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Industrial robots

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• The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction - Robot
• robot - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
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robot , any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots.

The concept of artificial humans predates recorded history ( see automaton ), but the modern term robot derives from the Czech word robota (“forced labour” or “serf”), used in Karel Čapek ’s play R.U.R. (1920). The play’s robots were manufactured humans, heartlessly exploited by factory owners until they revolted and ultimately destroyed humanity. Whether they were biological, like the monster in Mary Shelley ’s Frankenstein (1818), or mechanical was not specified, but the mechanical alternative inspired generations of inventors to build electrical humanoids.

The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov ’s science-fiction story Runaround (1942). Along with Asimov’s later robot stories, it set a new standard of plausibility about the likely difficulty of developing intelligent robots and the technical and social problems that might result. Runaround also contained Asimov’s famous Three Laws of Robotics :

• 1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
• 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
• 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

In 1970, Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori proposed that as human likeness increases in an object’s design, so does one’s affinity for the object, giving rise to the phenomenon called the " uncanny valley ." According to this theory, when the artificial likeness nears total accuracy, affinity drops dramatically and is replaced by a feeling of eeriness or uncanniness. Affinity then rises again when true human likeness—resembling a living person—is reached. This sudden decrease and increase caused by the feeling of uncanniness creates a “valley” in the level of affinity.

This article traces the development of robots and robotics . For further information on industrial applications, see the article automation .

(Read Toby Walsh’s Britannica essay on killer robots.)

Though not humanoid in form, machines with flexible behaviour and a few humanlike physical attributes have been developed for industry. The first stationary industrial robot was the programmable Unimate, an electronically controlled hydraulic heavy-lifting arm that could repeat arbitrary sequences of motions. It was invented in 1954 by the American engineer George Devol and was developed by Unimation Inc., a company founded in 1956 by American engineer Joseph Engelberger. In 1959 a prototype of the Unimate was introduced in a General Motors Corporation die-casting factory in Trenton , New Jersey . In 1961 Condec Corp. (after purchasing Unimation the preceding year) delivered the world’s first production-line robot to the GM factory; it had the unsavoury task (for humans) of removing and stacking hot metal parts from a die-casting machine. Unimate arms continue to be developed and sold by licensees around the world, with the automobile industry remaining the largest buyer.

(Read Sherry Turkle’s Britannica essay on robots.)

More advanced computer-controlled electric arms guided by sensors were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Stanford University , where they were used with cameras in robotic hand-eye research. Stanford’s Victor Scheinman, working with Unimation for GM, designed the first such arm used in industry. Called PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly), they have been used since 1978 to assemble automobile subcomponents such as dash panels and lights. PUMA was widely imitated, and its descendants , large and small, are still used for light assembly in electronics and other industries. Since the 1990s small electric arms have become important in molecular biology laboratories, precisely handling test-tube arrays and pipetting intricate sequences of reagents.

Mobile industrial robots also first appeared in 1954. In that year a driverless electric cart, made by Barrett Electronics Corporation, began pulling loads around a South Carolina grocery warehouse. Such machines, dubbed AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), commonly navigate by following signal-emitting wires entrenched in concrete floors. In the 1980s AGVs acquired microprocessor controllers that allowed more complex behaviours than those afforded by simple electronic controls. In the 1990s a new navigation method became popular for use in warehouses: AGVs equipped with a scanning laser triangulate their position by measuring reflections from fixed retro-reflectors (at least three of which must be visible from any location).

Although industrial robots first appeared in the United States , the business did not thrive there. Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1983 and shut down a few years later. Cincinnati Milacron, Inc., the other major American hydraulic-arm manufacturer, sold its robotics division in 1990 to the Swedish firm of Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Adept Technology, Inc., spun off from Stanford and Unimation to make electric arms, is the only remaining American firm. Foreign licensees of Unimation, notably in Japan and Sweden, continue to operate, and in the 1980s other companies in Japan and Europe began to vigorously enter the field. The prospect of an aging population and consequent worker shortage induced Japanese manufacturers to experiment with advanced automation even before it gave a clear return, opening a market for robot makers. By the late 1980s Japan—led by the robotics divisions of Fanuc Ltd., Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Ltd. , Mitsubishi Group , and Honda Motor Company, Ltd. —was the world leader in the manufacture and use of industrial robots. High labour costs in Europe similarly encouraged the adoption of robot substitutes, with industrial robot installations in the European Union exceeding Japanese installations for the first time in 2001.

Lack of reliable functionality has limited the market for industrial and service robots (built to work in office and home environments). Toy robots, on the other hand, can entertain without performing tasks very reliably, and mechanical varieties have existed for thousands of years. ( See automaton .) In the 1980s microprocessor-controlled toys appeared that could speak or move in response to sounds or light. More advanced ones in the 1990s recognized voices and words. In 1999 the Sony Corporation introduced a doglike robot named AIBO , with two dozen motors to activate its legs, head, and tail, two microphones, and a colour camera all coordinated by a powerful microprocessor. More lifelike than anything before, AIBOs chased coloured balls and learned to recognize their owners and to explore and adapt. Although the first AIBOs cost $2,500, the initial run of 5,000 sold out immediately over the Internet .

Essay on Robots: Top 17 Essays | Intelligent Machines | Engineering

Here is an essay on ‘Robots’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Robots’ especially written for college students.

Essay on Robots

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Reasons for Using Robots

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Essay # 1. Definition of Robot:

Robot, once a creature of science fiction, is today a reality. It is the off-shoot of the second industrial revolution. Robot can be defined as a programmable multi­function manipulator designed or intelligent machine to move material, parts, tools, or specialised devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks.

Today’s robots are fitted with a variety of sensors (like vision, ranging, force-torque, touch, proximity, etc.) sending the sensory information to the computer which processes them subject to given objective and constraints, and develops action decisions for the robot actuators.

Robots are more flexible in terms of ability to perform new tasks or to carry out complex sequences of motion than other categories of automated manufacturing equipment. Generally speaking, robots are machines with some degree of intelligence and operated under the control of a mini or micro-computer.

Industrial robots (tough and tireless) are capable of handling a variety of jobs right from material handling to complex assembly tasks. They perform hazardous and monotonous tasks with tireless precision. They improve productivity and reduce manufacturing costs. They can perform complex jobs. They can even cope with changing conditions in the workplace, when fitted with sensors and adaptive controls.

Essay # 2. Basic Elements of Robots :

The basic elements of industrial robots are manipulator, controller, end effector, sensors and energy source. (Refer Fig. 38.1).

The manipulator comprising of base, arm and wrist are the most obvious parts of the robot. The robot’s movements are executed by the mechanical parts like links, power joints, and transmission system along with internal sensors housed within the manipulator.

The controller acts like a brain of robot. It performs the functions of storing and sequencing data in memory, initiating and stopping the motions of the manipulator, and interacting with the environment.

End effector is the tool, a sort of gripper, which directly interacts with the job. Grippers are being designed to handle a wide range of part configurations.

Sensors to sense the environment are essential for intelligent robots.

Energy source is required to cause movement of the manipulator arm. They may take the form of electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices.

Essay # 3. General Structure of Robot:

Figure 38.13 shows a general structure of an advanced robot. The operational unit consists of articulated mechanical system (AMS), (comprising of rigid links and kinetic joint), transmission system and actuators (which control the configuration of each articulation). The internal sensors are provided to indicate the position, velocity and forces of the end effector. The external sensors are provided to sense the environment.

The structural analysis program provides the user with integrated interactive processing from structural analysis to strength evaluation, by means of a pre-processor for graphics, geometrical modeling, finite element modeling and output graphic functions to be used for displaying the deformation quantity, indicating equi-stress lines, stress diagrams, excess stress, dynamic response and animation.

This system displays the element division diagrams and the vibration characteristics of the entire robot as a result of the frequency response calculation for the component parts of the robot system. In the design stage the strength and rigidity of each part are analysed, while the dynamic characteristics of the entire system are predicted and evaluated for lighter weight and higher rigidity.

ii. Mechanical Design of a Robot :

The mechanical design of a robot is an iterative process involving evaluation and choice among a large number of engineering and technical considerations in several disciplines.

A purely static, rigid-body approach to design is not sufficient and factors like mechanical system stiffness, natural frequencies, control system compatibility also need to be considered. A robot should be designed to have only the flexibility it needs to perform the range of tasks for which it is intended.

The various design consideration are:

(i) System Specification:

It includes range, reach, work envelope, load capacity.

(ii) System Configuration:

It includes the joint configuration, number of degrees of freedom, joint travel range, drive configuration.

(iii) System Performance:

It includes system velocity and acceleration, repeatability, resolution, accuracy, component life and duty cycle. Detailed design of major components concerns the robot structures, robot joints, actuators, transmission, wiring and routing of cables and hoses. One should evaluate the possible flexibility of the robot, grippers, tools, and peripheral units and integrate all components to one system.

Essay # 6. Classification of Robots:

Broadly three classes of robots could be considered:

(i) Pre-Programmable/Re-Programmable General Purpose Industrial Robots:

These operate fully by programmed computer control. These are most useful for all structured operations, i.e. activities whose motion and work handling requirements are known before hand and thus can be programmed.

The robot is taught before-hand to perform the necessary action in the teach mode. The robot can then take over and execute the operation repetitively such as in welding, painting, assembly of components for mass manufacturer, loading/unloading of jobs into and from machine tools, etc.

(ii) Tele-Operated, Man-Controlled Robots or Man-in-the-Loop Manipulator:

These differ from totally machine-controlled robots in the sense that the advantage of presence of man is taken in situations where it is not possible to anticipate all the motion and handling requirements in such details as to render them programmable or teachable for machine control. This type of requirement is found in hazardous locations.

The servo-driven master-slave manipulator with force feedback, or vehicle mounted heavy duty multi-axis power manipulator performs the necessary work in hazardous environment, taking commands from a human controller who can manipulate the slave arms at the scene of operation from safe location, relying for viewing on closed circuit television.

(iii) Intelligent Robots:

These are very advanced, state of the art robots and possess sufficient artificial or machine intelligence, somewhat analogous to the sensory perception of the neuro-muscular coordination that human beings are capable of.

Such intelligent robots can not only explore the environment on their own machine perceptions and evaluate them in real time, but also execute the necessary motor functions matching the action of their sensory inputs.

Advanced robots have been built with mobility to not only move over floors but also to climb, ability to avoid obstacles, high power-to-weight ratios, compactly assembled, with on board sensors, instruments and power supplies.

According to another general method of classification robots are classified as:

(i) Special purpose, designed and produced for a limited range of specific jobs, like welding, painting, casting, assembling, material handling etc.

(ii) General purpose of universal robots designed and produced to perform a wide variety of jobs. These may be non-servo-controlled, servo-controlled or sensory type depending on sophistication.

Essay # 7. Specifications of Robot:

i . Work Envelope:

Work envelope or work volume of a manipulator is defined as the envelope or space within which the robot can manipulate the end of the wrist. It depends on the number of types of joints, physical size of the joints and links and the ranges of various joints.

The shape of work volume is dependent upon the configuration of robot, for example, polar configuration has partial sphere as work space, cartesian coordinate configuration robot has a rectangular work space, and a cylindrical robot has a cylindrical work envelope.

ii .   Load Carrying Capacity:

It is dependent on the physical size and construction of robot, and also on the capability to transmit force and torque to the end effector in the wrist.

iii . Speed:

It varies from one point to other and it can be programmed into cycle so that different portions of cycle are performed at different speeds as desired. Maximum speed may be of the order of 2m/sec. In fact more important than speed is the accelerating and decelerating capability in a controlled manner. Robot may hardly achieve its top rated speed in view of its operation in a confined area.

iv . Repeatability:

It is the measure of the robot’s ability to position an object at a previously taught point in the work envelope. Due to inherent errors present (particularly due to mechanical sources), the robot will not be able to return to exact programmed point.

v . Control Resolution:

It refers to the capability of the system (both controller and the positioning device) to divide the range of total movement into closely spaced points than can be identified. Thus it would represent the minimum noticeable movement achievable. It may be mentioned that controller can generate pulses of very small duration but the positioning device should be able to respond and change its position accordingly.

In such a case:

Essay # 9. Control Systems for Robots :

Actuators (pneumatic, electrical, or hydraulic type) are used to move the joints of robots. Electric actuators may be d.c. servo motors or stepping motors. These are preferred type due to compatibility with computers, non-dependence on air or oil supply from outside source.

These are very common for sophisticated robots due to higher accuracy. Pneumatic cylinders are used for smaller robots as in material handling applications. Hydraulic actuators are used to exert high torque and greater speed.

The type of actuator, position and speed sensors, feed-back systems, etc., determine the dynamic response characteristics of the manipulator. Robot’s cycle time is dependent on the speed of response. It may be mentioned that while robots with greater stability are slower in response, the less stable system may tend to oscillate near the set value.

Microprocessor based controllers are used. A hierarchical structure approach is followed, i.e. each joint is actuated by its own controller, and a supervisory controller is used to coordinate the combined actuation of the joints and sequences of the motions.

Depending on sophistication desired, the robot control system may be:

(i) Simple Interlocked System:

This employs no servo control to achieve precise positioning. It is used for simple operations like pick-and-place. Limit switches are used for sequencing the actuation of the joints to complete the cycle.

(ii) Point-to-Point Control with Play Back Facility:

In this system, the various positions/locations, and the sequence to be followed in a cycle are programmed in the memory. The locations and their sequence are played back during the operation. Feed-back control is used to ascertain that desired location is attained.

(iii) Continuous Path Control:

The memory is big to hold information regarding locations of path. In this case path taken by the arm to reach final location is controlled. Servo control is used to maintain continuous control over the position and speed of the manipulator.

(iv) Intelligent Robot:

These can take own decisions when things go wrong during the cycle. These can interact with their environment, communicate with human beings, make computations during the motion cycle, incorporate advanced sensors like machine vision.

Essay # 10. Kinematic Control of Robots:

The various ways in which the robots could be controlled are:

(i) Non-Servo Control:

Non-servo-controlled robots move their arms in an open loop fashion between exact end positions on each axis, or along predetermined trajectories in accordance with fixed sequence. Such controls could be executed either by sequence controllers or by limit switches.

In latter type, more than one position is defined along an axis by indexable stops inserted or withdrawn automatically. A sequence type control steps through a number of pre-set logic steps, which causes one or more joints to move until the appropriate limit switch on the axis is reached.

(ii) Servo-Controlled Robots:

These incorporate feedback devices on the joints or actuators of the manipulator which continuously measure the position of each axis. These have much more manipulative quality and can position the end effector anywhere within the total work envelope.

These could be further classified as:

(a) Point-to-Point Control:

In this system each joint is controlled by an independent position servo with all joints moving from position to position independently. In it, each joint or axis of the robot is moved individually until the combination of joint positions yields the desired position of the end effector.

The way each joint is to move to achieve final position is practiced before-hand and stored in a memory device. As per this stored information each joint runs freely at its maximum or limited rate until it reaches its final position.

Point-to-point motion could be controlled independently in sequence joint control, uncoordinated joint control, or terminally co-ordinated joint control. In sequential joint operation one joint is activated at a time, while all other axes are immobilised.

A single joint may operate more than once in a sequence associated with such a motion. The resulting path of the manipulator end effector will thus have a zig-zag form associated with the motion directions of the manipulator joints.

It results in immediate simplification in the control. However, it causes longer point-to-point motion time. In uncoordinated joint control, the motions are not coordinated, in the sense that if one joint has made some fraction of its motion it does not imply that all other joints will have made the same fractions of their respective motions. When each joint reaches its final position, it holds and waits until all the joints have completed their motions.

Due to non-coordination of motion between joints, the path and velocity of end effector between points is not easily predicted. Terminally co-ordinated joint control is the most useful type of point-to-point control. In it the motion of individual joints are co-ordinated so that all joints attain their final position simultaneously.

It is used primarily in applications where only the final position is of interest and the path is not a prime consideration. Where the continuous path of the end effector is of primary importance to the application, then continuous path control is used.

(b) Continuous Path Control:

It is used where continuous path of the end effector is of primary importance. Continuous path motions are produced by interpolating each joint control variable from its initial value to its desired final value.

Each joint is moved the maximum amount required to achieve the desired final positions to give the robot tool a controlled predicted path. All the joint variables are interpolated to make the joints complete their motions simultaneously, thus giving a co-ordinated joint motion.

Depending on the quantum of information used in the motor control calculation the basic categories of continuous path control techniques are:

(i) Servo control approach (controller has a stored representation of the path to be followed, and the drive signals to the robot’s motors are determined by performing all calculations based on the past and present path tracking error);

(ii) Preview control or feed forward control. (It uses some knowledge about how the path changes immediately ahead of the robot’s current location, in addition to the past and present tracking error used by the servo-controller); and

(iii) Path planning or trajectory calculation approach (controller is fed with a complete description of the manipulator from one point to another. It uses a mathematical physical ‘model’ of the arm and its load, and pre-computes an acceleration profile for every joint, predicting the nominal motor signals that should cause the arms to follow the desired path).

Continuous path control requires lot of memory space to store all the axis positions needed to smoothly record the desired path. In practice, the device is moved actually through the desired path manually and the position of each axis is recorded on a constant time base, thus, generating continuous time history of each axis position.

Essay # 11. Expected Qualities in Robots :

The qualities expected in robots are listed below:

(i) Vision:

The utility of robots will increase several folds by incorporation of vision systems. Vision systems capable of identifying the part for pick up by pattern recognition data based on object’s silhouette have been developed.

Such systems can transform the position and orientation of the object into robot co-ordinates enabling the robot to acquire the object in a known manner. Other type of vision systems can recognise different objects. For each part, a number of distinguishing geometric features can be delineated, including area, perimeter, centre of gravity, number of holes and maximum and minimum radii.

In another vision system, a fibre sensor is used to look at a seam to be welded and automatically adjusts the robot’s weld path.

(ii) Tactile Sensing:

Robots with tactile sensor can identify an object and perform the function based on the referenced data. Grippers have been developed which can pick up any shape of objects and at the same time not exert enough force to crush them.

(iii) Mobility:

Usually the robot stands in a single station for the bulk of factory requirements. However, to handle intermittent and asynchronous demands, compact mobile device which could move in complex paths and access large areas economically has been developed.

(iv) Other Important Qualities in the Process of Development in Robots are:

Computer interpretation of the visual and tactile data, multiple appendage hand-to-hand co-ordination, minimised spatial intrusion, general purpose hands, man-robot voice communication, total self-diagnostic fault tracing, inherent safety, interaction with other technologies, etc.

Essay # 12. Performance Testing of Robots :

Usually following tests are performed on robots to judge their suitability.

(i) Geometric Values:

These include:

(a) Workspace:

Workspace, i.e. the envelope reached by the centre of the interface between the wrist and the tool, using all available axis motions.

(b) Static Behaviour:

It is indication of the deformation of a fixed robot structure under different load cases.

(c) Position Accuracy:

The repeatable accuracy that can be achieved at nominal load and normal operating temperature. This is based on two types of errors, viz., repeatability and reversal error.

(d) Path Accuracy:

The path accuracy of a path- controlled robot indicates at what level of accuracy programmed path curves can be followed at nominal load. The typical errors in path accuracy of a robot are: path accuracy or mean-path dispersion error, trailing error or mean-path deviation, overshoot during acceleration/deceleration.

(e) Reproduction of Smallest Steps:

With very low velocities, the slip-stick effect may become serious and it is hard to control.

(f) Synchronous Travel Accuracy:

(For cases where robot has to perform tasks synchronous to a moving conveyor) as in spray painting and assembly.

(g) Long-Term Behaviour:

It provides information on the time required to achieve thermal stability.

(ii) Kinematic Values:

These include cycle time, speed, and acceleration. It involves measuring of attainable cycle times for a defined sequence in different areas of the working space.

(iii) Power and Noise Values:

Usually measured in decibel at a distance of one metre from the working space.

(iv) Thermal Values:

Changes in temperature effect deviation of the structure.

(v) Dynamic Values:

It involves determination of dynamic behaviour of simple components and the total structure. The response of the robot structure is elicited by the following excitation methods—shaker (sinus, random), hammer (impact), snapback (impact), drives (sinus, random).

Essay # 13. Sensors for Robots :

To carry out its task, a robot must have access to information on predetermined parameters of the environment. Sensors are used to provide this information. The key to the success of closed loop control systems used in robots, in terms of accuracy, reliability and stability relies upon the type, complexity, resolution of the sensor.

It must be remembered that best sensory power has been bestowed by nature in the homomorphic creatures. It is the aim of engineers to attain similar perfection for robots. In order to enable robot perform its duties by understanding the environment around it, sensors provide information like.

(i) Recognition data (to understand the shape, size and features of the object).

(ii) Orientation data (the position of the object in relation to the robot arm co-ordinates in the absolute mode).

(iii) Physical interaction data (to understand the intensity interaction between the end effectors and the object).

The various types of sensors used for this purpose are:

(i) Force sensors (these measure the three mutually orthogonal forces and three orthogonal torques at the tips of the fingers of robot).

(ii) Inertial sensors (these feel the gravity and acceleration generated reaction torques).

(iii) Tactile sensors (these respond to contact forces arising between themselves and objects—used to warn the manipulator of robot to avoid collision when the end effector is near the object).

(iv) Visual sensors (with the use of triangulation or any other algorithm these help in determining the co-ordinates of the object before it is grasped.)

(v) Binary sensors micro-switches, magnetic switches, bimetallic thermal switches, etc. These are used to sense the presence/absence of a part.

(vi) Analog sensors thermocouples, linear variable differential transformers, strain gauges, piezo-electric sensors. These are used when the magnitude of quantity is desired.

(vii) Sensor arrays include pressure sensitive arrays or optical arrays used on the fingers and palm of a gripper. This requires considerable signal processing with a dedicated microprocessor.

Essay # 14. Precautions in the Use of Robots :

Before taking a decision to install a robot, it is important that its use be justified as it costs a lot. Plenty of work should exist for each robot. It is safest to employ robots first on simpler jobs and then put them to complex jobs after gaining experience.

The repetitive tasks, such as picking up heavy parts from one conveyor and placing them on another conveyor, can be easily programmed. Grippers are selected depending on the shape and size of the parts. It is possible to equip them with sensors and computer controls. These can then search the parts for out of position also.

In machine loading and unloading applications, the machines may be grouped around a robot and the robot picks up a part from an incoming conveyor and loads it into a NC lathe and then transfer it to drilling machine, inspect on table, and finally place it on an outgoing conveyor. Thus a system of machines with a robot can be converted into automatic production system.

All operations requiring worker intervention can be completely eliminated. If the shape or size of the part gets changed significantly after machining, then double grippers can be used on robots. To avoid any damage, the gripper of robot must hold the parts securely, exerting sufficient gripping force. Universal grippers are also available for handling parts of different size and shape.

A very nice application of robots is in cleaning of castings, deburring of machined parts, and polishing of parts which is usually fatiguing monotonous, dirty, noisy and sometimes hazardous. In a typical operation, the robot may be programmed to pick up casting from conveyor, presenting it to a rotary cut off wheel or saw removing gates and rise’s, then to a floor stand grinder for removing external flash, then to a grinding head that cleans the interior of the casting and then returning to the second conveyor. All machines should be located and grouped within easy reach of the robot. Stations of such type can handle a wide variety of castings of different shapes and sizes simply by changing programs.

Robots also find wide applications in assembly jobs, spot welding and arc welding. It is observed that robotic welders are about three times more productive than human operators. Robots can also be mounted on tracks so that they can automatically move from one station to another. It is essential to follow safety guidelines strictly in design and operation of robots to avoid any accidents.

Essay # 15. Applications of Robots :

Robots would find successful applications in following situations:

(i) Repetitive operation.

(ii) Other justifications for doing away with manual handling.

(iii) Handling hot or heavy work pieces.

(iv) Production limited by human performance and for endurance.

(v) Quality adversely affected by inconsistent manual handling.

(vi) Where parts have to be repeatedly oriented in the same position.

(vii) Part geometries must permit mechanical handling.

The most useful application of robot is for processes involving hazardous, unpleasant work environment like heat, sparks, fumes, etc. Typical applications in this regard could be die casting, shot welding, spray painting, forging, etc.

The other useful field for use of robots is involving repetitive work cycle which is tiring, fatiguing and boring for operator. Robots give consistent and repeatable results. Robots are essential for applications involving handling of heavy parts or tools.

Industrial robot applications usually involve several pieces of hardware (conveyors, pallets, machine tools, fixtures, etc.) in addition to the robot. Several robots and associated hardware may have to be integrated into a single work-cell.

Layout of the equipment in cell deserves greater attention for optimum results. Various types of layouts may involve centering around single robot, various robots arranged in line, or robots may be mobile. In manufacturing applications, robots may be used to handle tools and work pieces, processing operations, assembly and inspection.

Essay # 17. Reasons for Using Robots :

The reasons for introducing robot into a production process could be:

(i) It relieves man of hazardous or fatiguing tasks.

(ii) It brings improvements in product consistency and quality.

(iii) It offers opportunities for multi-machine manning for multi-shift operation and for wholly unmanned production.

(iv) In countries short of labour, it brings in savings from labour reductions. It increases the output without increasing the labour force.

(v) Robots will lead the way into areas of technology where man has not entered so far.

(vi) Mobile robots with moving arms and wide sensing power will find more applications.

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The WIRED Guide to Robots

Modern robots are not unlike toddlers: It’s hilarious to watch them fall over, but deep down we know that if we laugh too hard, they might develop a complex and grow up to start World War III. None of humanity’s creations inspires such a confusing mix of awe, admiration, and fear: We want robots to make our lives easier and safer, yet we can’t quite bring ourselves to trust them. We’re crafting them in our own image, yet we are terrified they’ll supplant us.

But that trepidation is no obstacle to the booming field of robotics. Robots have finally grown smart enough and physically capable enough to make their way out of factories and labs to walk and roll and even leap among us . The machines have arrived.

You may be worried a robot is going to steal your job, and we get that. This is capitalism, after all, and automation is inevitable. But you may be more likely to work alongside a robot in the near future than have one replace you. And even better news: You’re more likely to make friends with a robot than have one murder you. Hooray for the future!

The definition of “robot” has been confusing from the very beginning. The word first appeared in 1921, in Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. , or Rossum's Universal Robots. “Robot” comes from the Czech for “forced labor.” These robots were robots more in spirit than form, though. They looked like humans, and instead of being made of metal, they were made of chemical batter. The robots were far more efficient than their human counterparts, and also way more murder-y—they ended up going on a killing spree .

R.U.R. would establish the trope of the Not-to-Be-Trusted Machine (e.g., Terminator , The Stepford Wives , Blade Runner , etc.) that continues to this day—which is not to say pop culture hasn’t embraced friendlier robots. Think Rosie from The Jetsons . (Ornery, sure, but certainly not homicidal.) And it doesn’t get much family-friendlier than Robin Williams as Bicentennial Man .

The real-world definition of “robot” is just as slippery as those fictional depictions. Ask 10 roboticists and you’ll get 10 answers—how autonomous does it need to be, for instance. But they do agree on some general guidelines : A robot is an intelligent, physically embodied machine. A robot can perform tasks autonomously to some degree. And a robot can sense and manipulate its environment.

Think of a simple drone that you pilot around. That’s no robot. But give a drone the power to take off and land on its own and sense objects and suddenly it’s a lot more robot-ish. It’s the intelligence and sensing and autonomy that’s key.

But it wasn’t until the 1960s that a company built something that started meeting those guidelines. That’s when SRI International in Silicon Valley developed Shakey , the first truly mobile and perceptive robot. This tower on wheels was well-named—awkward, slow, twitchy. Equipped with a camera and bump sensors, Shakey could navigate a complex environment. It wasn’t a particularly confident-looking machine, but it was the beginning of the robotic revolution.

Around the time Shakey was trembling about, robot arms were beginning to transform manufacturing. The first among them was Unimate , which welded auto bodies. Today, its descendants rule car factories, performing tedious, dangerous tasks with far more precision and speed than any human could muster. Even though they’re stuck in place, they still very much fit our definition of a robot—they’re intelligent machines that sense and manipulate their environment.

Robots, though, remained largely confined to factories and labs, where they either rolled about or were stuck in place lifting objects. Then, in the mid-1980s Honda started up a humanoid robotics program. It developed P3, which could walk pretty darn good and also wave and shake hands, much to the delight of a roomful of suits . The work would culminate in Asimo, the famed biped, which once tried to take out President Obama with a well-kicked soccer ball. (OK, perhaps it was more innocent than that.)

Today, advanced robots are popping up everywhere . For that you can thank three technologies in particular: sensors, actuators, and AI.

So, sensors. Machines that roll on sidewalks to deliver falafel can only navigate our world thanks in large part to the 2004 Darpa Grand Challenge, in which teams of roboticists cobbled together self-driving cars to race through the desert. Their secret? Lidar, which shoots out lasers to build a 3-D map of the world. The ensuing private-sector race to develop self-driving cars has dramatically driven down the price of lidar, to the point that engineers can create perceptive robots on the (relative) cheap.

Lidar is often combined with something called machine vision—2-D or 3-D cameras that allow the robot to build an even better picture of its world. You know how Facebook automatically recognizes your mug and tags you in pictures? Same principle with robots. Fancy algorithms allow them to pick out certain landmarks or objects .

Sensors are what keep robots from smashing into things. They’re why a robot mule of sorts can keep an eye on you, following you and schlepping your stuff around ; machine vision also allows robots to scan cherry trees to determine where best to shake them , helping fill massive labor gaps in agriculture.

New technologies promise to let robots sense the world in ways that are far beyond humans’ capabilities. We’re talking about seeing around corners: At MIT, researchers have developed a system that watches the floor at the corner of, say, a hallway, and picks out subtle movements being reflected from the other side that the piddling human eye can’t see. Such technology could one day ensure that robots don’t crash into humans in labyrinthine buildings, and even allow self-driving cars to see occluded scenes.

Within each of these robots is the next secret ingredient: the actuator , which is a fancy word for the combo electric motor and gearbox that you’ll find in a robot’s joint. It’s this actuator that determines how strong a robot is and how smoothly or not smoothly it moves . Without actuators, robots would crumple like rag dolls. Even relatively simple robots like Roombas owe their existence to actuators. Self-driving cars, too, are loaded with the things.

Actuators are great for powering massive robot arms on a car assembly line, but a newish field, known as soft robotics, is devoted to creating actuators that operate on a whole new level. Unlike mule robots, soft robots are generally squishy, and use air or oil to get themselves moving. So for instance, one particular kind of robot muscle uses electrodes to squeeze a pouch of oil, expanding and contracting to tug on weights . Unlike with bulky traditional actuators, you could stack a bunch of these to magnify the strength: A robot named Kengoro, for instance, moves with 116 actuators that tug on cables, allowing the machine to do unsettlingly human maneuvers like pushups . It’s a far more natural-looking form of movement than what you’d get with traditional electric motors housed in the joints.

And then there’s Boston Dynamics, which created the Atlas humanoid robot for the Darpa Robotics Challenge in 2013. At first, university robotics research teams struggled to get the machine to tackle the basic tasks of the original 2013 challenge and the finals round in 2015, like turning valves and opening doors. But Boston Dynamics has since that time turned Atlas into a marvel that can do backflips , far outpacing other bipeds that still have a hard time walking. (Unlike the Terminator, though, it does not pack heat.) Boston Dynamics has also begun leasing a quadruped robot called Spot, which can recover in unsettling fashion when humans kick or tug on it . That kind of stability will be key if we want to build a world where we don’t spend all our time helping robots out of jams. And it’s all thanks to the humble actuator.

At the same time that robots like Atlas and Spot are getting more physically robust, they’re getting smarter, thanks to AI. Robotics seems to be reaching an inflection point, where processing power and artificial intelligence are combining to truly ensmarten the machines . And for the machines, just as in humans, the senses and intelligence are inseparable—if you pick up a fake apple and don’t realize it’s plastic before shoving it in your mouth, you’re not very smart.

This is a fascinating frontier in robotics (replicating the sense of touch, not eating fake apples). A company called SynTouch, for instance, has developed robotic fingertips that can detect a range of sensations , from temperature to coarseness. Another robot fingertip from Columbia University replicates touch with light, so in a sense it sees touch : It’s embedded with 32 photodiodes and 30 LEDs, overlaid with a skin of silicone. When that skin is deformed, the photodiodes detect how light from the LEDs changes to pinpoint where exactly you touched the fingertip, and how hard.

Far from the hulking dullards that lift car doors on automotive assembly lines, the robots of tomorrow will be very sensitive indeed.

Increasingly sophisticated machines may populate our world, but for robots to be really useful, they’ll have to become more self-sufficient. After all, it would be impossible to program a home robot with the instructions for gripping each and every object it ever might encounter. You want it to learn on its own, and that is where advances in artificial intelligence come in.

Take Brett. In a UC Berkeley lab, the humanoid robot has taught itself to conquer one of those children’s puzzles where you cram pegs into different shaped holes. It did so by trial and error through a process called reinforcement learning. No one told it how to get a square peg into a square hole, just that it needed to. So by making random movements and getting a digital reward (basically, yes, do that kind of thing again ) each time it got closer to success, Brett learned something new on its own . The process is super slow, sure, but with time roboticists will hone the machines’ ability to teach themselves novel skills in novel environments, which is pivotal if we don’t want to get stuck babysitting them.

Another tack here is to have a digital version of a robot train first in simulation, then port what it has learned to the physical robot in a lab. Over at Google , researchers used motion-capture videos of dogs to program a simulated dog, then used reinforcement learning to get a simulated four-legged robot to teach itself to make the same movements. That is, even though both have four legs, the robot’s body is mechanically distinct from a dog’s, so they move in distinct ways. But after many random movements, the simulated robot got enough rewards to match the simulated dog. Then the researchers transferred that knowledge to the real robot in the lab, and sure enough, the thing could walk—in fact, it walked even faster than the robot manufacturer’s default gait, though in fairness it was less stable.

13 Robots, Real and Imagined

They may be getting smarter day by day, but for the near future we are going to have to babysit the robots. As advanced as they’ve become, they still struggle to navigate our world. They plunge into fountains , for instance. So the solution, at least for the short term, is to set up call centers where robots can phone humans to help them out in a pinch . For example, Tug the hospital robot can call for help if it’s roaming the halls at night and there’s no human around to move a cart blocking its path. The operator would them teleoperate the robot around the obstruction.

Speaking of hospital robots. When the coronavirus crisis took hold in early 2020, a group of roboticists saw an opportunity: Robots are the perfect coworkers in a pandemic. Engineers must use the crisis, they argued in an editorial , to supercharge the development of medical robots, which never get sick and can do the dull, dirty, and dangerous work that puts human medical workers in harm’s way. Robot helpers could take patients’ temperatures and deliver drugs, for instance. This would free up human doctors and nurses to do what they do best: problem-solving and being empathetic with patients, skills that robots may never be able to replicate.

The rapidly developing relationship between humans and robots is so complex that it has spawned its own field, known as human-robot interaction . The overarching challenge is this: It’s easy enough to adapt robots to get along with humans—make them soft and give them a sense of touch—but it’s another issue entirely to train humans to get along with the machines. With Tug the hospital robot, for example, doctors and nurses learn to treat it like a grandparent—get the hell out of its way and help it get unstuck if you have to. We also have to manage our expectations: Robots like Atlas may seem advanced, but they’re far from the autonomous wonders you might think.

What humanity has done is essentially invented a new species, and now we’re maybe having a little buyers’ remorse. Namely, what if the robots steal all our jobs? Not even white-collar workers are safe from hyper-intelligent AI, after all.

A lot of smart people are thinking about the singularity, when the machines grow advanced enough to make humanity obsolete. That will result in a massive societal realignment and species-wide existential crisis. What will we do if we no longer have to work? How does income inequality look anything other than exponentially more dire as industries replace people with machines?

These seem like far-out problems, but now is the time to start pondering them. Which you might consider an upside to the killer-robot narrative that Hollywood has fed us all these years: The machines may be limited at the moment, but we as a society need to think seriously about how much power we want to cede. Take San Francisco, for instance, which is exploring the idea of a robot tax, which would force companies to pay up when they displace human workers.

I can’t sit here and promise you that the robots won’t one day turn us all into batteries , but the more realistic scenario is that, unlike in the world of R.U.R. , humans and robots are poised to live in harmony—because it’s already happening. This is the idea of multiplicity , that you’re more likely to work alongside a robot than be replaced by one. If your car has adaptive cruise control, you’re already doing this, letting the robot handle the boring highway work while you take over for the complexity of city driving. The fact that the US economy ground to a standstill during the coronavirus pandemic made it abundantly clear that robots are nowhere near ready to replace humans en masse.

The machines promise to change virtually every aspect of human life, from health care to transportation to work. Should they help us drive? Absolutely. (They will, though, have to make the decision to sometimes kill , but the benefits of precision driving far outweigh the risks.) Should they replace nurses and cops? Maybe not—certain jobs may always require a human touch.

One thing is abundantly clear: The machines have arrived. Now we have to figure out how to handle the responsibility of having invented a whole new species.

If You Want a Robot to Learn Better, Be a Jerk to It A good way to make a robot learn is to do the work in simulation, so the machine doesn’t accidentally hurt itself. Even better, you can give it tough love by trying to knock objects out of its hand.

Spot the Robot Dog Trots Into the Big, Bad World Boston Dynamics' creation is starting to sniff out its role in the workforce: as a helpful canine that still sometimes needs you to hold its paw.

Finally, a Robot That Moves Kind of Like a Tongue Octopus arms and elephant trunks and human tongues move in a fascinating way, which has now inspired a fascinating new kind of robot.

Robots Are Fueling the Quiet Ascendance of the Electric Motor For something born over a century ago, the electric motor really hasn’t fully extended its wings. The problem? Fossil fuels are just too easy, and for the time being, cheap. But now, it’s actually robots, with their actuators, that are fueling the secret ascendence of the electric motor.

This Robot Fish Powers Itself With Fake Blood A robot lionfish uses a rudimentary vasculature and “blood” to both energize itself and hydraulically power its fins.

Inside the Amazon Warehouse Where Humans and Machines Become One In an Amazon sorting center, a swarm of robots works alongside humans. Here’s what that says about Amazon—and the future of work.

This guide was last updated on April 13, 2020.

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Robotics Essay | Essay on Robotics for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by sastry

Robotics Essay:  What do you think of when you think about ‘robots’? If you think they are only the stuff of space movies and science fiction novels, then think again. Robots are the largest growing technological device in the world. They perform many functions ranging from space exploration to entertainment. Robotics technology is increasing at a fast rate, providing us with new technology that can assist with home chores, automobile assembly and many other tasks. Robotic technology has changed the world around us and is continuing to impact the way we do things. Robotic technology transformation from the past to present surrounds almost everyone in today’s society and it affects both our work and leisure activities.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Robotics for Kids and Students in English

Given below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Robotics’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Robotics of 400-500 words. This long essay about Robotics is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Robotics of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.

Long Essay on Robotics 500 Words in English

Below we have given a long essay on Robotics of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for, their coptrol and processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take’the place of a human in various kinds of work, activities, environments and processes.

The definition of the word robot has a different meaning to many people. According to the Robot Institute of America, 1979, a robot is a re-programmable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialised devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. The use of robots continues to change numerous aspect of our everyday life, such as health care, education and job satisfaction. Robots are going to be a major part of the world economy, they help ways to make our daily life easier and assist in producing more products.

Robotic technology is becoming one of the leading technologies in the world. They can perform many functions. They are used in many different ways in today’s society. The use of robotic technology has made an immediate impact on the world in several ways. As technological advances continue, research design and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestic, commercial or military. Many robots even do the jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, mining and exploring shipwrecks.

There are numerous uses of robots which not only give better results but also help in saving money as well as time. The robots can provide high quality components and finished products, and do so reliably and repeatedly even in hazardous or unpleasant environments. There are various industry segments which are making use of robotics to improve their production capabilities.

Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robots, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them.

Recently, Apollo Hospital group installed the world’s most advanced CyberKnife robotic radio surgery system at the cancer speciality centre in Chennai, India. Although it meant substantial price for the hospital, Apollo decided to go ahead with the project due to the new-found enthusiasm for robotics in India.

From the Chandrayaan I project for sending robots to moon, to biomedical engineering and the auto industry, India has been using robotics on a wide scale. In an increasingly technology-driven country, robotics has fast assumed significance not only for industrial applications, but also in various day-to-day human activities.

Presently, robotics is the pinnacle of technical development. Though robotics in India is at a nascent stage, but industrial automation in India has opened up huge potential for robotics. Innovation coupled with consolidated research and development has catapulted India’s scientific position in robotic technology.

The country is soon to become a major hub for the production of robots. The global market for robots is projected to rise by an average of about 4%, while in India, the industry is expected to grow at a rate 2.5 times that of the global average.

In medical field, the importance of robotics has been growing. Robotics is increasingly being used in a variety of clinical and surgical settings for increasing surgical accuracy and decreasing operating time and often to create better healthcare outcomes than standard current approaches. These medical robots are used to train surgeons, assist in difficult and precise surgical procedures, and to assist patients in recovery. The automobile industry is equally dominated by robots.

There are multiple number of industrial robots functioning on fully automated production lines especially the high and efficient luxury and sports cars. The use of industrial robots has helped to increase productivity rate, efficiency and quality of distribution. Another major area where the use of robots is extensive is the packaging section. The packaging done using real robots is of very high quality as there is almost no chances of any human error. Another example where robotics is used is the electronic field. These are mainly in the mass-production with full accuracy and reliability. With these varied usages of robots Bill Gates has said

“Robots will be the Next World-Changing Technology”

Robotic has spread like an infection to an extent that so many movies and serials are also based on its theme. Some popular movies include Star Wars, Robocop, Ra one, Transformers etc. With such acclaimed popularity India too has come up with the Robotics Society of India (RSI). It is an academic society founded on 10th July, 2011, which aims at promoting Indian robotics and automation activities. The society hopes to serve as a bridge between researchers in institutes, government research centres and industry.

Short Essay on Robotics 200 Words in English

Below we have given a short essay on Robotics is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

India has also come up with specialised programmes in robotics field in IITs and other universities. Also, it has moved beyond the traditional areas and entered newer domains of education, rehabilitation, entertainment etc. Robotics has helped handicapped people by replacing their (damaged) limbs with artificial parts that can duplicate the natural movements.

Like a coin has two sides, robotics too has a flip side to it. The biggest barrier in the development of robots has been the high costs of its hardware such as sensors, motors etc. The customisation and updation is also an added problem.

With new advancements taking place each passing day, new product introduction is a problem for the existing users. Robots cut down labour, thereby reducing the opportunities of employment for many. In many developed countries, scientists are making robotic military force that can prove dangerous to others. As the power and capacity of computers continues to expand, revolution is being created in the field of robotics. Imagination is coupled with technology. It would not be wrong to say that in near future there will be a time when robots will become smarter than the human race.

Robotics Essay Word Meanings for Simple Understanding

• Shipwreck – the destruction or loss of a ship, the remains of a ruined ship.
• Defuse – the act of deactivating, terminating or making ineffective
• Substantial- of ample or considerable amount, significant
• Pinnacle – the highest or culminating point, as of success, power, etc
• Nascent – developing, beginning, budding
• Consolidated – united, combined
• Catapulted – to move quickly, suddenly or forcibly
• Reliability – dependability
• Domain – field, area, sphere
• Flip side – opposite side, reverse side
• Customisation – modification, alteration
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Essay on Robotics

Students are often asked to write an essay on Robotics in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

100 Words Essay on Robotics

What is robotics.

Robotics is the science of creating robots. Robots are machines that can do tasks without human help. They can be as small as a toy or as big as a car. Some robots look like humans, but most just have parts to do jobs. They can be used in many places, like factories, hospitals, and homes.

History of Robotics

Robotics started in the 20th century. The first robots were simple machines. They could only do easy tasks. Over time, robots became more complex. They can now do many things humans can do. They can even learn new tasks by themselves.

Types of Robots

Benefits of robotics.

Robots can do tasks faster and more accurately than humans. They can also do dangerous jobs, keeping people safe. Robots can work 24/7 without getting tired. They can help in many fields, like medicine, manufacturing, and space exploration.

Future of Robotics

250 words essay on robotics.

Robotics is a field in technology that deals with making, working, and using robots. Robots are machines that can follow instructions to do tasks. Some robots can do tasks on their own, while others need human help.

There are many types of robots. Some robots look like humans, these are called humanoid robots. Then, there are industrial robots which are used in factories to make things like cars. There are also robots used in medicine, space exploration, and even in our homes to help with cleaning.

How Robots Work

Robots are run by computers. They follow a set of instructions called a program. This program tells the robot what to do and how to do it. Robots have sensors that allow them to gather information about their surroundings. This information is used to make decisions and carry out tasks.

Benefits of Robots

Robots can do many things that humans cannot do or find hard to do. They can work in dangerous places like space, deep sea, or inside a volcano. They can also do tasks quickly and without getting tired. This is why they are very useful in many areas like science, industry, and medicine.

The future of robotics is very exciting. Scientists are working on making robots that can learn and think like humans. These robots will be able to solve problems and make decisions on their own. They will be even more helpful and can change the way we live and work.

500 Words Essay on Robotics

Robotics is a branch of technology that deals with robots. Robots are machines that can perform tasks automatically or with guidance. They can do things that are hard, dangerous, or boring for humans. This field combines different branches of science and engineering like computer science, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

The idea of robots has been around for a long time. Ancient Greek myths talk about mechanical servants. The term “robot” itself comes from a Czech word “robota,” meaning forced labor. It was first used in a play in 1920. The first real industrial robot, Unimate, started work in 1961 at a General Motors plant. Since then, robotics has grown a lot.

Robots come in many shapes and sizes to suit different jobs. Some robots look like humans and can do things like talk or walk. These are called humanoid robots. Industrial robots work in factories and can do things like welding, painting, or assembling. Mobile robots can move around. They can be used for things like exploring space or the bottom of the ocean. Then there are medical robots which help doctors in surgeries and patient care.

Robots have several parts. They have a body or frame, motors to make them move, sensors to help them understand their surroundings, and a computer to control everything. The computer uses a program, which is a set of instructions, to tell the robot what to do. The sensors collect information about the world. The computer uses this information to decide what actions the robot should take.

Importance of Robotics

Robots are very important in today’s world. They can do jobs that are dangerous for humans, like defusing bombs or working in nuclear power plants. They can also do jobs that need to be very exact, like in surgery or making computer chips. Robots can also do jobs that are boring or repetitive, like assembling cars in a factory. This helps humans to focus on more interesting and creative tasks.

In conclusion, robotics is a fascinating field that combines many different areas of science and engineering. It has a rich history and an exciting future. Robots are already doing many tasks that help humans, and they are likely to do even more in the future. As we continue to develop and use robots, we must also think about how to do this in a way that benefits everyone.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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How Smart Should Robots Be?

W hen people hear the words “social engineering,” they usually think of the supposed nefarious designs of government or an opposing political party. These days, there’s a general sense of social upheaval brought on by some invisible force, and we’re anxious to blame someone. I can’t help feeling that, to some extent, we’re tilting at windmills while the real source of social engineering is in our pockets, on our laps, in a myriad of devices and soon, highly lifelike social robots for the home.

The future is coming at us fast these days. In October 2023, Boston Dynamics, the robotics company that makes advanced robots that can dance better than some people, announced it had endowed Spot , its highly utilitarian doglike robot, with ChatGPT. Spot, among his many abilities designed to serve the U.S. military , has now joined the ranks of socially interactive robots, plugged into the internet and powered by artificial intelligence.

This all begs the question: how smart do we want our robots to be? Of course, we all want robots to perform an array of functions, but do we actually want to replace the people in our lives with intelligent robots and AI?

Social robots are the second technology, after social media, to directly target our social natures. These are voice-activated robots that speak, listen, learn the way a child does, remember everything you tell them and can be exquisitely fine-tuned to your preferences and desires. Picture Alexa on steroids—embodied, able to read and respond to emotions. They will perform a wide range of household tasks, teach, entertain and ostensibly, love us.

Read More: What Generative AI Reveals About the Human Mind

Since Spot, like all devices loaded with generative AI, has been trained on human-generated data from the internet, he can draw upon a wealth of information, organize it into categories and provide mostly coherent commentary on virtually any subject. But since he’s plugged into the internet, there’s also a good chance his little metal head is teeming with inaccuracies and misinformation, as well as sexist and racist biases. Now Spot is a soldier in the AI arms race to get generative AI packed into robots as quickly as possible, glitches and all.

Social robots don’t just want to assist us. They’re designed to convince us they want us to love them and to believe that they love us. As silly as this sounds, studies have shown that people of all ages can form deep attachments to interactive robots, that our brains are easily tricked into believing they are at least somewhat alive, and that we’re easily influenced by them even when they make mistakes. These robots are being designed specifically to be friends, teachers, nannies, therapists, and yes, even lovers. They read our emotions and body language and feign emotions of their own. They draw us in through ersatz “personalities” and by catering to our emotional neediness by pretending to care about us.

These robots can be a godsend to lonely, isolated people. They can entertain, teach, and monitor children, and run special programs that teach those on the autism spectrum basic social skills. They can provide a version of cognitive behavioral therapy for those with common mental illnesses, care for the elderly and disabled, and are veritable wizards at multimedia functions, including recording, editing, and creating videos of memorable events in the home or from raw footage you feed them.

The sophisticated ones are equipped with AI, so their list of abilities is expansive. Since they’re connected to the internet, you can ask them almost anything, and you’ll likely get an answer. But these robots can also go bad. According to scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, they can be corrupted with toxic web content and possibly even hacked to make them speak and behave in what some researchers have dubbed “ psychopathic ” ways. Equipping these robots with generative AI, as Spot received, means that they will have the same limitations and pitfalls as GAI technology, which was launched while still having significant problems related to accuracy, hallucinations, and the fact that it neither understands human language nor is able to discern truth from falsehood.

It could take years to work out the bugs in generative AI, for lawsuits (there are several) to wend their way through the courts, for new copyright laws to be enacted to protect authors and publishers from having their material mined for profit, and for the best uses of GAI to emerge. But now that Boston Dynamics has endowed Spot with ChatGPT, we can expect others to clamor to get it into their robots so as to ride the wave of expectations surrounding it.

Just as in the case of social robots that exploit our need to connect as social beings, ethical guardrails are practically nonexistent for AI in general. So far AI and robotics companies have been on the honor system, which is a lot like no oversight at all.

If there’s an overarching ideology to guide this sector, its current buzzword is “effective accelerationism.” Enormous benefits are bestowed on humanity, the thinking goes, just by accelerating the speed at which new AI products can be developed and launched into the world. This is a no-brainer for people who believe in the heroic narrative of AI solving some of mankind’s most intractable problems—but a source of alarm for doomsayers who predict the end of humanity.

As a techno-optimist, I believe that eventually these technologies will provide enormous benefits for all of society, but we all need to take a deep breath, and maybe tap the brakes for a moment while laws and regulations catch up to the science. Algorithms and AI will continue to insinuate themselves into nearly every crack and crevice of our lives. The more autonomous AI becomes, the harder it will be to control or address problems. No one wants their child’s robotic tutor going psycho from material it has absorbed from the dark web. When AI goes awry, there has to be accountability and change.

While everyone’s hackles are constantly being raised by the conspiracy-theory-industrial-information complex, we may be looking in the wrong direction to explain our widespread sense of pernicious control over our lives. Being ruled by faulty algorithms is far more insidious, and could be even more dangerous, as rule by dictatorship.

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Essays on Robots

Robots have become an integral part of our lives, from manufacturing to healthcare and even entertainment. As a result, the subject of robots is an excellent choice for an essay topic. However, with so many potential areas to explore, it can be challenging to choose the best one. This article will discuss the importance of the topic, provide advice on selecting a suitable subject, and offer a detailed list of recommended essay topics divided by category.

The Importance of the Topic

The study of robots is crucial for understanding the impact of technology on society. It allows us to explore the ethical, social, and economic implications of artificial intelligence and automation. By delving into this subject, students can gain a deeper understanding of how robots are shaping our world and the potential challenges and opportunities they present.

Choosing a Suitable Topic

When selecting an essay topic on robots, it's essential to consider your interests and the specific area you want to explore. Whether it's the ethical considerations of robot use, the impact on the job market, or the future of robotics, there are numerous avenues to consider. It's also crucial to choose a topic that is relevant and up-to-date, ensuring that you have access to current research and resources to support your arguments.

Recommended Robots Essay Topics

Below are some recommended essay topics on robots, divided into different categories for ease of selection:

Ethical Considerations

• The ethical implications of using robots in warfare
• Robot rights: Should robots have legal status and protection?
• The impact of robotics on human relationships and empathy
• Robot-assisted healthcare: Ethical considerations and challenges
• The use of robots in elder care: Ethical and moral implications

>Social Impact

• The impact of automation on the job market
• Robots and income inequality: How automation affects different socio-economic groups
• Robots in education: The social implications of using robots in the classroom
• Robotics and social interaction: How robots are changing the way we communicate
• Robots and mental health: Exploring the impact of robot companions on well-being

Technological Advancements

• The future of robotics: Predicting the next breakthrough in robotic technology
• Artificial intelligence vs. human intelligence: Exploring the capabilities of robots
• Robotics in space exploration: The role of robots in advancing space missions
• The use of robots in disaster response and recovery
• The potential of self-replicating robots: Can robots create more of themselves?

Legal and Regulatory Issues

• The legal responsibility of robots: Who is accountable for robot actions?
• Regulating the use of autonomous robots in public spaces
• Robot liability in accidents: Determining fault in robot-related incidents
• The legal and ethical considerations of robot surveillance
• Robot rights and responsibilities: Establishing a legal framework for robots

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

• The impact of AI and robotics on the future of work
• Ethical considerations in the development of AI and robotics
• The role of AI in healthcare and medical robotics
• Advancements in machine learning and its applications in robotics
• The potential of AI and robotics in space exploration

Robotics in Manufacturing

• The use of robots in automotive manufacturing
• The impact of robotics on the global supply chain
• Robots and automation in the food and beverage industry
• The future of 3D printing and robotic assembly
• The integration of IoT and robotics in manufacturing

Robots in Everyday Life

• The role of robots in household chores and personal assistance
• The use of robots in education and tutoring
• The impact of robotics on entertainment and leisure activities
• Robots in elder care and healthcare support
• The ethical and social implications of robot companionship

Robot Ethics and Regulations

• The development of ethical guidelines for AI and robotics
• The legal and regulatory framework for autonomous robots
• The ethical considerations of military and police robotics
• Robot rights and responsibilities in society
• The role of international organizations in regulating robotics

Future of Robotics

• The potential of nanorobotics in medical applications
• The role of robotics in sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation
• The future of autonomous vehicles and robotic transportation
• The impact of robotics on space colonization and exploration
• Ethical and societal implications of advanced humanoid robots

Choosing an essay topic on robots provides an excellent opportunity to explore a wide range of issues, from ethical considerations to technological advancements and legal and regulatory challenges. By selecting a topic that aligns with your interests and offers relevance and up-to-date research, you can create a compelling and insightful essay that contributes to the ongoing discussion of robots in society.

Robot - an Assistant of Humans in The Future

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How Robots Can Take Over Humanity

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The Dangers of Artificial Intelligence and Robots to Humans

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Humans Are Being Turned into Robots

Robots as the solution to equality in the job interview process, the rise of the robots, robots will transform our social spaces, how city design will adapt to robots, how robots are changing the workplace, the machines have arrived: possible future of robots, artificial intelligence: good and bad effects for humanity, an ethical evaluation of human–robot relationships, problems existing in the robotics industry, review on the robotics: history and impact, robot revolution: discussion on robot morality, future of manufacturing, robotic arm technology development for research and mars exploration, classification of robotic applications, discussion of whether future robotics can replace human workers, finding a passion in the unexpected, the influence of artificial intelligence on the world, robots: the art of synthetic humanity, space robotics systems: the robotic arm to help astronauts, review on kambria robot, relevant topics.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots: Band nine IELTS Essay

Robots are a big topic these days. From self-driving cars to operations, more and more tasks seem to be being taken over by robots. This band nine sample essay looks at this topic. Keep scrolling for information about why this essay is band nine including structure, grammar and a vocabulary list.

Some people think that robots are very important to future human development. Others think that they are dangerous and have negative effects on society. Discuss both sides and give your point of view.

Increasing automation has become a controversial topic in recent years. In this essay, I will compare the advantage that robots can perform tasks that are dangerous or difficult with the disadvantage that robots could take over jobs. I will conclude that, despite the drawbacks, this type of development is positive. 

One of the main advantages of robots is that they are able to perform tasks that would be dangerous or difficult for a person. For example, robots are already used for bomb disposal , which keeps people out of harm’s way .  Similarly, robots are capable of performing delicate and precise tasks in manufacturing and medical tasks settings with a high degree of accuracy. If we allow people to continue to do these jobs, it will lead to lives being lost and inferior products being made. 

However, one of the main issues with this is that robots taking over other jobs that are currently done by humans. In the past, we have seen auto manufacturing turn from a source of jobs to something that is mostly automated. If we see this happen in other industries, it could lead to widespread unemployment and economic insecurity . Although this would be good for factory owners, this type of unemployment has wider negative societal impacts . 

In conclusion, while robots have the potential to greatly improve our lives by performing risky and difficult tasks, they also have the potential to take people’s jobs. Ultimately, I believe that this type of technological progress can lead to the creation of new jobs. 

This is an example of a ‘both sides and an opinion’ type essay. For this type of essay, you need to present both sides of the argument before giving your point of view. I prefer to dedicate one body paragraph to each side before writing my opinion briefly in the conclusion. You can see that structure here. Each of the body paragraphs is also about one specific thing and goes into plenty of detail.

Beyond there being no grammar mistakes in this essay, you can see that there are a wide range of grammar types here. One that I have used several times is an if sentence. Check out our new guide to this highly flexible grammar type .

Below, you can find a list of the complex and interesting grammar in the essay. All of the words below are underlined in the essay and appear in the same order as they do above.

The process of replacing human jobs with machines.

Development

The process of making new things or improving things that already exist. 

Bomb disposal

The practice of safely and carefully handling, disarming and removing bombs or other explosive devices.

Out of harm’s way

Another way of saying ‘away from risk’.

Lower in quality compared to other things.

Unemployment

The amount of unemployment is the number of people without a job. 

Economic insecurity

This refers to the extent to which people worry about being able to pay for things. 

Societal impacts

How something affects society as a whole.

Technological progress

The advancement of things like tools and machines.

Making something operate automatically.

If something is risky it involves a chance of failure or harm.

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Essay Samples on Robots

Robotic surgery: medical treatment through precision and innovation.

“Meet your next surgeon:DR. Robot” said by famous writer Ryan Bradley. Robotic surgery is one of the new medical treatments across the world that has enabled robots to perform surgeries, and allow patients to recover faster. The technology has enabled surgeons to become more accurate...

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The Effectivity Of Robots Vs Human Work In Production

There is an obvious fact that, the rate of wage growth to ordinary worker is falling, that global wage growth lowest since 2008 [1]. It is hardly to understand that during the time when the global economy is recovering how can this happens. However, it...

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The Possibility Of Robot Teachers Replacing Human Teachers

Over the course of years the advancing of technology has been upon us and with technology the life of every human being is becoming easier and easier. Some technologies are replacing every man’s work like in the factory. Since technology has been replacing man in...

The Safety of Drone Transportation Of Blood Products

A robot is a programmable machine that process information from a computer but also performs physical tasks such as dangerous jobs, transporting packages, crime fighting and many more. There are also more advanced robots that use artificial intelligence like Siri. Robots are always involved in...

The Development and Advancement of AI in I, Robot by Isaac Asimov

The science fiction, “I robot”, by Isaac Asimov is a must-read book for beginners to develop an interest in robotics. It gives a collection of nine short stories that imagine the development of a positronic brain for robots which possesses equivalent or superior intelligence than...

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The Way Robots Will Improve Medicine

As Robotic technologies are revolutionizing many industries in the world, we often come across a question: 'How are robots going to improve medicine?'. Well, telemedicine is undoubtedly the simplest answer to this question. After the first transmission of an ECG, in 1906, advancements in technology...

What It Means to Be a Human Dilemma in Ex Machina and Bicentennial Man

The rendition of what it means to be a human is very complex. This makes sense because we humans, as a collective, are complex in nature. Physically, we need the oxygen around us to breathe, we need food and water every day to survive. Our...

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Do Androids of Electric Sheep: The Concept of Empathy in Robots

The main theme of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep is empathy. Empathy, according to Merriam-Webster, “is the action of understanding and vicariously experiencing the thoughts, feelings and experiences of another.” The author develops a special test that is known throughout the book as the...

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Atlas – The Disaster-Response Robot

Atlas is an advanced humanoid robot that was developed by Boston Dynamics for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The disaster-response robot was revealed to the public in July 2013 and used in the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC). Where it was put through a...

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Overview Of Emerging Technologies: Robotics And Artificial Intelligence

Introduction Emerging technologies are devices that are developing or are going to be developed whithin 5 or over 10 years. They're a several varieties of rising technologies like robotic and Artificial intelligence. Technologies are becomimg much easier to use and more expensive too. However they...

Report On Robotics And Cloud Computing Technologies

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Difference Between Human And The Robot

With the development of science and technology, robots are already ubiquitous in our lives. The relationship between human and robot is getting closer. Maybe robots are getting better and more like human. But as we all know, in many ways like use function and emotions,...

Flying Robots (MAV): Design & Application

The design and development of flying robots has been currently hindered by the lack of applicability of conventional aerodynamics equations/principles to the small size vehicles flying at extremely low Reynolds number. Also, conventional optimization techniques and algorithms have shown very limited success in these applications....

Robo-Advisors As A Disruptive Technology

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Robotics Society Budget Request: Mace

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The Future Of Business With The Introduction Of Sentient Robots

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R.U.R. By Karel Capek: The Artificial Creatures Are Replacing Their Human Creators

Through their various interpretations, the perception of artificial life serves as a constant foil toward what deigns humans as special, superior even. Though they are purposefully designed to appear and act human-like, the status and nature as a manufactured labor force generally leave androids discarded...

Best topics on Robots

1. Robotic Surgery: Medical Treatment Through Precision and Innovation

2. The Effectivity Of Robots Vs Human Work In Production

3. The Possibility Of Robot Teachers Replacing Human Teachers

4. The Safety of Drone Transportation Of Blood Products

5. The Development and Advancement of AI in I, Robot by Isaac Asimov

6. The Way Robots Will Improve Medicine

7. What It Means to Be a Human Dilemma in Ex Machina and Bicentennial Man

8. Do Androids of Electric Sheep: The Concept of Empathy in Robots

9. Atlas – The Disaster-Response Robot

10. Overview Of Emerging Technologies: Robotics And Artificial Intelligence

11. Report On Robotics And Cloud Computing Technologies

12. Difference Between Human And The Robot

13. Flying Robots (MAV): Design & Application

14. Robo-Advisors As A Disruptive Technology

15. Robotics Society Budget Request: Mace

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• Disadvantages of Technology
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• Negative Impact of Technology
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Essay On Robot – 10 Lines, Short and Long Essay

Key Points to Remember When Writing an Essay On Robot

10 lines on robot in english, a paragraph on robot, short essay on robot in english, long essay on robots for children, interesting facts about robots for kids, what will your child learn from the essay on robot.

In a constantly evolving world, technology has been at the forefront of every individual’s daily life. Advancement after advancement has moulded, transformed, and developed technology to make our lives easier and expose us to endless possibilities. It is the perfect amalgamation of nature and science. In this technological era, robots have become integral to our lives, shaping how we work, play, and imagine the future. 

This essay on robots in English delves deep into the world of these mechanical marvels, offering insights suitable for readers of all ages, especially the essay for kids, developed for minds curious about the science and magic behind these machines. Essay writing is a valuable skill for students, and this article helps young learners enhance their vocabulary, improve their essay writing skills, and learn to organise and communicate their thoughts better.

Understanding the nuances and intricacies of robots is essential when writing an essay on robots. These mechanical entities are not just products of science fiction; they’re a part of our modern reality. Here are some essential pointers to keep in mind:

• Research is Crucial: Before starting your essay, ensure you’ve conducted thorough research. Whether it’s their history, functionality, or potential future impact, a well-informed perspective will always stand out.
• Distinguish between Types: Not all robots are created equal. Some are simple tools, while others have complex AI integrations. Clarify whether you’re talking about basic programmable machines, humanoid robots, or AI-driven entities.
• Real-world Examples: Using real-world examples can make your essay more relatable and engaging. To illustrate your points, mention popular robots like Roomba (the cleaning robot) ( 1 ) or Sophia (the humanoid robot) ( 2 ).
• Address Ethical Concerns: The world of robotics is not without controversies. It’s crucial to address the ethical implications, like potential job losses or the moral ramifications of creating sentient machines ( 3 ).
• Highlight Benefits and Challenges: Robots offer numerous advantages, from efficiency to accuracy. However, they also have challenges, like maintenance and potential malfunctions. Ensure your essay provides a balanced view ( 4 ).
• Stay Updated: The field of robotics is ever-evolving. Always ensure your information is up-to-date to keep your essay relevant and accurate.
• Engage the Reader: Remember, your essay should be informative and engaging. Use anecdotes, questions, or interesting facts to keep your readers hooked ( 5 ).

Robots are fascinating machines that have intrigued and assisted humans for many years. As we delve into the world of automation, robots play a pivotal role in reshaping our future. Here’s a simple essay for class 1 students to understand more about robots.

• A robot is a machine that can do tasks automatically or with guidance.
• Robots, or humanoid robots, can look like humans or have other shapes.
• They are used in factories to do repetitive tasks quickly.
• Some robots can even speak, dance, and respond to commands.
• Robots are often used in places that are dangerous for humans, like space or deep under the sea.
• They are powered by batteries or electricity and are controlled by computer programs.
• Scientists are continuously working to make robots smarter.
• Robots are also used in hospitals to assist doctors in surgeries.
• They can be large, like car-making robots, or very small, like nanobots used in medicine.
• Robots will become an even more significant part of our lives as technology improves.

Robots have seamlessly integrated into various aspects of human society, altering our perception of what’s possible and pushing the boundaries of innovation. Whether assisting in medical surgeries or entertaining us with dance routines, their influence is undeniably widespread. Here’s a concise look into the realm of these mechanical wonders:

Robots represent both an artistic marvel and a technological breakthrough in the mosaic of human advancement. These programmable machines, designed to perform tasks with precision and efficiency, are a testament to human ingenuity and our relentless pursuit of progress. As robots continue to evolve, they are symbolic of cutting-edge technology and harbingers of a future where humans and machines coexist in harmony, collaborating to achieve shared objectives. The dance between humanity’s creative spirit and its mechanical offspring promises an exciting, albeit challenging, future ahead.

The world of robots is vast, intriguing, and reflective of human ambition. As our capabilities expand, so does our desire to create machines that can emulate, if not surpass, our abilities. This short essay on robots aims to glimpse this fascinating intersection of science, technology, and imagination.

Once a mere figment of imaginative literature, robots now stand at the forefront of technological revolutions. They are no longer just tools in assembly lines but have ventured into our homes, hospitals, and even the skies above. As helpers, they vacuum our floors, assist surgeons in performing delicate operations, and explore realms beyond human reach, like the depths of oceans and the vastness of space. But beyond their functional roles, robots challenge our understanding of consciousness, ethics, and the very essence of life. The rapid advances in artificial intelligence only augment these challenges, propelling robots closer to emulating human-like thought processes. As they evolve, we must navigate the complexities they introduce to our lives ethically and practically. In essence, the journey of robots is not just about technological feats; it’s a mirror reflecting humanity’s aspirations, dilemmas, and, potentially, its future.

The universe of robots is as enthralling as it is vast. Robots are not just characters in our favourite sci-fi movies; they are around us, making our lives more manageable and efficient. Aimed primarily at young minds, this essay encapsulates the essence of these incredible machines. Perfect as a ‘My robot essay for class 3,’ this write-up promises to be informative and engaging.

What is a Robot?

A robot is designed to execute one or more tasks with speed and precision automatically. It can be guided by an external control device or a pre-defined program, and some even use artificial intelligence to make decisions. Robots come in various shapes, sizes, and functionalities, from toy robots that you might play with to high-tech ones that manufacture cars in factories.

Advantages Of Robot

Robots have revolutionised many sectors of our society. Here are some of the benefits they offer:

1. Efficiency: Robots can work tirelessly 24/7 without getting exhausted, ensuring continuous production or service.

2. Precision: Robots are impeccable in tasks that require exact measurements, such as surgeries or assembling tiny components.

3. Hazardous Tasks: Robots can be deployed in dangerous environments like deep-sea exploration or bomb defusal, reducing human risk.

4. Cost-Efficient: Over time, robots can be more cost-effective as they don’t require benefits, pensions, or sick days.

5. Space Exploration: Robots like Mars Rovers can explore other planets , providing valuable information without risking human lives.

6. Repetitive Tasks: Robots can easily handle monotonous jobs, freeing up humans for more creative endeavours.

Disadvantages Of Robot

Despite their benefits, robots also come with some challenges:

1. Job Displacement: As robots take over specific industries, there is a risk of job losses for humans.

2. High Initial Cost: A robot’s initial setup and programming can be expensive.

3. Dependency: Over-reliance on robots might reduce human skill sets and innovation.

4. Maintenance: Robots require regular upkeep, and malfunctions can halt production.

5. Lack of Emotion: Robots don’t possess emotions, which can be a disadvantage in professions needing human empathy.

6. Ethical Concerns: The development of AI in robots poses ethical questions regarding consciousness, rights, and control.

The captivating world of robots is filled with wonders, surprises, and intriguing tidbits. Here are some fun and interesting facts for young minds eager to uncover the mysteries of these amazing machines. Let’s dive into the robot universe and explore things you might not have known!

1. First Robot Toy: The first robot toy, ‘Robby the Robot,’ was made in 1956. A robot character inspired it in a movie!

2. Fish Robots: There are robots shaped like fish, called robotic fish, that swim in water and help scientists study marine life.

3. Mars Exploration: Mars Rovers, like Curiosity and Perseverance, are robots that roam the surface of Mars and send valuable data back to Earth.

4. Robot Olympics: Yes, you heard that right! There’s a competition called RoboGames where robots compete in over 50 different events, including soccer and sumo wrestling.

5. Tiniest Robot: The world’s smallest robot is just a little bigger than the size of a speck of dust. Scientists hope it can be used for medical purposes inside the human body.

6. Robot Artists: Some robots are designed to draw and paint, creating wonderful pieces of art.

7. Language Learning: Honda’s robot ASIMO can understand multiple languages, making it multilingual.

8. Robotic Pets: In some parts of the world, people have robotic dogs or cats as pets. These robots can mimic the behaviour of real animals without needing food or walks!

From the ‘Robots in Our Life’ essay, your child will gain a foundational understanding of the role and significance of robots in today’s world. Tailored even for the youngest readers, like those exploring ‘My robot essays for class 1,’ the essay will spark curiosity , enhance vocabulary , and provide insights into the technological marvels shaping their future.

1. Can Robots Replace Human Intelligence?

While robots can emulate specific aspects of human intelligence and excel in certain tasks, they currently cannot replicate human cognition’s emotional and holistic complexity.

2. Who Is The Inventor Of Robot?

George Devol created the first modern robot, ‘Unimate,’ in 1954, marking the onset of industrial robotics.

3. What Is The Full Form Of Robot?

The word ‘robot’ doesn’t have a full form; it comes from the Czech word ‘robota,’ which means ‘forced labour.’

4. Who Is The First Human Robot?

Regarding humanoid design, ‘Elektro’ was introduced in 1939 at the New York World’s Fair, but for advanced humanoid robots with AI capabilities, Honda’s ‘ASIMO’ from 2000 is a notable example.

Robots continue to shape our world in myriad ways with their evolving capabilities and roles, from industrial applications to companionship. As we march towards a more technologically advanced future, we must understand and adapt to the symbiotic relationship we share with these mechanical marvels.

References/Resources:

1. Jones, J.L.; Robots at the tipping point: the road to iRobot Roomba; EEE Robotics & Automation Magazine; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1598056; March 2006

2. Retto, J.; Sophia, first citizen robot of the world; ResearchGate; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jesus-Retto/publication/321319964_SOPHIA_FIRST_CITIZEN_ROBOT_OF_THE_WORLD/links/5a1c8aa2a6fdcc0af3265a44/SOPHIA-FIRST-CITIZEN-ROBOT-OF-THE-WORLD.pdf

3. Torresen, J.; A review of future and ethical perspectives of robotics and AI; Frontiers in Robotics and AI; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2017.00075/full

4. Soffar, H.; Advantages and disadvantages of using robots in our life; Online Sciences; https://www.online-sciences.com/robotics/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-robots-in-our-life/; May 2016

5. Hyland, K.; Representing readers in writing: Student and expert practices; Linguistics and Education; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0898589806000404; 2005

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IELTS Essay: Robots and Jobs

by Dave | General Training | 3 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of robots and jobs from the real IELTS general training exam.

Please consider supporting my efforts to creative high quality IELTS materials for students around the world by signing up for my Patreon (and don’t miss any of my exclusive IELTS Ebooks)!

Machines are taking over more and more jobs previously done by humans.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your own opinion.

There has been growing concern in recent years related to the number of positions robots now occupy in the workforce. In my opinion, though this has clear disadvantages for the average worker, it is a positive overall.

Those who decry this trend towards automation point out its impact on unskilled labourers. The most affected live in poorer, predominately rural areas rather than cities where there are more white collar workers. For example, in the United States in the primarily agrarian economies of the Midwest, the number of jobs for farmers and factory workers has been in steep decline. The result is either than many families now struggle to make ends meet and are embittered towards the current economic model or they leave their homes to earn subsistence wages in the city. This migrations brings its own negatives as cities become overcrowded and the consumer class in the countryside dwindles.

Nonetheless, the forward progress of technology is a positive sign for the future. There is little doubt that the transitional period will be rife with unrest among working class people; however, this will be more than compensated for by future generations. In the future, workers will be free to pursue their passions rather than having to toil in manual jobs better done by robots. This could lead to a concomitant rise in the number of scientists, artists, researchers, artisans, and other skilled positions. There is even consideration these days of a universal basic wage that would sever individuals from the necessity of work and open up a range of leisure options for the average citizen.

In conclusion, though the dominance of robotic technologies has short-term downsides, it will ultimately lead to a flourishing of human creativity and innovation. It is therefore important for governments to capably manage this transition.

1. There has been growing concern in recent years related to the number of positions robots now occupy in the workforce. 2. In my opinion, though this has clear disadvantages for the average worker, it is a positive overall.

• Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
• Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Those who decry this trend towards automation point out its impact on unskilled labourers. 2. The most affected live in poorer, predominately rural areas rather than cities where there are more white collar workers. 3. For example, in the United States in the primarily agrarian economies of the Midwest, the number of jobs for farmers and factory workers has been in steep decline. 4. The result is either than many families now struggle to make ends meet and are embittered towards the current economic model or they leave their homes to earn subsistence wages in the city. 5. This migrations brings its own negatives as cities become overcrowded and the consumer class in the countryside dwindles.

• Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
• Explain your main idea.
• Develop it with specific examples.
• Continue to develop it.
• State the result or develop the idea fully.

1. Nonetheless, the forward progress of technology is a positive sign for the future. 2. There is little doubt that the transitional period will be rife with unrest among working class people; however, this will be more than compensated for by future generations. 3. In the future, workers will be free to pursue their passions rather than having to toil in manual jobs better done by robots. 4. This could lead to a concomitant rise in the number of scientists, artists, researchers, artisans, and other skilled positions. 5. There is even consideration these days of a universal basic wage that would sever individuals from the necessity of work and open up a range of leisure options for the average citizen.

• Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
• Explain your new main idea.
• Include specific details and examples.
• The more specific, the better.
• Add more detail but don’t add in a new main idea.

1. In conclusion, though the dominance of robotic technologies has short-term downsides, it will ultimately lead to a flourishing of human creativity and innovation. 2. It is therefore important for governments to capably manage this transition.

• Summarise your main ideas.
• Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean?

There has been growing concern in recent years related to the number of positions robots now occupy in the workforce. In my opinion, though this has clear disadvantages for the average worker , it is a positive overall .

Those who decry this trend towards automation point out its impact on unskilled labourers . The most affected live in poorer, predominately rural areas rather than cities where there are more white collar workers . For example, in the United States in the primarily agrarian economies of the Midwest , the number of jobs for farmers and factory workers has been in steep decline . The result is either than many families now struggle to make ends meet and are embittered towards the current economic model or they leave their homes to earn subsistence wages in the city. This migrations brings its own negatives as cities become overcrowded and the consumer class in the countryside dwindles .

Nonetheless , the forward progress of technology is a positive sign for the future. There is little doubt that the transitional period will be rife with unrest among working class people; however, this will be more than compensated for by future generations. In the future, workers will be free to pursue their passions rather than having to toil in manual jobs better done by robots. This could lead to a concomitant rise in the number of scientists, artists, researchers, artisans , and other skilled positions. There is even consideration these days of a universal basic wage that would sever individuals from the necessity of work and open up a range of leisure options for the average citizen.

In conclusion, though the dominance of robotic technologies has short-term downsides , it will ultimately lead to a flourishing of human creativity and innovation . It is therefore important for governments to capably manage this transition.

growing concern increasing worry

positions jobs

occupy take

clear disadvantages definite negatives

average worker normal person with a job

positive overall good in general

decry argue against

trend pattern

automation things being done automatically/by robots

unskilled labourers work that doesn’t require much skill

most affected impacted greatly

predominately rural areas mostly just in the countryside

white collar workers people with better jobs

primarily agrarian economies mostly based on farming

Midwest the middle and Western area of the United States

steep decline going down a lot

result effect

struggle to make ends meet have a tough time making enough money

embittered angry towards

current economic model the way the economy is now

earn subsistence wages just make enough to survive

migrations travelling/moving

negatives bad parts

overcrowded too many people

consumer class people who buy things

dwindles disappears

nonetheless regardless

forward progress development

positive sign good thing

there is little doubt that it is clear

transitional period time of change

rife full of

unrest unhappiness

more than compensated for more than makes up for

pursue their passions do what they want

toil work pointlessly/hard

manual jobs physical jobs

concomitant rise related increase

artisans skilled makers

consideration area to think about

universal basic wage salary for all people

sever cut off from

necessity of work needing to work

open up allow for

range variety of

leisure not doing anything

dominance supremacy

short-term downsides negatives in the short-term

ultimately in the end

flourishing improving

innovation new ideas

capably manage do well handling

Pronunciation

ˈgrəʊɪŋ kənˈsɜːn   pəˈzɪʃənz   ˈɒkjʊpaɪ   klɪə ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪʤɪz   ˈævərɪʤ ˈwɜːkə ˈpɒzətɪv ˈəʊvərɔːl dɪˈkraɪ   trɛnd   ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n   ʌnˈskɪld ˈleɪbərəz məʊst əˈfɛktɪd   prɪˈdɒmɪneɪtli ˈrʊərəl ˈeərɪəz   waɪt ˈkɒlə ˈwɜːkəz ˈpraɪmərɪli əˈgreərɪən i(ː)ˈkɒnəmiz   ˈmɪdˈwɛst stiːp dɪˈklaɪn rɪˈzʌlt   ˈstrʌgl tuː meɪk ɛndz miːt   ɪmˈbɪtəd   ˈkʌrənt ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈmɒdl   ɜːn səbˈsɪstəns ˈweɪʤɪz   maɪˈgreɪʃənz   ˈnɛgətɪvz   ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd   kənˈsjuːmə klɑːs   ˈdwɪndlz ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs ˈfɔːwəd ˈprəʊgrəs   ˈpɒzətɪv saɪn   ðeər ɪz ˈlɪtl daʊt ðæt   trænˈsɪʒənl ˈpɪərɪəd   raɪf   ʌnˈrɛst   mɔː ðæn ˈkɒmpɛnseɪtɪd fɔː pəˈsjuː ðeə ˈpæʃənz   tɔɪl   ˈmænjʊəl ʤɒbz   kənˈkɒmɪtənt raɪz   ˌɑːtɪˈzænz kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən   ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl ˈbeɪsɪk weɪʤ   ˈsɛvə   nɪˈsɛsɪti ɒv wɜːk   ˈəʊpən ʌp   reɪnʤ   ˈlɛʒə   ˈdɒmɪnəns   ʃɔːt-tɜːm ˈdaʊnˌsaɪdz ˈʌltɪmɪtli   ˈflʌrɪʃɪŋ   ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən ˈkeɪpəbli ˈmænɪʤ  

Vocabulary Practice

Remember and fill in the blanks:

There has been g_______________n in recent years related to the number of p___________s robots now o_________y in the workforce. In my opinion, though this has c_________________s for the a_________________r , it is a p___________________l .

Those who d________y this t_________d towards a_________________n point out its impact on u________________________s . The m_____________d live in poorer, p_________________________s rather than cities where there are more w__________________________s . For example, in the United States in the p_____________________________s of the M_________t , the number of jobs for farmers and factory workers has been in s_____________e . The r______t is either than many families now s__________________________t and are e__________________d towards the c________________________l or they leave their homes to e___________________________s in the city. This m___________s brings its own n_____________s as cities become o_______________d and the c___________________s in the countryside d____________s .

N______________s , the f_______________s of technology is a p_______________n for the future. T________________________t the t______________________d will be r___e with u____________t among working class people; however, this will be m______________________________r by future generations. In the future, workers will be free to p________________________s rather than having to t_____l in m___________________s better done by robots. This could lead to a c________________________e in the number of scientists, artists, researchers, a_____________s , and other skilled positions. There is even c________________n these days of a u_______________________e that would s______r individuals from the n__________________k and o___________p a r_________e of l_________e options for the average citizen.

In conclusion, though the d_______________e of robotic technologies has s_______________________s , it will u_____________y lead to a f____________g of human creativity and i______________n . It is therefore important for governments to c___________________e this transition.

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic in the video below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/01/iron-chefs/546581/

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

• Why did you choose your job?
• How much work do you do in a week?
• Do you have to work on weekends as well?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related topic below and then check with my sample answer:

Nowadays more tasks at home and work are being performed by robots.

Is this a negative or positive development?

IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample Answer Essay: Robots at Home (Real Past IELTS Tests/Exams)

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Robots and Artificial Intelligence Report (Assessment)

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Impact on organizations, impact on employees, how society is influenced, recommendations.

The world is approaching an era with a new technological structure, where robots and devices powered with artificial intelligence will be extensively used both in production and in personal life. Currently, manufacturers of such devices and machinery are often labeling their products intellectual. However, at the current stage of development, it is merely marketing. Substantial research is needed to make contemporary machines intelligent. Although the technology does not yet exist in its final form, many are already pondering the possible positive and negative impacts of robots and artificial intelligence.

One the one hand, with artificial intelligence and fully autonomous robots, organizations will be able to optimize their spending and increase the speed of development and production of their commodities. On the other hand, employees are concerned that they will be laid off because their responsibilities might be taken away by machinery. Outside of the organizational context, artificial intelligence and robots are likely to provide additional comfort and convenience to people in their personal lives. This paper explores the benefits and disadvantages of robots and AI in the context of business, job market, and society.

Artificial intelligence and robots can bring many benefits to organizations, mainly due to the capacity for extensive automation. However, automation is a vague term, and it is necessary to clearly outline what aspects of organizational processes can be automated. On the contrary, there are concerns with security and ethics. Furthermore, AI development, due to its novelty, continues to stay as one of the most expensive areas of research.

Positive Effects

Customer relationship is one of the most critical areas for every organization. Currently, replying to emails, answering chat messages and phone calls, and resolving client issues require trained personnel. At the same time, companies collect enormous amounts of customer data that is of no use if not applied to solve problems. Artificial intelligence and robots may solve this issue by analyzing the vast array of data and learning to respond to customer inquiries (Ransbotham, Kiron, Gerbert, & Reeves, 2017). Not only will it lead to a reduction in the number of customer service agents, but it may also lead to a more pleasant client experience. That is because while one human specialist can handle only one person, a software program can handle thousands of requests simultaneously.

To perceive any meaning from terabytes of semi-structured and unstructured information, data specialists of companies need to work tirelessly and for considerable amounts of time. Artificial intelligence can automate these data mining tasks – new data is analyzed immediately after getting added to databases, and the autonomous program automatically scans for patterns and anomalies (von Krogh, 2018). The technology may be used to discover insights and gain a competitive advantage in the market.

AI-powered robots may replace humans in some areas of a company’s operations. For instance, some hotels are using such robots to automate check-ins and check-outs, provide more convenient customer experience through 24/7 support service (Wirtz, 2019). Operational automation is also possible in manufacturing facilities where string temperature levels must be maintained (Wirtz, 2019). Stock refilling is a potential use case for stores and restaurants. Although not everything can be automated, a substantial portion of companies’ activities can be run through the use of intelligent robot systems.

Administrative tasks can also be eased with the help of artificial intelligence. For instance, current use cases include aiding the recruitment department (Hughes, Robert, Frady, & Arroyos, 2019). An intelligent software system can automatically analyze thousands of resumes and filter those that are not suitable (Hughes et al., 2019). There are several benefits of an automated recruitment process – a substantial amount of financial resources is saved because there is no need to hire a recruitment agency, and all applications will be considered objectively, with no bias and discrimination.

The recruitment process is not the only human resources department function an intelligent software system may help with. Organizations are often challenged by the need to schedule workers according to workload (Hughes et al., 2019). HR managers also need to consider which workers work well together, and what task needs which employee. Artificial intelligence may automate much of these responsibilities – it can assign more workers to a particular shift when more customers are expected, and choose employees that work together much more effectively than others (Hughes et al., 2019). Both organizations and employees benefit from such functions because companies will have optimized scheduling, and workers will be more satisfied because of more productive relationships.

Adverse Impacts

Despite many benefits, there are also limitations of artificial intelligence and robotics. The technology relies on the availability of data, and often such information is unstructured, is of poor quality, and inconsistent (Webber, Detjen, MacLean, & Thomas, 2019). Therefore, it is challenging for a company with no access to a large pool of data to develop an intelligent system. Currently, only companies like Google, Facebook, Uber, and Apple, that gather terabytes of data each minute have the capacity to build sophisticated and useful AI-powered systems.

Any company that is planning to adopt AI and robotics to achieve new business objectives should be ready for high expenditures. Because of a shortage of skilled professionals that are able to develop and operate reliable AI solutions, the cost of producing a required software system is high. Such a situation makes AI a prerogative of rich companies and virtually impossible for those who only want to try the technology to see whether it is suitable at the moment.

For the majority of workers, their managers and supervisors are the sources of mentorship and advice. A recent study suggests that robots can also serve as guidance because the majority of employees trust robots more than their managers (Brougham & Haar, 2018). The primary advantage of robot managers over their human counterparts is that they provide unbiased and objective advice. Besides, robots are able to work for 24 hours, which allows employees to get answers to their questions much sooner than they receive now.

As stated in the paper before, artificial intelligence and robots can contribute significantly to the recruitment process with unbiased assistance. It is beneficial not only to enterprises but also to employees because they will have an equal opportunity for receiving the job (Hughes et al., 2019). Also, recommendation systems may allow people with little or no experience to be recognized by companies (Hughes et al., 2019). Traditional barriers will cease to exist if hiring managers will start to depend on intelligent systems heavily.

One significant benefit of robots over humans is that they are never physically tired. This attribute can be proven to be especially beneficial if robots are used to aid people with tedious and repetitive tasks (Cesta, Cortellessa, Orlandini, & Umbrico, 2018). However, for this approach to work, companies need to consider robots not as an eventual replacement but as colleagues to human employees. In such a scenario, human workers deal with unpredictable and non-trivial tasks, while robots relieve them from doing repetitive tasks and duties that may have caused physical harm.

Robots powered with artificial intelligence have the potential to become effective teambuilders. There are efforts to build a system that accepts responses and commentaries from team members and gives targeted feedback, which may be used to enhance the relationship between team members (Webber, Detjen, MacLean, & Thomas, 2019). The system can also be used at a different stage – when forming new teams, by carefully inspecting the available data, the system may give recommendations on which employees will be the most effective in a team considering their skillsets (Webber et al., 2019). While AI cannot become a replacement for human involvement in team building activities, it can positively influence groups through systematic interventions.

Despite many positive effects, artificial intelligence and robots may serve as the most detrimental agents to human employment. Due to the capacity of being automated, robots and AI may replace humans in many areas of activity. For instance, with the emergence of autonomous vehicles, drivers may lose their jobs. The list of jobs that are under the risk of being diminished by robots is long. It includes support specialists, proofreaders, receptionists, machinery operators, factory workers, taxi and bus drivers, soldiers, and farmers (Brougham & Haar, 2018).

Some claim that, while taking away many opportunities from people, artificial intelligence and robots will create other jobs that humans will need to occupy (Brougham & Haar, 2018). However, skeptics state that artificial intelligence will harm the middle class and increase the gap between highly skilled employees and regular workers (Brougham & Haar, 2018). AI is only an emerging technology, but employees and companies will need to be ready for its adverse influences.

Society has been significantly influenced by technology, and this trend will continue as artificial intelligence and robots get more sophisticated. As progress is made in the field of AI and robotics, the technology will blend into people’s lives, and it will become challenging to distinguish between what is a technology and what is not (Helbing, 2019). This uniform integration has many benefits, such as convenience and comfort. However, because technology is power, some critics claim that people will need to view these advancements from the standpoint of citizens, not consumers (Helbing, 2019).

Artificial intelligence relies heavily on the data people generate in order to train and provide better results (Helbing, 2019). As the sole owners of their personal data, people will need to be able to control how this data is used and for what purposes. In the wrong hands or the corrupt system, this information may be used to influence citizens (Helbing, 2019). Therefore, it is reasonable to claim that, as artificial intelligence and robots get more advanced, society will strive for more transparency in how their personal data is used.

There are three recommendations worth making, and each one of them relates to one potential effect of artificial intelligence and robots. There is a widespread belief that intelligent systems will eventually replace human beings in many industries and jobs (Brougham & Haar, 2018). Not only will it have a detrimental effect on those who will lose their jobs, but it will also harm society’s current structure. One way of mitigating these consequences is to design robots and AI not to replace human employees but assist them in jobs they are performing for increasing productivity.

In the contemporary world, people produce enormous amounts of data, which is collected both by the government and private companies. Current laws require enterprises to use personal data of their customers in such a way that their private information is not exposed to third-parties (Helbing, 2019).

As artificial intelligence gets more developed, current laws may become obsolete. The government should demand companies to be much more transparent in how the data is used. Furthermore, the government should require companies to undertake security measures so that personal information is not used by an intelligent system to impose harm on people. A relatively recent case of Cambridge Analytica shows how the public can be manipulated if personal data results in the wrong hands. Public awareness of AI and robots’ implications should also be increased.

It is already known that artificial intelligence and robotics are the next chapters in the history of digital technology. Present versions of artificial intelligence have partial success in identifying and curing cancer, predicting the weather, analyzing the image from cameras and other sensors to drive a car autonomously, and much more. Organizations and businesses are the first ones to utilize the technology to maximize their profits and minimize their expenditure while keeping the quality of products and services at the highest levels. There are many benefits of the technology, including significant automation in many areas of organizational activity, and employee assistance.

People, however, should also remember the downsides – many people are likely to lose their jobs, and companies need to make substantial investments before artificial intelligence and robots are entirely usable. To mitigate some of the adverse consequences, companies will need to think about using AI and robots to assist employees and not to replace them. The government should also be involved – it must ensure that personal data of customers is safe. Efforts should also be made to increase public awareness about the implications of artificial intelligence and robots.

Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization , 24 (2), 239-257.

Cesta, A., Cortellessa, G., Orlandini, A., & Umbrico, A. (2018). Towards flexible assistive robots using artificial intelligence . Web.

Helbing, D. (2019). Towards digital enlightenment . Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Hughes, C., Robert, L., Frady, K., & Arroyos, A. (2019). Managing technology and middle- and low-skilled employees . Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.

Ransbotham, S., Kiron, D., Gerbert, P., & Reeves, M. (2017). Reshaping business with artificial intelligence: Closing the gap between ambition and action. MIT Sloan Management Review , 59 (1).

von Krogh, G. (2018). Artificial intelligence in organizations: New opportunities for phenomenon-based theorizing. Academy of Management Discoveries , 4 (4), 404-409.

Webber, S. S., Detjen, J., MacLean, T. L., & Thomas, D. (2019). Team challenges: Is artificial intelligence the solution? Business Horizons , 62 (6), 741-750.

Wirtz, J. (2019). Organizational ambidexterity: Cost-effective service excellence, service robots, and artificial intelligence . Web.

• Infusing AI Technologies Into the Intelligence Analysis Process
• The Influence of Robots and AI on Work Relationships
• Why Artificial Intelligence Will Not Replace Human in Near Future?
• The Use of Robotics in the Operating Room
• Characteristics of Robotics
• Attraction of Investment for Robotization of Production
• Natural Language Processing in Business
• Robots in Today's Society: Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Financial Systems and the Labor Market
• Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles: Two Points of View
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2022, February 10). Robots and Artificial Intelligence. https://ivypanda.com/essays/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/

"Robots and Artificial Intelligence." IvyPanda , 10 Feb. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Robots and Artificial Intelligence'. 10 February.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Robots and Artificial Intelligence." February 10, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/.

1. IvyPanda . "Robots and Artificial Intelligence." February 10, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Robots and Artificial Intelligence." February 10, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/.

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Introduction

How Robots Work

Most robots are computer -controlled devices with many parts. An industrial robot, for example, is an armlike machine that can turn at several joints. It has a handlike part to grasp and hold things. Motors move the parts.

Some robots can be “taught” to do a job. For example, a person might guide an industrial robot through the movements needed to do something. Sensors on the robot send signals about the movements to the computer. The computer stores the pattern of movements. Later the computer can retrieve the pattern and tell the robot what to do.

Most industrial robots are used in factories. Some robots load, move, and unload materials. Others are used on assembly lines to help build things such as cars and appliances.

Robots are especially useful because they can do things that could be dangerous for people. For example, they can be sent deep underwater or into space. Robots can also handle dangerous materials such as radioactive waste or harmful chemicals. They can even dispose of bombs or do spy work for the military.

Writings from ancient Greece and China tell of toys called automatons, which were like robots. They were set in motion by steam, air, water, or falling weights. In the late 1700s and early 1800s complex automatons could play music or write with a pen on paper. During this time people also built machines to help do certain kinds of work. Modern robots only came about after computers were invented. With computers, people could program robots to do tasks on their own.

Robots in Science Fiction

Robots often appear in science fiction , or stories set in the future or in another world. Robots in science-fiction books, television shows, and movies can often think, listen, talk, and walk easily on two legs. Science-fiction robots that look exactly like humans are known as androids. Although real robots are becoming more complex, they still are not like these imagined robots.

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