were really happy, they are already getting involved and talking about what it will be like and all the toys and so on. My mother thinks this is truly wonderful. At the same time you start to think about the fact that they live quite far away, 300 kilometres from here. What are we going to do afterwards, you want your children to see your parents and also John's parents and so on, you want to see your family more often and make sure the children get to see your family … I haven't felt like that really before … I feel that I've had little contact with my parents, not so often, perhaps once a week or every other week or something or talked on the phone … whereas now we speak more often … (2)

Hesitating to share the joy

The women who do not dare to tell their mothers often miss this contact and can feel loneliness, which in turn affects their experience of being pregnant. Those women who do not have a good relationship with their mothers hesitate to share their joy; they feel uncertain and are unsure of their mothers’ feelings. They want to share their joy about being pregnant but hesitate to do so. The women whose mothers seem to display a lack of interest in their pregnancies express sadness and describe a lack of supportive contact and affirmation.

And so I have thought a lot about my parents and what they are going to say and how they will react and so on, because this is what I have been most worried about, telling my mother, I haven't told her yet, I will do it this week-end … (10)

In the interviews, the women also refer to something being missing, to not dare or be able to talk to their mothers about their pregnancy. This can stir up childhood memories. Those women who have had a poor relationship to their mother and have taken a lot of responsibility as a child recall less than fond memories, things they would rather not pass on to their own children.

I don't have such a good relationship with my mother and of course this stirs up a lot of thoughts now … because I both really want her closeness but at the same time I don't … I don't want her to be too involved in my life though … and I really want to ask her about how she felt when she was expecting me and my brother but I know that she doesn't really want to tell me anything. It's a bit of a complicated relationship quite frankly, so it certainly sets your mind racing … (4)

Looking back in sadness

The women say that the pregnancy has made them aware of their own life and family histories. Grief over the death of a parent is brought back, stirring up feelings of loss and longing. The women feel sadness over the fact that the deceased parent will not experience and share the joy regarding the pregnancy.

Well, I think quite a lot about my father who is no longer with us, not frightening thoughts, more a sense that life carries on in spite of the fact that he is no longer here and that he is still with me. It feels a bit, when I think about Father in such moments, when I think of him very intensely then I get sad that he can't be a part of this. But then again, I know that he will anyhow. Something like that, it feels like I think of him both in a positive and a negative way well … the grieving is like, it came back in a way now when I became pregnant. I thought a lot about him but then … back then I could become very sad, as if attacked by grief. Now I think about it in a more practical way, well that the family will live on now, Mother will have a life again, it will make her happy … well things like that, I think quite a lot about family … (1)

Thinking about the future

The women start thinking about their future family and what it will be like, how they will be as mothers and about work in the future. They also share their reflections about their partners—maybe he was more mature about starting a family than they were. They are aware of the fact that there will be a huge difference and are eager to know what will happen and how they will be as mothers. The women happily anticipate being able to put all their focus on caring, being with the baby, and being off work. However they also speak about living here and now; they try to delay thinking about the actual birth.

John is the kind of a person who takes one day at a time. He has always been like that, but I float away in my thoughts and think ahead more … Not that I plan my future but I think about the future so it's good in a way that he holds me back sometimes and makes me think a bit more about the present … I feel that it is extra important now that I actually take one day at a time both because I don't know what will happen if all goes well and of course it's an exciting time, a wonderful time. I don't want it to just fly by … (4)

Being in a change of new perspectives and values

Feeling disappointed about not feeling happy.

The texts from the interviews indicate that the women feel happiness over their love for their partner and the expected baby. They also feel that their partner loves them. There are, however, women who express astonishment over their feelings of unhappiness, something they could not have imagined prior to the pregnancy. They are expected to be happy but feel unable to do so. The women also say that in spite of being happy about the pregnancy, they feel unwell and that this surprises them. Physical sickness and faintness counteract their joy and cause disappointment.

Growing closer in relationships

Some women hope that the love between them and their partner will become deeper and stronger and that they will grow closer. The pregnancy has made them feel a new sense of caring for their partner; they realise the importance of him being there for her and a fear that something might happen to him and that they might not become a family.

You become more … more afraid … I am not usually like that I am not worried if John, my fiancé, is away. But now I have started to think like that, what if something happens to him and this just cannot happen. I have never been like that because I have always felt that he can manage, he always takes care of himself. It is much harder when he is away or is doing something else and I don't know if something might happen to him, it's kind of an odd feeling. You also feel that you are more protective of close friends and loved ones and that you want more contact with your parents (2)

Not daring to be happy

The women try to commit themselves to the expected baby in different ways. They say that they try to understand that they are pregnant by patting and stroking their tummy. This helps to reinforce the experience of being pregnant and make it more real. There is a desire to indulge in daydreams and thoughts about the baby and to give him/her a name. Some express this in terms of feelings of joy and others as happiness. There are also women who hold back their thoughts and feelings and are wary of feeling joy or happiness in advance, which can be seen as a way of protecting themselves in case something goes wrong.

I don't dare to buy a pram or anything like that yet, what if something happens, we thought about that a lot. Should we perhaps buy one and leave it at my parents’ in the meantime, but then I thought, no I don't want to do that, no, ugh, bad luck too I'd say. (3)

Fears and doubts and feeling lost

The women express doubts and describe feeling lost in their new situation and they wonder if they are mature enough to be pregnant or to become a mother. They say that they were surprised and unprepared for their feelings of both joy but also of frustration. They wonder about what they have entered into, struggle with feelings of inadequacy, and worry that they are too old to be pregnant, at the same time as they have high expectations and demands on themselves to be prepared properly for the pregnancy. The women are preoccupied with the changes they feel within their body and thoughts about the pregnancy. They think about the seriousness of life and whether they are mature enough to become a parent with all the responsibility that entails.

I am afraid, afraid of becoming a mother … or I am afraid that I am not finished with myself? It could be that that I am afraid that I thought I wanted this but that I'm not really ready. I didn't want to have children before, it was just a feeling that came all of a sudden a year ago and then I have thought a lot about it and when I did get pregnant it felt like, do I really want this now, so I am a bit lost … (1)

The women also indicate that it is difficult to grasp the impact this will have on their lives because at the same time as they experience joy about the pregnancy they also struggle to gather their thoughts, which sometimes makes them feel lonely and lost. In spite of that, they cannot control these thoughts or understand their feelings of, for example, fatigue; they do not think too much of it, they hope that everything will be better. At the same time, they do not want to think too much about the pregnancy but in spite of that there are a lot of thoughts and thinking. They do not really recognise themselves and they indulge in day dreaming about the baby who is inside their tummy.

How the pregnancy feels … well it's double-edged, I can just really say that I'm feeling both joy and fear … and sometimes one is stronger … sometimes I am more afraid and sometimes I am more happy … so it's just about those feelings that I have … and how it can make you feel lonely, the feeling of fear one can make you feel a bit lonely sometimes I think … (3)

Facing choices and feeling alone

The women also refer to loneliness in making decisions, for example, whether they should take an amniotic fluid test that could harm the baby and what they would do if the amniotic test results show that the baby carries a defect or is not healthy in some way. This is a new situation that puts their relationship with their partner to the test and the women can feel disappointment when they find out more about their own and their partner's true values. Even if they agree with their partner, the women confirm that in the end they alone make the decision. Some feel that they cannot talk to their partners about this; instead, they would prefer to discuss the issue with another woman. The women who decide to take the amniotic fluid test claim that they postpone thinking about the baby and do not dare to feel joy about the pregnancy until they have received the test results.

You think ahead, what will happen if we don't take an amniotic fluid test, what will happen if we have a baby that is mongoloid or a baby with chromosome defects that we could have chosen not to be born. What will life be like in that case, will I commit to the baby, yes I will do so, and I will probably love him/her even more than I would love other children. But how will I react when people will look at me, oh, well, you had a mongoloid baby, well, ok, what a sad thing for you. And what happens if I take the amniotic fluid test and we don't have a miscarriage and we start thinking about the fact that we are expecting a mongoloid baby. I will get to know just before Christmas and I usually say that we will either have a great Christmas or an awful Christmas. Because it's not so easy, it's not black or white, terminate or not terminate. It's still a pretty hard decision. I don't really think that John is always such a good support in this discussion. I need support from someone that has gone through the same thing. I need support from a woman instead. (3)

To becoming a mother

To be identified as a mother-to-be.

Being pregnant means changes in the relationship and contact with parents. Contact with parents increases, especially with mothers that want to give the women support. Their mothers get a central role, become more important, and are often the first to know that their daughter is pregnant. The women who have close relationships with their mothers, refer to an increased intimacy and openness with their mothers. The women identify themselves with their mothers. They notice a shift in roles, from being their mother's daughter to becoming a mother. At the same time, as the closeness to the mother is increased, the women feel that having a baby is a part of the process of liberating themselves from their mothers and from their parents. The women experience that they mature as a woman and that they become respected as adult women by their mothers. Even if the relationship with their mother is complicated, it seems that the pregnancy often leads to changed and better relationships.

We have a very strong relationship me and my mother, for better or worse but it has become stronger in a good way now. I have struggled and fought with our relationship over the years. I have felt that she has wanted to control and steer me and that she has never seen me as an individual. I get the feeling, that she let go just a bit and has started to see me as an adult woman for once, she listens to me in another way. She might have done so all along, but she speaks to me in another way, she uses different words now. (1)

To feel an inner change: new perspectives and values

The women relate that they are happy and preoccupied with the pregnancy and that they like to talk about it with others. They are also surprised about the mood swings that they experience. They feel that they do not react in the same way as before, they react more strongly, become angry more easily, and feel intensely engaged. The women are also more sensitive or emotional in terms of how easily they are moved by things. They feel humility towards life and express this as an inner change, an inner calm, and as if they are taking a new path in their lives and that they have changed mentally. The women claim that knowledge about their pregnancy leads to change and development of their personality through a process of reflecting on their thoughts and core values and about the changes that are taking place within them. They say that they have developed a new self-esteem. The pregnancy in this context brings a new understanding of what is important and essential in life and what is not. This can result in the forming of new values.

I feel a calm in my body that I haven't had before in my life … so I feel that I am in balance with myself thanks to this force. I haven't got time for unnecessary things or place or time, you know what I mean, it doesn't feel so important anymore to think of myself so much whereas before I kept analysing what I felt. But I don't anymore and it's nice to not have to do that... (1)

To feel a miraculous vigour

The women refer to a sense of the divinity of life, a supernatural force within their body, and that they feel the soul of the foetus within themselves. This and the feeling of a miracle awaken almost religious thoughts. The experience of being in balance is a joyous one and being pregnant also gives the women a sense of calm within their body. The women discuss being pregnant as something great; it is a natural part of life connecting them to the meaning of life and life is great. They feel gratitude towards life. At the same time, they think about the responsibility they will have as a parent.

Then there are grander thoughts about, well the whole world and the state of things. Being pregnant feels like an amazing miracle but it also awakens a lot of thoughts. I'm not religious, but it prompts some kind of religious contemplation, about whether there is something greater that controls things, well, I don't know how to explain. I have thought more about … the circle of life, people that were born and people that die and well, that it goes around all the time like this and one wonders what happens afterwards, if something happens afterwards, a lot of thoughts like that … that life actually feels fantastic and beautiful really and that what one thinks about, is if there really is somebody pulling the strings after all, some kind of greater force or something … (4)

Interpreted wholeness

To be in early pregnancy for the first time represents a life opening , including both life affirmation and suffering and that is a process of opening up different dimensions of life. The women express themselves as being chosen and refer to a feeling of holiness. For the women, a life opening is to be confronted with questions of life and to see certain values from a wider perspective. This means to meet and reflect on their own existential and spiritual values. The women become aware of their own lives at the same time as becoming aware of the fact of giving a new life. This may cause loneliness and a feeling of being lost, both in trying to understand the meaning of life and in making important decisions. Becoming and being pregnant does not always generate happiness and joy and this can be difficult in the face of people's expectations. Bodily discomforts and an increased sensitivity may contribute to feelings of being alien to oneself. Not being able to share the pregnancy and joy with parents, especially mothers, awakens feelings of loss, sadness, and disappointment. Relations with others mean that the women see themselves as a part of a greater context, from a girl to a woman becoming a mother; they are integrated with other human beings and especially with their mothers and families. The love for the children and the security of their partner are expressed as being the most life enhancing. For the women who have lost a parent, the grief is brought back again and they feel a loss over the fact that the deceased parent will never know his or her grandchild. At the same time, the women express joy about the fact that the expected child will bring a new generation to the family. When reflecting on becoming a mother and starting a family, the women say that they have developed as a person and that a new consciousness about life has grown within them, a life opening.

The interviews in our study consisted of two stages. First the woman had to draw a picture about her experiences of pregnancy. The picture was the starting point for the interview (Högberg, 1996 ). The aim was to give the women an opportunity to reflect on her experiences. This may be one explanation as to why so many existential questions were raised during the interviews. This format is unique to studies about pregnancy. The limitation of our study is that it is conducted in a Swedish context with a small group of women. All qualitative studies must be related to a particular context and, thus, never to be understood as presenting universal claims (Dahlberg et al., 2008 ). This is also in accordance with Davis-Floyd ( 1992 ) who states that pregnancy is a culturally, socially, and physically transformative event that must be viewed in the context in which it occurs. However, the fact that these results are contextual does not imply that they are inapplicable and have no meaning in other contexts. Application of the results to new contexts could be understood as entailing an open-ended process of understanding, which is also depicted in the metaphor of the hermeneutic circle (Dahlberg et al., 2008 ). In order to establish confidence in the interpretations of the meaning of the data, quotations are included so that the reader can judge if these interpretations are reasonable or not. The ambition has been to be aware of the subtle voices of the women and true to the phenomena that are studied. In order to achieve this, two of the authors (CM and IB) made the analysis and the third (IL) read and reviewed the analysis in relation to the themes and sub-themes.

The results from this study show that early pregnancy for first time pregnant women is a life opening. Life opening in early pregnancy may be understood as a starting point for women's development during the childbearing process (defined as the period from pregnancy to birth). Confronting one's own values and tackling existential questions is important according to our study. The importance of existential questions for women during early pregnancy may be a result of the fact that the women during birth, as mentioned by Hall ( 2002 ), border the very edges of life and death. The act of birth has a raw earthiness that leads women to the very roots and bareness of their being (Hall, 2002 ). Furthermore, pregnancy is a rite of passage (Davies, 2002 ) whereby existential and spiritual questions are emphasised. This is also verified by Callister ( 2004 ), who states that a transcendent emotional and spiritual experience is essential for women's experiences of birth. Seibold ( 2004 ) also shows how pregnancy changes the woman. Pregnancy marks a transition to adulthood and a positive, evolving sense of identity. This is further verified by Hall ( 2006 ), who claims that the birth of a child has the potential to have a profound effect on women's personal wholeness. Thus the concept of life opening has similarities with the concepts of transition (Imle, 1990 ) and transformation (Bergum, 1997 ), especially concerning motherhood.

According to our study, becoming a mother can generate unusual feelings, feelings touching on holiness, power, and life. This is verified by Hall ( 2002 ), who states that there is more to the period of childbearing than just the physical and emotional experience. There is potential for spirituality in all humans and it can be expressed in many ways. Callister, Semenic, and Foster ( 1999 ) discussed in their study the possibility that religious beliefs help women define the meaning of birth and may provide coping mechanisms for the intensity of giving birth. In the light of our study the meaning of early pregnancy can be understood as an integral part of the spiritual dimensions of the women's lives. It is interesting that this existential dimension is so central in our secularised society.

Another aspect of life opening is about making connections with other women. Bondas ( 2005 ) calls this sisterly communion, which is central for women's experiences of pregnancy,birth and the first days with the new baby. According to Callister ( 2004 ), connectedness with women across the generations is important for pregnant women. Women want to be connected to other women and to share both joy and suffering. To connect to other women is also to prepare for the new role as a mother. Wiktorell and Saveman ( 1996 ) show how the pregnant woman is influenced by both her mother and grandmother. During early pregnancy, the woman's knowledge of childbirth and raising children is often gained through contact with mothers and grandmothers (Wiktorell & Saveman, 1996 ). The importance of contact across the generations is verified by our study. Our study shows that the woman's own mother is important and that pregnant women often want more contact with them. For women with bad relationships, this experience may stir up intense feelings. Women express pleasure in providing a next generation through the expected child according to the results of our study. Seibold ( 2004 ) has similar findings.

Support is very important throughout the pregnancy according to Schneider ( 2002 ), and women seek the reassurance of important others. They wonder about changing relationships with their partners, friends, and mothers. Even if support during childbirth has been evaluated as one important aspect of labour (Hodnett, Gates, Hofmeyr, & Sakala, 2007 ), very little research has focused on pregnancy. Pregnancy at a young age brought a renewed sense of closeness and appreciation of the women's mothers. According to Bergum ( 1997 ), women hope that they will be transformed so they can be the mothers they want to be. Their own mother is the most important woman to connect to but other women can also give hope to go through the unknown in the pregnancy.

Early pregnancy can be a balancing act between sharing with others and keeping the pregnancy a secret according to our study. The women keep the pregnancy a secret, since they are not sure that everything will end as hoped. Pregnancy is a patchwork of joy and suffering. A woman's altered mode of being involves worries and variations in moods (Bondas & Eriksson, 2001 ).

According to Melander ( 2002 ) and Melander and Lauri ( 1999 ), all the women in their study expressed fear that was associated with pregnancy, childbirth, or stemming from feelings of uncertainty. As in our study, Melander ( 2002 ) found that primiparous women's fears were based on uncertainty because they had no prior experience of pregnancy. Schneider ( 2002 ) considers that most of the women have experienced anxiety about the possibility of having a miscarriage or foetal abnormalities.

Further aspects of life opening involve making important decisions that may cause feelings of loneliness and suffering. Melander and Lauri ( 1999 ) have similar findings in their study. During the early stages of pregnancy, some of the women did not dare to speak about how they felt and suffered quietly by themselves (Melander & Lauri, 1999 ). Some of the women felt fearful and uncertain according to Schneider ( 2002 ) and the need for support from family and friends became obvious. In our study similar feelings and experiences were expressed by the women. Some women have a close contact with others and can discuss existential questions of life. The support friends give a woman can be described as natural care (Eriksson, 1997 ). However, professional care (Eriksson, 1997 ) has other dimensions, which are of importance for all women. A midwife's professional care may give the woman a feeling of connecting to other women. This can equip the woman to cope with health issues during pregnancy, to prepare for birth, and the contact with the baby. Meetings with a supportive midwife during early pregnancy can encourage the woman to talk about existential questions. This form of care may be seen as health promoting. It is a challenge for maternity care to not only emphasise the medical aspects of care, as earlier research has indicated is often the case (Olsson, 2000 ).

This is further verified by Coggins ( 2003 ) who claims that it is time for midwives to re-examine their role and responsibilities in the first trimester, and develop practice accordingly for the sake of the profession and for the women and families it cares for. According to Coggins ( 2003 ), early contact with a midwife may be important from a family perspective, concerning lifestyle alterations, and to reduce the need for medical interventions in later pregnancy. Hall ( 2006 ) also claims that there is little discussion about meeting spiritual needs and personal wholeness at the beginning of life compared to the end of life.

For some women, the suffering associated with being pregnant was overwhelming and they even questioned what they were a part of and the existence of life. To find meaning they tried to motivate themselves and endure. According to Wiklund ( 2000 ), meaning provides an opportunity to integrate suffering. The suffering becomes a part of the process of becoming, whereby the woman shapes herself and her being. Bergum ( 1997 ) considers that women expect to be different as mothers; they are continually reminded by everyone that they will never be the same again. In choosing to become mothers, women worry about this change.

Becoming a mother also implies change in relationships with colleagues at work. Women may be more irritable at work, but when they finally tell their colleagues they receive understanding. Do women want to be treated in a special way during pregnancy? Schneider ( 2002 ) suggests that when the women told their colleagues they became supportive and interested in the pregnancy and they were notably more protective. However, the women in our study expressed worries about being left behind in terms of their future careers.

Implications for health care

The findings from our study describe how first time pregnant women articulate their experiences of being in the early stages of pregnancy. Early pregnancy is a life opening , which may prompt reflections on existential questions, a process that might lead to loneliness. Therefore, it is important that women have an opportunity to meet a midwife in early pregnancy, something which is lacking in Sweden and other countries today.

Conflict of interest and funding

There is no conflict of interest. The authors have not received any funding for conducting this study.

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Trimesters of Pregnancy and Stages of Labor

July 17, 2017

Pregnancy is a Latin word that means carrying of an offspring in a woman’s womb. A human pregnancy usually lasts for about 38 weeks or 9 months before a baby is delivered. A pregnancy starts after the fertilization of the mother’s egg by a sperm. The father ejaculates massive amounts of sperm and the successful sperm gets to fertilize the egg and in some cases more than one sperm fertilizes more than one egg in which the pregnancy results to carry twins. Human pregnancy is divided into three stages which are referred to as trimesters each lasting for about three months; the first, second and third trimesters.

The first trimester is the one with the highest risk of miscarriage. A pregnancy is said to have started after the implantation of the embryo into the uterus lining of the woman called the endometrial lining. It is measured from various start points like ovulation, chemical detection and day of last menstruation.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants itself in the fallopian tubes or in the cervix. Usually the onset of a pregnancy goes undetected by most women (Stoppard, 2009). However some women experience little bleeding from the egg implanting into the wall. It is during the first trimester when most women experience cramping. But this is usually of no threat to the mother or the baby unless there is bleeding or spotting involved.

After implantation the uterine wall, endometrium thickens and increases the number of blood capillaries passing through it. The placenta is formed partially by the decidua and partly from the outer layers of the embryo. The formed placenta serves to transport oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also it removes waste products from the placenta.

During this period the mother experiences what is referred to as morning sickness and it lasts for more than seventy percent of the whole pregnancy period. During this stage the nipples darken because of an increase in hormones. It is during this stage when the risk of loosing the baby is the highest. Various biological and physical changes will occur at this stage for example the breasts become sore and tender and they will also increase in size, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, headaches, fatigue and dizziness.

The second trimester is marked by improved health of the mother. She feels much better at this stage. This stage extends from the 14th week up to the 20th week of the pregnancy. At this stage the hormone production is a leveled and the feeling of nausea and vomiting starts to go down though heart burn may result at this stage. The risk of miscarriage at this stage is low as compared to the first trimester.

The mother’s breasts start making colostrums as the arrival of the baby nears. Most women start getting their energy back at this stage of pregnancy and most of them start gaining weight. By the twentieth week the uterus will have expanded to more than twenty times its size. This is because the uterus is an elastic and muscular organ that is expanding so many times its size.

The fetus can be felt moving by this time a process referred to as quickening. This mostly happens at the 21st week for the first pregnancies or by 18th week if a woman has been pregnant before. Some women however do not feel the baby move up to until the third trimester. By this time the fetus is making its own insulin and its urinating so the uterus is fully functional.

The fetus can also be distinguished from being male or female. By this time the woman’s stomach has grown larger and bigger cloths are needed. The third trimester is the last stage of pregnancy. During this stage the woman gains the last weight it is usually the biggest weight change among all the three stages. It is also the stage when the fetus grows the fastest. It is thought that the fetus gains more than 27g a day. The belly also changes shape to drop downwards because the fetus starts to turn so as to face downwards towards the direction of exit. This is different from the second trimester when the belly is usually upright.

The fetus now can move more frequently and with more energy such that the movements become disruptive to the mother. The mother’s navel pops out due to her belly expanding. Most women are very uncomfortable at this stage with very frequent visits to the toilet, back pains and swollen legs. At this stage the baby can survive premature births with medical help (Resnik & Iams, 2003).

The development of the fetus can be divided into two; the embryonic and the fetal stages. The embryonic stage occurs for the first two months and nothing much is known about this stage. The fetal stage starts from the third month of the pregnancy. At this stage most of the structures of the body like the hands, head and feet are present and they start to develop. The heart is also present and the fetus can make some movements with its head. The brain and synapses develops until three to four months after birth.

The mother’s body changes during pregnancy to accommodate the new life growing inside. For example her body must increase the blood sugar so her blood circulation must be quickened which requires the heart to become enlarged to ensure this. As the pregnancy progresses the woman’s posture also changes. The back arches and the pelvis tilts to help the woman keep balance. The blood volume also increases tremendously especially during the first and second trimester. The pulmonary ventilation also increases to cater for the increased oxygen requirement. The mother’s metabolism also increases with increased gluconeogenesis and glycolysis.

Childbirth usually marks the end of a pregnancy with the birth of one or more babies. The process usually involves labor. In the normal child birth that is through the cervix the labor is divided into three stages; the dilation of the cervix, birth of the baby and the birth of the placenta. However these stages are eliminated if child birth is through caesarean section.

The first stage of labor starts when the cervix dilates. Some women may experience contractions at this stage and others may not. The actual labor is evident when the cervix starts to dilate progressively. Some women’s membranes may rupture at this stage with visible blood stains. The amniotic fluid also breaks at this stage. The mothers are advised to take deep breaths with each labour pain and then contract the abdominal muscles (Littleton & Engebretson, 2002).

This helps increase the intra- abdominal pressure which exceeds or equals the contractions of the uterus and helps increase the effectiveness of the abdominal contractions and make the birthing of the baby fast. As the baby passes through the cervix, pain increases especially at the stage where the baby’s head becomes engaged in the cervix and the uterus. When a contraction occurs, the muscles contracts and draws upwards from the lower segment of the uterus causing an expulsion movement pulling the cervix up the head of the baby. When the cervix is fully dilated it is the size of the babies head. Duration of labor varies differently over different women lasting up to eight hours for first time mothers and to less than four hours in women who have given birth more than once.

The second stage commences when the cervix is fully dilated that is when it is about 10cm for a baby that has been carried full term and the stage ends with the birth of the baby. When the second stage of labor starts the cervix is usually fully attached to the pelvis and the widest part of baby’s head at this time has already passed through the pelvis. At this stage the mothers help is needed through pushing to help the baby s head pass through the introitus.

The way the baby lies or its position and the shape and size of the mothers pelvis determines the way in which it passes through the cervix. The normal position of the baby in the uterus is the baby lies with its head facing the cervix and the back of its head is usually the mothers left side.

The baby’s head at this stage is visible and the mother may feel a burning sensation. And finally the baby comes .the extend of the second stage also varies depending on the preceding factors. The third and final stage is marked by the expulsion of the placenta which comes fifteen to thirty minutes after the birth of the baby.

Blood loss also occurs at this stage but it is controlled by the contraction of the uterus. The normal blood lose is about 600mL. The birth of the placenta can be achieved without medication that is by breastfeeding immediately after giving birth. Massaging of the uterus also helps to expel the uterus by stimulating contractions that help expel the uterus. Medical substances and drugs can also be used to help in expelling the uterus for example the use of oxytoxin is commonly used for this purpose. This drug causes violent uterine contractions that expel the placenta (Kee, Hayes & Connor, 1997).

The cavity of the uterus decrease greatly after the baby is born because the space the baby had occupied now remains empty.

Therefore the placenta becomes separated from its places of attachment on the uterus lining because the attachment ligaments of the placenta get smaller in size and it collapses into the uterus making it easy for it to be expelled from the uterus with the slightest efforts. Subsequent contractions of the uterus completely separate the placenta from the uterine lining into the vagina. After this the placenta is expelled but this third stage might be delayed by bleeding an occurrence which might call for surgery.

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Kee, J. L., Hayes, E. R. & Connor, M. (1997). Pharmacology: a nursing process approach. 2nd. Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders

Littleton, L. Y. & Engebretson, J. (2002). Maternal, neonatal, and women's health nursing. Cengage Learning.

Resnik, R & Iams, J. D. (2003). Maternal-fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 5th. Ed. Saunders.

Stoppard, M. (2009). Dr. Miriam Stoppard's New Pregnancy and Birth Book. New York: Ballantine Books.

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