communication and its types presentation

Types of communication

Learn the four key types of communication, improve your own communication skills and promote effective communication within your organisation.

Ivan Andreev

Demand Generation & Capture Strategist, Valamis

January 19, 2021 · updated July 10, 2024

9 minute read

After reading this guide, you will better understand the four main types of communication: Verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual.

You will be able to use this information to improve your own communication and make sure that you are promoting effective communication skills within your organisation.

• Non-verbal communication
• Verbal communication
• Written communication
• Visual communication

4 Types of communication

While it is easy to think of communication as simply the verbal transmission of information from one person to another, it is so much more than that.

Communication ranges from non-verbal, such as a glance and raised eyebrows, to verbal, such as a change in pitch and tone. Let’s take an in-depth look at all the ways that we communicate with each other.

1. Non-verbal communication

It is interesting to note that non-verbal communication is used both intentionally and unintentionally.

Most people do not have perfect control over their facial expressions – we all have heard an unprofessional comment and raised our eyebrows in response, regardless of whether or not it was wise to do so.

By learning more about how we use non-verbal communication, you will be better able to master yours and ensure that you are conveying your message exactly the way you wish to.

Facial expressions

We often use facial expressions as a way to communicate that we are listening and engaged with the person speaking.

A smile, furrowed eyebrows, or a quizzical expression all convey information to the speaker about how you are responding to their conversation.

They work to help grease the conversation, keeping it going without having to interject verbally to confirm your continued interest.

If you have ever spoken to a stone-faced person, you will know how important facial expressions are in a conversation.

How you position yourself during a conversation is important.

If you angle yourself towards the person, with a relaxed and open posture, you invite them to engage with you more fully.

Leaning back, crossing arms, or turning away from the speaker conveys a very different message – and not a positive one.

Just as no one wants to have a conversation with the back of someone’s head, talking to someone with an extremely closed posture creates a more difficult and unpleasant conversation.

Gestures and physical touch

Depending on the person, and their country of origin, they may use gestures and physical touch a lot, or almost never. However, there is a lot of information conveyed in these actions.

A gentle touch on the arm can signal encouragement, while an overly strong handshake can be an act of dominance.

Someone fidgeting with their hands while talking to you about a problem can signal guilt or avoidance and using many grand gestures while presenting an idea could convey excitement or confidence.

Eye contact

We all know the importance of eye contact.

When someone is unable to maintain eye contact, we take this to mean that they are being untruthful, shifty, or not paying attention.

Being able to maintain eye contact while listening will ensure that the speaker knows that you are present and engaged.

While speaking, it shows that you are connecting with the listener, and in cases where you are delivering unpleasant news, is doubly important.

Being able to tell someone an unpleasant message while looking them directly in the eye shows that you respect them and are an honest and sincere person.

2. Verbal communication

When we speak, we are communicating much more than just the content of our words.

We are also using pitch and tone, as well as the level of formality we use to convey important subtext to the person we are speaking with.

By carefully choosing how we use each of these aspects, we can be sure that our message is received exactly as intended.

From greeting coworkers to leading a client pitch meeting to present in front of the entire company, verbal communication factors into our work lives in a massive way.

When speaking, our emotions can often come into play.

If we are angry, upset, or frustrated, our pitch might raise, conveying to the listener that we are experiencing a strong emotion.

This is not necessarily a bad thing, but being able to control it allows you to make sure that you are effectively communicating.

We all encounter situations that are frustrating or upsetting.

Allowing that to change our tone from calm and professional to curt, short, or rude is always a mistake.

Tone conveys a lot of information to the listener about how the speaker views them.

To build positive interpersonal relationships in an office environment, we should all endeavour to speak in a professional and respectful tone.

Of course, content is the most important part of verbal communication. What we say, and the words we choose to use, are crucial.

While most office communications tend to be more formal than, for example, meeting a friend for coffee, we should make sure that we leave space for personal chats and relationship building.

Think also about how technical your content is. If you are talking with developers about specific aspects of code, you should use different terms than when talking to the marketing team about new developments within the app.

3. Written communication

Effective communication by writing is a massively important skill, especially as more people are working remotely and keep in touch throughout the workday through Skype, Slack, or other digital mediums.

From a Slack message to an email to a customer to a new employee’s training guide, we write every day and it is crucial that we understand how to do so effectively.

In fact, as we increasingly rely on written communication, we are all faced with just how easy it is to create misunderstandings when using this medium.

Unclear messages, the information gone missing, or an incorrect understanding of tone or content are all problems that happen with written communication every day.

Sometimes the reader will misread the tone of a message because they are having a bad day, or just had a run-in with an unpleasant person.

No matter what, one important skill to have when relying on written communication is knowing when you need to stop using it. A simple call, in almost all cases, can solve these communication problems.

If you sense that there is a miscommunication happening, or just starting, nip it in the bud with a quick verbal chat and you’ll save a lot of time and frustration for all parties.

When writing, it is important to think about how you are presenting the information. Using paragraphs and line breaks are necessary.

Creating an impenetrable wall of text will disengage the reader – understanding and applying a proper structure will let the reader take in the information in digestible chunks.

Present your argument or thesis, take the time to back it up with clear proof, add in the relevant information to make sure that the reader understands the point fully, then close with a conclusion. 

It is a hard balance to strike between over or under explaining concepts. If you are writing instructions for a new employee, how detailed should you be?

Of course, this depends on the person, but over-explaining a little bit is much better than leaving the reader clueless.

Be thoughtful about your audience, what will they know and what do you need to explain in more detail? 

Written content tends to be a bit more formal than verbal.

Leave out the slang, use proper punctuation and spelling, and remember that anything written – especially in the digital age – will remain, even if you delete it.

Err on the side of professionalism every time you write something. Messages on Slack, for example, do not need to be written as formally as a cover letter, but they should be polite, professional, and well-written.

Be aware that written jokes can fall flat without the added context of tone or facial expressions.

4. Visual communication

Visual has become the most used type of communication, driven by social media, YouTube, and other platforms of the digital era.

As more and more people and organisations use these channels of communication, the more we are used to, and even dependent upon, using visual communication to stand out in a crowded platform.

Understanding that your visual communication must be in line with your brand and marketing, and knowing that there must be a developed and cohesive strategy for that, is crucial.

We rely heavily on visual communication.

There are many ways that visual communication, like charts, photographs, sketches, video, graphs, and even emojis and GIFs, can help improve the understanding of your message.

Think about how charts can bring data to life, making it much easier to understand than presenting a long stream of numbers, or how a sketch of a new UX is much more effective than a text description.

We rely on visuals to elevate our understanding of complex ideas.

While it is tempting to include visuals to add a bit of diversity and interest, you should consider what they bring to the table.

• Are they helpful?
• Are they necessary?
• Do they add to the overall message?

Not all communications need to have visuals added, and in some cases, they might detract from what you are trying to communicate.

You should endeavour to make sure that you are not adding fluff to your message, but rather strengthening your audience’s understanding of it.

As with all communications, make sure that you are meeting your audience where they are.

If you are presenting complex data, include the relevant descriptions, at the right technical level, so that your audience can follow.

Don’t use images that are graphic or could be upsetting, and remember the same rule applies to visual communication as does to writing: don’t create anything that you wouldn’t want to have associated with you in the future.

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12 Types of Communication

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Communication can be separated into many different categories or ‘types’. Generally, we categorize it into the four main mediums of communication: verbal, nonverbal, written, and visual.

However, we can also look at other ways to distil communication into categories, such as: informal vs formal, synchronous vs asynchronous, and intrapersonal vs interpersonal.

Below, each of the main types of communucation are introduced with a definition, examples, and brief table exploring the type’s strengths and weaknesses.

Types of Communication

1. nonverbal communication.

Nonverbal communication refers to any form of communication that is not transmitted through spoken word.

It can include body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, passive communication strategies , and even what you wear (which can send signals about your cleanliness, social class , etc.).

But under this banner we also have other types of communuication listed below, including written and visual communication. Generally, however, when referring to nonverbal communication we tend to be talking about body language cues.

We can communicate and receive a lot of important information through nonverbal cues. This is why face-to-face communication (where you can see facial expressions, etc) leads to far less confusion than text messages or other low context means of communication that lack contextual cues.

In everyday communication events, we observer other people’s nonverbal cues as a form of perception checking , which involves seeing if their nonverbal communication matches their overt verbal communication, which can help to affirm that you are understanding the person effectively.

• Facial expressions: Smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows, furrowing brow, rolling eyes, etc.
• Gestures: Hand gestures, head nods, shrugging shoulders, pointing, etc.
• Posture: Standing tall, slouching, leaning forward or backward, crossing arms, etc.
• Eye contact: Direct eye contact, avoiding eye contact, staring, glancing, etc.
• Touch: Handshakes, hugs, pats on the back, etc.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Go Deeper: Nonverbal Communication (Full Guide)

2. Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is any form of communication that occurs through spoken word. Its key strength is that it tends to be perceived as a trusted and authentic form of communication.

For example, people often want to talk to or hear from a real human when making an expensive purchase or big decision in their lives.

While face-to-face verbal communication also has the benefit of allowing for two-way dialogue between interlocutors, in our current era, verbal communication can also be one-way, such as through podcasts or videos.

Verbal communication tends to also have high-context elements to help with clarity of messages, such as tone of voice, pitch, and urgency.

Verbal communication skills are often taught at school, and mastery of effective verbal (and especially public) communication can be seen as a valuable skill in the workplace. Effective verbal communication requires not only the ability to articulate one’s thoughts and ideas clearly but also convey those thoughts with confidence in a variety of contexts.

• Conversations: Speaking with others in person, over the phone, or through video conferencing.
• Presentations: Delivering speeches, lectures, video conferences, or other formal talks to an audience.
• Written correspondence: Communicating through letters, emails, memos, text messages, or other written forms of communication.
• Face-to-Face Interviews: Answering questions posed by a potential employer in a face-to-face interview context.
• Video and Podcast: Video and podcast media generally also contain verbal communication, such as a person telling a story or a recording of a conversation between characters.

Go Deeper: Verbal Communication (Full Guide)

3. Visual Communication

Visual communication means the transfer of information to a person in a format that can be read or viewed.

Such formats include physical objects and models, charts, cards, tables, photos, videos, drawings, and diagrams.

According to Gophinatan (2022), “…visual communication is the transmission of information and ideas using symbols and imagery” (p. 87).

It’s considered a sub-type of nonverbal communication.

Visual communication is a prevalent form of communication in the 21st Century. It’s a preferred medium for advertising as well as for storytelling (e.g. film) and social media entertainment.

• Infographics: Presenting complex information, data, or knowledge in a visually engaging and easy-to-understand format using charts, graphs, and illustrations.
• Slide Presentations: Conveying information, ideas, or concepts through a combination of text, images, and design elements in a slideshow format, often during meetings or conferences.
• Graphs and Charts: Visualizing data, trends, or comparisons through various graphical representations such as bar charts, pie charts, line graphs, and flowcharts.
• Videos and Animations: Using moving images, graphics, and visual storytelling techniques to convey a message or concept in an engaging and informative manner.
• Graphic Design and Branding: Employing design elements like logos, color schemes, and typography to create a visual identity for a product, company, or organization, which can be consistently applied across various media and platforms.

Go Deeper: Visual Communication (Full Guide)

4. Written Communication

Written communication involves the use of words, sentences, and paragraphs encoded in text in order to communicate.

Its primary benefit is that it is clearly and unambiguously recorded and saved, and can be looked back upon at a later date to determine what exactly was said.

Prior to the advent of audiovisual recording devices, written text was the key format for recording data. Today, it is still used for legal purposes, such as when we must sign and keep legal documents.

• Emails and Letters: Exchanging information, ideas, or requests through written messages in a formal or informal tone, sent electronically or through postal services.
• Reports and Documents: Compiling research, analysis, or project updates into structured written formats to inform, persuade, or provide recommendations to an audience.
• Blog Posts and Articles: Sharing knowledge, opinions, or experiences on a specific topic through written content published on websites, newspapers, or magazines.
• Books and eBooks: Conveying narratives, ideas, or educational content in a longer written format, distributed in print or digitally for readers to consume and engage with.
• Academic Writing : This is used to present facts and evidence in the form of essays, research papers, and other publications. Academic writing is often used in the fields of higher education and research.

Go Deeper: Written Communication (Full Guide)

5. Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication is an individual’s own personal dialogue and reflection within themselves (Liddicoat & Scarino, 2013).

It is a form of metacognition that’s beneficial for self-improvement and self-reflection. This internal dialogue helps people to understand themselves better.

Debasis (2009) states that in intrapersonal communication:

“…the individual communicates in his mind through the process of thinking and feeling” (p. 13). 

Control over our intrapersonal communication is important, however. For example, we need to silence our inner voice when trying to sleep, or if it leads to excessive negative self-talk.

• Self-Reflection : Engaging in an internal dialogue to assess one’s thoughts, emotions, or actions in a specific situation or over time.
• Goal Setting: Identifying personal objectives and desired outcomes, along with outlining a plan to achieve those targets through internal communication.
• Mental Rehearsals: Mentally practicing an upcoming task, speech, or performance in one’s mind to improve preparedness and reduce anxiety.
• Mindfulness and Meditation: Focusing on the present moment, breathing, and internal sensations to cultivate self-awareness , emotional regulation, and mental clarity.
• Daydreaming and Visualization: Using one’s imagination to explore scenarios, potential outcomes, or aspirations as a form of internal dialogue and problem-solving.

Go Deeper: Intrapersonal Communication (Full Guide)

6. Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication simply refers to communication between two or more people. However, it is generally used to explain collaboration and group work.

The benefits of interpersonal communication include the development of strong relationships, the ability to achieve more together than alone, improved understanding of other peoples’ points of view, and the ability to resolve conflicts or disagreements.

Interpersonal skills are highly valuable in 21st Century workplaces. These are skills like the ability to mediate, lead a group, follow when necessary, influence others, and find common ground.

Examples of Interpersonal Communication

• Casual Conversations: Engaging in informal dialogue with friends, family, or colleagues to share experiences, thoughts, and emotions.
• Active Listening: Demonstrating empathy and understanding by attentively listening to another person’s ideas or concerns, and providing appropriate responses or feedback.
• Conflict Resolution : Addressing disagreements or misunderstandings between individuals by discussing the issues, identifying solutions, and finding common ground.
• Group Discussions: Collaborating with multiple individuals to exchange ideas, solve problems, or make decisions through open and respectful communication.
• Nonverbal Communication: Conveying meaning or expressing emotions through body language, facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice, in conjunction with verbal exchanges.

Go Deeper: Interpersonal Skills (Full Guide)

7. Mass Communication

Mass communication refers to communication at a social scale that is facilitated by broadcast media such as radio, television, or the internet.

It is believed that the emergence of the first form of mass communication in the 1500s – the printing press – led to the development of national cultures and identities (Anderson, 1987).

Mass communication is hugely beneficial for public health and safety, the spread of cultural values, and the spread of important news and information.

However, it has been widely critiqued for being controlled and gatekept by cultural elites. In the world of Web 2.0 and beyond, it’s also criticized for having the capacity to spread misinformation on a mass scale.

• Newspapers: For many centuries, daily and weekly newspapers were the key way in which people received current affairs information.
• Books: Often under-recognized, books are still one of the major forms of mass communication. The Bible, for example, was responsible for the spread of Christianity worldwide.
• Radio: Radio gives people instant access to audio information and entertainment. In its era, it was revolutionary. Radio’s primary limitation is lack of visual communication. Before long, television came along to resolve this problem.
• Television: Television was the first form of mass communication that has audiovisual properties – both visual and audio communication. It was also a big driver of shared national identity because popular programs tended to be broadcast nation-wide. It is in declined today, superseded by online video platforms.
• Internet: The internet is today’s form of mass communication. Within it, we have mass communication platforms like social media platforms, YouTube, and websites.

Go Deeper: Mass Communications Theories (Full Guide)

8. Synchronous Communication

Synchronous communication refers to real-time interaction between individuals, allowing for immediate feedback and dynamic exchanges.

In the digital age, synchronous communication can occur through various channels, including in-person meetings, phone calls, video conferencing, and instant messaging platforms.

Synchronous communication allows for rapid problem-solving, collaboration, and increased understanding among participants by enabling instant clarification of ideas and immediate response to questions.

• In-person meetings: Collaborating face-to-face to discuss ideas, share updates, or make decisions.
• Phone calls: Engaging in real-time conversations to convey information, provide support, or build relationships.
• Video conferences: Connecting remotely with others using audio and visual technologies to facilitate communication and collaboration.
• Instant messaging: Exchanging text-based messages in real-time to quickly share information, ask questions, or coordinate activities.
• Live chat support: Providing immediate assistance to customers or users through real-time text-based communication.

9. Asynchronous Communication

Asynchronous communication involves the exchange of messages or information without the requirement for participants to be simultaneously present or engaged.

This type of communication allows individuals to respond at their convenience, accommodating different schedules, time zones, and work styles.

Examples of asynchronous communication include emails, discussion boards, recorded video messages, and collaborative documents.

• Emails: Sending and receiving messages with attachments, allowing recipients to respond at their convenience.
• Discussion boards: Posting and replying to topics in online forums, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing.
• Recorded video messages: Creating and sharing pre-recorded videos, providing visual information to be viewed at a later time.
• Collaborative documents: Sharing and editing files with others asynchronously, enabling teamwork and collective input.
• Social media posts: Crafting and sharing content, allowing followers to engage and respond in their own time.

10. Formal Communication

Formal communication refers to structured and professional exchanges that follow established rules, guidelines, and etiquette.

This type of communication is typically used in professional settings, official correspondences, or ceremonial events, and can include both verbal and written forms.

Formal communication often involves the use of proper language, clear structure, and respectful tone, ensuring clarity and credibility in the message being conveyed.

• Business letters: Crafting well-structured and professionally formatted correspondence for official purposes.
• Presentations: Delivering well-organized and polished speeches or lectures to an audience, using appropriate language and visual aids.
• Reports: Writing comprehensive and coherent documents to present research findings, project updates, or policy recommendations.
• Agendas and meeting minutes: Creating and distributing structured outlines of topics to be discussed, along with records of decisions and action items.
• Formal invitations: Sending carefully crafted and elegantly designed invitations for events, such as weddings, conferences, or award ceremonies.

11. Informal Communication

Informal communication involves casual and spontaneous exchanges between individuals, often characterized by a relaxed tone and the use of colloquial language.

This type of communication typically occurs in personal conversations, friendly interactions, or social media engagements, and can include verbal, written, and nonverbal forms.

Informal communication allows for the expression of personal opinions, emotions, and experiences, fostering rapport and relationship-building among participants.

• Casual conversations: Engaging in unstructured and relaxed dialogues with friends, family, or colleagues.
• Text messages: Sending and receiving brief, colloquial messages to share updates, ask questions, or coordinate plans.
• Social media comments: Interacting with others through likes, shares, and comments on various platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram.
• Informal emails: Writing casual and conversational messages, often using abbreviated language and emoticons.
• Comedy Shows: Comedians tend to employ informal communication in order to send signals to the audience that they are in a space designed to make light of social situatios.

12. Metacommunication

Metacommunication refers to communication about communication . It generally refers to statements or non-verbal cues during a conversation used to check in about how the conversation is going.

For example, you might pause to reflect on what you said by saying “did that make sense to you?” This specific type of metacommunication is called metacommentary .

Online, we see metacommuncation on social media such as twitter where there are warning comments giving context about the text that is being read.

There might be a flag saying some of the statements are contested or untrue; or, there might be a notice explaining the author of the text. This adds context to the text and allows you to understand more about what you’re reading.

• Clarifying yourself: Saying in text or verbally, “that was a joke, by the way.”
• Voice inflection: Going up at the end of a sentence can indicate you’re asking a question.
• Metacommentary: Making a comment about what you’re saying, like, “wow, I’m going around in circles aren’t I?”.
• Paraphrasing: After a long speech, consciously paraphrasing what you said to recap the key points.
• Signposting: When giving a speech, starting by signposting what you will say and the order in which it will be said to help people follow your speech.

There are likely many other types of communication we can examine, but the above are some key examples of ways we have categorized communication in communications and media studies. These categories are useful to analyze how different approaches to communication have their own key strengths and weakesses.

Separating communication out into its various types also helps us to explore how different types of communication have risen to prominence depending upon the technology of the day. This sort of analysis can demonstrate how technologies have fundamentally shaped how societies communicate and, therefore, facilitated large-scale cultural change. To explore this idea that communication technologies shape societies and cultures, take a look at my article on technological determinism .

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1 thought on “12 Types of Communication”

Very interesting topic. I have learnt a lot about different types of communication and that there are a lot of different ways people can communicate with each other.

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Communication Skills

L/O: To understand the key points of effective verbal communication.

Key term: Communication = a way of expressing or exchanging ideas and thoughts between one group and another.

Which way would a person communicate:

• To the person next to them
• To a person in the office two floors above them.
• To an audience of 200 people.
• To a person in another country.

Potential problem

Convenience

Communication

For 3 types of communication give a short analysis. Check the email analysis on the next slide.

People may not

know how to use the

company email system

to send can

Cheap to send

Can be sent all

Can be formal

or informal

Written Skill

Task 2: The ways that ICTIB communicate .

You need to create a presentation using google software.

This presentation needs to explore the ways that a company such as ICTIB communicate with each other, their customers and their suppliers. Your presentation needs to cover both face to face and remote forms of communication.

For example:

Giving a presentation to 200 students who may be thinking of buying a laptop.

Method of delivery

Powerpoint presentation.

Potential Problems

• The audience may not be able to hear the persons voice.
• The speaker may have a monotonous voice and the audience get bored.
• Some of the audience may have special needs e.g. hearing impaired.

Possible solutions to those problems.

• Use a microphone.
• The speaker rehearses and modulates the tone and pitch of their voice.

See the next slide for a list of possible situations where the company will rely on good communication skills

Situations where the company will need to communicate well and may have problems.

With customers

On their customer helpdesk.

Manning stands at trade fairs and talking to customers 1:1 and face to face.

On line forums

With suppliers.

Talking to suppliers from another country.

Emailing suppliers

Writing letters

With each other

Having meetings.

Using email.

Using social networking sites.

Mobile phone talk/text

You have 2 hrs class time to create the presentation, you will be presenting this presentation in front of a small audience

General communication skills: cultural differences; adapting content and style to audience eg modulating voice, terminology, format; providing accurate

information; differentiating between facts and opinions; techniques for engaging

audience interest eg changing intonation, use of technology such as multimedia or

use of animation in presentations; question and answer sessions

Interpersonal skills: methods for communicating interpersonally eg verbal

exchanges, signing, lip reading; techniques and cues eg body language, use of

intonation, use of ‘smileys’, capitalisation of text in emails; positive and negative

language; paying attention and active engagement eg nodding, summarising or

paraphrasing; understanding barriers eg background noise, distractions, lack of

concentration; types of question eg open, closed, probing; appropriate speeds of

Communicate in writing: following organisational guidelines and procedures;

identifying and conveying key messages in writing eg letter, fax, email; using

correct grammar and spelling; structuring writing into a logical framework;

identifying relevant information in written communications; reviewing and proof

reading own written work; conveying alternative viewpoints; reviewing and

editing documents created by others; note taking

• Customer Favorites

Types Of Communication

Design Services

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Introduction PPT

Self Introduction

Startup Business Plan

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Target Market

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The 4 types of communication – definitions and examples.

• Written by Colin James
• Last Updated February 12, 2024

• Mastering effective communication is crucial for unlocking opportunities and building connections.
• Verbal communication is the exchange of spoken words and is essential for everyday life.
• Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, body movement, gestures, eye contact, touch, space, pitch, and tone.
• Written communication involves the exchange of information through written words and is structured and permanent
• Visual communication relies on images, symbols, and graphics to convey messages.
• The choice of communication type depends on the context, audience, purpose, and message to be conveyed.
• Combining different types of communication can enhance the overall impact of a message.
• Each type has its strengths and weaknesses.

Introduction

Mastering the art of communication is a complex skill. Over the years I’ve learnt that the ability to convey your thoughts, feelings and ideas concisely and with impact has the power to unlock doors, build connections and shape personal and professional lives. Throughout my career, I’ve explored the vast landscape of communication. But concept and theory about communication ultimately comes back to these four fundamental types of communication. Each with their own unique language and power. They are the pillars upon which all meaningful human exchanges stand. They are:

• 🤝 Non-Verbal

In this blog post, I invite you to embark on a journey with me that will empower you to make your message crystal clear. We will dissect these four types of communication, unravel their secrets, and equip you with the knowledge and tools to harness their immense potential.

Whether you’re striving to become a persuasive leader , a captivating speaker, a compelling writer, or a masterful communicator in any realm of life, understanding and mastering these four key types of communication will be your guiding star. So, join me as we embark on this transformative expedition, and together, we will illuminate the path to making your message resonate and inspire in ways you’ve never imagined.

Which communication type is best?

As noted, there are various types of communication, but is there one that rules them all, or is one better than the rest?

Let’s explore each in more detail.

01: 🗣️ Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the exchange of ideas and information through spoken words. It is the foundation of human interaction, enabling individuals to express thoughts, emotions, and concepts effectively and promptly. This mode of communication is essential in everyday life, playing a crucial role in fostering collaboration and cultivating relationships, particularly in professional settings. 📓 Further Reading: Elevate Your Verbal Communication From The Mundane To The Sublime

Interpersonal

Interpersonal communication is how we talk and interact with one another on a one-on-one basis. It’s all about the communication between individuals. When you have a conversation with a friend, speak to a family member, or chat with a coworker, you are engaged in interpersonal communication.

Intrapersonal

Intrapersonal communication is the communication we have with ourselves inside our own minds. It’s the way we think, reflect, and process information internally. When you silently ask yourself questions like, “What should I wear today?” or when you mentally plan your day, you’re using intrapersonal communication.

Group Communication

Group communication is when a small to medium-sized group of people talk and interact together. It’s about how individuals communicate within a group setting. A team meeting at work, a study group working on a project, or a group of friends planning a weekend getaway all involve group communication.

Public Communication

Public communication is when one person addresses a larger audience. It’s typically a one-to-many communication style, often in a public speaking or presentation format. A leader hosting a quarterly division update, a politician making a speech to voters, or a keynote speaker addressing a conference audience are all instances of public communication.

Mass Communication

Mass communication involves reaching a very large and often diverse audience through various channels, such as television, radio, newspapers, or social media. It’s about delivering messages to a broad public. A news anchor reporting the day’s headlines on TV, a radio talk show broadcasted to millions of listeners, or a viral video on social media are forms of mass communication.

Strengths & Weaknesses

• Clarity and Precision: Verbal communication can be highly specific and clear. When done effectively, it leaves little room for misinterpretation, as you can articulate your thoughts precisely.
• Immediate Feedback: It allows for real-time interaction and immediate feedback. You can gauge the other person’s reactions through their tone, body language , and verbal responses, which enables you to adjust your message as needed.
• Emotional Expression: Verbal communication allows for the expression of emotions and feelings. You can convey enthusiasm, empathy, or concern through the tone and choice of words you use.
• Nuanced Communication: It enables you to convey complex ideas, concepts, and emotions that may be challenging to express through written or non-verbal means alone.
• Interactive Nature: Verbal communication fosters engagement and two-way dialogue, promoting active participation in conversations and discussions.

Weaknesses:

• Misunderstanding: Verbal communication can be prone to misunderstanding due to various factors such as differing interpretations of words, accents, and language barriers.
• Lack of Permanent Record: Verbal conversations often lack a permanent record, making it difficult to refer back to the details of a discussion unless they are documented separately.
• Non-Verbal Cues: While verbal communication is powerful, it can be incomplete when crucial non-verbal cues (such as facial expressions and body language) are absent or misread.
• Inability to Edit: Unlike written communication, spoken words cannot be easily edited or revised once they are expressed. This can lead to unintentional mistakes or misstatements.
• Limited Reach: Verbal communication is limited by physical proximity and auditory capabilities. It may not be effective for communicating with individuals who have hearing impairments or when participants are geographically distant.
• Emotional Intensity: While it can convey emotions, verbal communication can also escalate conflicts when emotions run high, leading to heated arguments or misunderstandings.

When to use

Verbal communication is ideal for face-to-face interactions, team meetings, brainstorming sessions, and situations that require immediate feedback and emotional connection.

02: 🤝 Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication encompasses aspects of communication other than spoken or written words. It includes elements such as tone, pitch, and body language, which significantly influence how messages are perceived.

Facial Expressions

The human species possesses remarkable expressiveness, adept at conveying a multitude of emotions without the need for verbal articulation. Notably, unlike certain other nonverbal modes of communication, facial expressions exhibit universality. Across diverse cultures, the conveyance of emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust remains consistent through identical facial expressions.

Body Movement and Posture

Reflect upon the impact that individuals’ sitting, walking, standing, or head positioning has on your perceptions of them. Your movements and overall demeanor serve as a conduit of information that communicates extensively to the external world. This realm of nonverbal communication encompasses elements such as posture, carriage, stance, and the nuanced gestures and motions you employ. 📓 Further Reading

• The Right Pose: How Owning Your Body Language Makes You The Most Powerful Person In The Room
• Body Language In Communication: Be Heard And Block The Interrupters

Gestures are pervasive in our everyday. You might wave, point, beckon or mime when quarrelling or speaking with animation, not necessarily premeditating. However, the meaning of some gestures may differ drastically between cultures. For instance, the ‘OK’ gesture with the hand usually indicates a positive message in English-speaking nations, but is seen as a provocation in nations such as Germany, Russia and Brazil. Consequently, one must be mindful in their use of gesticulation to evade misinterpretation.

Eye Contact

Since the visual sense predominates for many, eye contact is an especially crucial form of non-verbal communication. How one regards somebody can convey numerous things, including interest, love, animosity, or attraction. It is also significant for upholding the progression of the conversation and appraising the other individual’s interest and response.

We transfer a great deal of information and feeling through touch. A weak handshake that signals a lack of enthusiasm or determination, a comforting embrace that conveys reassurance, a dismissive pat on the head meant to belittle, and an aggressive grip on the arm that is given with the intention of intimidation are just a few examples. It is amazing to think that so much can be communicated through such subtle physical contact.

Ever felt awkward in a conversation when someone was standing too near? Everyone needs their personal space, however that desire varies as per culture, circumstance and closeness of the relationship. Physical space can be used to portray a variety of non-verbal messages, from signs of intimacy and fondness to aggression or dominance.

The pitch of your voice can convey a wide range of emotions and intentions. Imagine a training facilitator explaining a complex concept to a group of students. When the facilitator raises their voice to a higher pitch to express excitement about the topic, it instantly captures the students’ attention and conveys enthusiasm. In contrast, a monotone or low-pitched delivery may come across as disinterested or uninspiring. 📓 Further Reading: How To Find Your 6ft VoiceTone

The tone in which words are spoken can drastically alter their meaning. Consider the simple phrase, “I’m fine.” Depending on the tone, it can express contentment, frustration, or even resentment. A cheerful tone communicates positivity, while a sarcastic tone implies irony or mockery. Therefore, it’s crucial to pay attention not just to the words spoken but also to how they are delivered.

• Universal Understanding: Non-verbal cues are often universally understood to some extent. For example, a smile typically signifies happiness across different cultures.
• Emotional Expression: Non-verbal communication is highly effective at conveying emotions, feelings, and attitudes, even when words may fail to do so adequately.
• Complement to Verbal Communication: It can enhance and complement verbal communication, adding depth and context to spoken words.
• Quick and Efficient: Non-verbal cues can convey messages swiftly, often faster than verbal communication, which can be particularly useful in situations requiring immediate responses.
• Subtle Messages: It allows for the transmission of subtle or discreet messages that might be inappropriate or unclear if communicated verbally.
• Non-Discrimination: Unlike language barriers that can occur in verbal communication, non-verbal cues are less likely to be affected by linguistic differences.
• Subjectivity: Interpretation of non-verbal cues can vary widely from person to person and culture to culture, leading to potential misunderstandings.
• Ambiguity: Non-verbal cues can be ambiguous. For example, a person’s crossed arms might indicate defensiveness or simply that they are feeling cold.
• Lack of Clarity: Non-verbal communication alone may lack the clarity needed to convey complex or detailed information effectively.
• Incomplete Communication: Non-verbal cues do not provide a complete message and often need to be supplemented with verbal communication to ensure full understanding.
• Context Dependency: The meaning of non-verbal cues can be heavily influenced by the context in which they occur. A gesture or expression may have different interpretations in different situations.
• Limited for Remote Communication: Non-verbal cues are challenging to use effectively in remote or written communication, such as emails or texts, where the visual and auditory aspects are absent.
• Control and Intention: People may not always have full control over their non-verbal cues, and these cues may sometimes reveal information unintentionally.

Non-verbal communication is essential when conveying emotions, emphasising points, and influencing how your message is received. It is particularly crucial in negotiations, presentations, and public speaking.

03: 📝 Written Communication

Written communication involves the exchange of ideas and information through written words. It is a structured and permanent form of communication, often used in formal and professional settings.

Email is one of the most prevalent forms of written communication in the modern world. It’s used for personal communication, business correspondence, and various professional purposes.

Text Messages

Short message service (SMS) and instant messaging apps are widely used for quick and informal written communication, especially for personal conversations.

Social Media Posts

Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn involve written communication through status updates, posts, comments, and direct messages.

Written reports are essential for documenting and presenting information, findings, and analysis in both business and academic settings.

Memos, or memorandums, are used within organizations for internal written communication, conveying announcements, directives, or information to employees.

• Clarity and Precision: Written communication allows for precise and unambiguous expression of ideas. You can carefully choose words and structure sentences to convey complex information clearly.
• Permanent Record: Written documents serve as a permanent record of information, making it easy to refer back to, archive, and share with others. This is especially valuable in legal, academic, and business contexts.
• Structured Expression: Written communication often follows a structured format, such as essays, reports, or emails, making it easier to organise and present information logically.
• Distributed Communication: Written messages can be disseminated to a large and geographically dispersed audience through various means, including email, social media, and printed materials.
• Thoughtful Editing: Unlike verbal communication, written messages can be edited and revised before being shared, reducing the likelihood of errors or miscommunication.
• Lack of Immediate Feedback: Written communication lacks the immediacy of verbal interaction. There is no opportunity for immediate clarification or response, which can lead to misunderstandings.
• Limited Expression of Emotion: Written communication can struggle to convey emotions effectively, as it relies solely on words and lacks the emotional cues present in spoken or non-verbal communication.
• Language Barriers: Language differences and nuances can hinder effective written communication, particularly when dealing with a diverse or international audience.
• Time-Consuming: Composing written documents can be time-consuming, especially for lengthy or complex messages. This can delay communication compared to verbal methods.
• Accessibility: Written communication may not be accessible to individuals with visual impairments, literacy issues, or limited access to written materials.
• Loss of Non-Verbal Context: Written communication does not capture non-verbal cues, such as tone of voice or body language, which can lead to misinterpretation or a lack of context.
• Information Overload: In today’s digital age, people are inundated with written information, leading to information overload. This can make it challenging to ensure your message stands out and is read and understood.

Written communication is ideal for formal reports, documentation, emails, and any situation where a permanent record is essential.

04: 📊 Visual Communication

Visual communication relies on images, symbols, and graphics to convey messages. It is a powerful tool in sales, marketing, design, and data representation.

Infographics

Infographics are an excellent example of how visual communication simplifies complex data. Let’s say you want to convey statistical information about a company’s growth over the past year. Using charts, graphs, and icons, you can create an infographic that instantly communicates key trends, making it accessible and engaging for a wide audience.

Charts and Graphs

When presenting statistical data, charts and graphs are indispensable. A bar chart can visually compare sales figures across different months, while a pie chart can illustrate the distribution of expenses in a budget report. These visual representations allow viewers to grasp information quickly and make informed decisions.

• Universal Understanding: Visuals can transcend language barriers, making them universally understandable. A well-designed image or symbol can convey a message to people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
• Enhanced Retention: Visuals are often more memorable than text or spoken words. People tend to retain information better when it’s presented in a visual format, aiding in learning and comprehension.
• Clarity and Simplicity: Visuals can simplify complex information, making it easier to understand. Infographics, for example, distill intricate data into easily digestible formats.
• Emotional Impact: Visuals can evoke emotions effectively. A compelling image or video can trigger strong emotional responses and engagement, which is valuable in marketing and storytelling.
• Concise Communication: Visuals allow for concise and direct communication. They can convey a message quickly, reducing the need for lengthy explanations.
• Enhanced Persuasion: Visuals can be persuasive tools. In advertisements, for instance, appealing visuals can influence consumer choices and behavior.
• Subjectivity: Interpretation of visual elements can be subjective. What one person sees or feels when looking at an image may differ from another’s interpretation, leading to potential misunderstandings.
• Limited Detail: Visuals may lack the depth of detail that text or verbal communication can provide. Complex ideas or extensive information may not be fully communicated through visuals alone.
• Accessibility Issues: Visual communication may not be accessible to everyone. Individuals with visual impairments may have difficulty accessing and understanding visual content.
• Dependence on Context: Visuals often rely on context to convey meaning. Without proper context, an image or visual element may be misinterpreted or lose its intended message.
• Time-Consuming Creation: Producing high-quality visuals can be time-consuming and require specialised skills and tools, which may not always be readily available.
• Over Reliance on Aesthetics: Overemphasis on aesthetics in visual communication can sometimes detract from the accuracy or effectiveness of the message. Style may overshadow substance.
• Limited for Certain Content: Visual communication may not be suitable for conveying highly technical or scientific information, which often requires detailed textual or verbal explanations.

Visual communication is effective in presentations, sales pitches, data analysis, and any other situations where information needs to be conveyed rapidly and memorably.

Final Thoughts

The art of communication is a skill that can be refined and enriched by comprehending the diverse avenues of expression at our disposal. Whether you choose to convey your message through verbal eloquence, the subtlety of non-verbal cues, the precision of the written word, or the impact of visual elements, gaining mastery over these varied forms of communication will equip you to establish connections, wield influence, and triumph in both your personal and professional endeavors.

So, the next time you embark on a communication journey, take a moment to reflect on the most fitting mode that aligns with your purpose. Embrace it as a tool of empowerment, and utilise its inherent strength to propel yourself towards your desired goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to improve your communication skills.

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What are the 4 main types of communication?

Why do types of communication matter.

Communication plays an essential role in our lives and is crucial to maintaining healthy relationships both in the workplace and with our loved ones. Different types of communication such as verbal, non-verbal, written and visual are all useful in different ways.

It is important to understand the different types of communication and how to use them effectively to ensure that information is accurately relayed and properly received. Being able to select the most effective type of communication for any given situation is essential for successful communication in all areas of our lives.

Which Type of Communication Works Best?

The effectiveness of a particular type of communication depends on various factors, including the context, audience, purpose, and the specific message being conveyed. Sorry to tell you, but there is no single “best” type of communication, as each has its own strengths and weaknesses.

The choice of communication type depends on your objectives and the specific circumstances. Often, the most effective communication strategy involves a combination of these types to ensure that your message is clear, engaging, and tailored to your audience’s preferences and needs. Ultimately, the “best” type of communication is the one that aligns most closely with your goals and effectively reaches your intended audience.

How do they add to the overall message?

Each of the four communication types—verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual—contributes to the overall message in unique ways. When combined effectively, they enhance the comprehensibility, impact, and depth of your communication:

• Adds : Verbal communication provides the core content of your message. It conveys the actual words and information you intend to share.
• Enhances : Verbal communication enhances the message by conveying tone, emotion, and emphasis through variations in speech, intonation, and pacing. It allows for immediate interaction and feedback, which can clarify and reinforce the message.
• Adds : Non-verbal communication supplements the message by providing context and emotional cues. It includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact.
• Enhances : Non-verbal cues enhance the message by helping the recipient interpret the speaker’s emotions, intentions, and attitude. They can clarify ambiguity, emphasise important points, and engage the audience.
• Adds : Written communication delivers the message through the written word, providing a clear and permanent record of information.
• Enhances : Written communication enhances the message by offering precision, organisation, and the ability to convey complex ideas. It also allows for careful editing and revising to ensure clarity.
• Adds : Visual communication presents information through images, graphics, charts, and other visual elements.
• Enhances : Visual communication enhances the message by making it more engaging, memorable, and accessible. It simplifies complex data, aids in retention, and adds a visual context that complements verbal and written content.

By leveraging the strengths of each communication type and ensuring they align cohesively, you can convey a message that is not only clear but also resonates with your audience on multiple levels, making it more effective and memorable.

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The formal presentation of information is divided into two broad categories: Presentation Skills and Personal Presentation .

These two aspects are interwoven and can be described as the preparation, presentation and practice of verbal and non-verbal communication. 

This article describes what a presentation is and defines some of the key terms associated with presentation skills.

Many people feel terrified when asked to make their first public talk.  Some of these initial fears can be reduced by good preparation that also lays the groundwork for making an effective presentation.

A Presentation Is...

A presentation is a means of communication that can be adapted to various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team.

A presentation can also be used as a broad term that encompasses other ‘speaking engagements’ such as making a speech at a wedding, or getting a point across in a video conference.

To be effective, step-by-step preparation and the method and means of presenting the information should be carefully considered. 

A presentation requires you to get a message across to the listeners and will often contain a ' persuasive ' element. It may, for example, be a talk about the positive work of your organisation, what you could offer an employer, or why you should receive additional funding for a project.

The Key Elements of a Presentation

Making a presentation is a way of communicating your thoughts and ideas to an audience and many of our articles on communication are also relevant here, see: What is Communication? for more.

Consider the following key components of a presentation:

Ask yourself the following questions to develop a full understanding of the context of the presentation.

When and where will you deliver your presentation?

There is a world of difference between a small room with natural light and an informal setting, and a huge lecture room, lit with stage lights. The two require quite different presentations, and different techniques.

Will it be in a setting you are familiar with, or somewhere new?

If somewhere new, it would be worth trying to visit it in advance, or at least arriving early, to familiarise yourself with the room.

Will the presentation be within a formal or less formal setting?

A work setting will, more or less by definition, be more formal, but there are also various degrees of formality within that.

Will the presentation be to a small group or a large crowd?

Are you already familiar with the audience?

With a new audience, you will have to build rapport quickly and effectively, to get them on your side.

What equipment and technology will be available to you, and what will you be expected to use?

In particular, you will need to ask about microphones and whether you will be expected to stand in one place, or move around.

What is the audience expecting to learn from you and your presentation?

Check how you will be ‘billed’ to give you clues as to what information needs to be included in your presentation.

All these aspects will change the presentation. For more on this, see our page on Deciding the Presentation Method .

The role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience and control the presentation.

Remember, though, that this may also include handing over the control to your audience, especially if you want some kind of interaction.

You may wish to have a look at our page on Facilitation Skills for more.

The audience receives the presenter’s message(s).

However, this reception will be filtered through and affected by such things as the listener’s own experience, knowledge and personal sense of values.

See our page: Barriers to Effective Communication to learn why communication can fail.

The message or messages are delivered by the presenter to the audience.

The message is delivered not just by the spoken word ( verbal communication ) but can be augmented by techniques such as voice projection, body language, gestures, eye contact ( non-verbal communication ), and visual aids.

The message will also be affected by the audience’s expectations. For example, if you have been billed as speaking on one particular topic, and you choose to speak on another, the audience is unlikely to take your message on board even if you present very well . They will judge your presentation a failure, because you have not met their expectations.

The audience’s reaction and therefore the success of the presentation will largely depend upon whether you, as presenter, effectively communicated your message, and whether it met their expectations.

As a presenter, you don’t control the audience’s expectations. What you can do is find out what they have been told about you by the conference organisers, and what they are expecting to hear. Only if you know that can you be confident of delivering something that will meet expectations.

See our page: Effective Speaking for more information.

How will the presentation be delivered?

Presentations are usually delivered direct to an audience.  However, there may be occasions where they are delivered from a distance over the Internet using video conferencing systems, such as Skype.

It is also important to remember that if your talk is recorded and posted on the internet, then people may be able to access it for several years. This will mean that your contemporaneous references should be kept to a minimum.

Impediments

Many factors can influence the effectiveness of how your message is communicated to the audience.

For example background noise or other distractions, an overly warm or cool room, or the time of day and state of audience alertness can all influence your audience’s level of concentration.

As presenter, you have to be prepared to cope with any such problems and try to keep your audience focussed on your message.   

Our page: Barriers to Communication explains these factors in more depth.

Continue to read through our Presentation Skills articles for an overview of how to prepare and structure a presentation, and how to manage notes and/or illustrations at any speaking event.

Continue to: Preparing for a Presentation Deciding the Presentation Method

See also: Writing Your Presentation | Working with Visual Aids Coping with Presentation Nerves | Dealing with Questions Learn Better Presentation Skills with TED Talks

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8.4: Different Types of Communication and Channels

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Learning Objectives

• Understand different types of communication.
• Understand how communication channels affect communication.
• Recognize different communication directions within organizations.

Types of Communication

There are three types of communication, including: verbal communication involving listening to a person to understand the meaning of a message, written communication in which a message is read, and nonverbal communication involving observing a person and inferring meaning. Let’s start with verbal communication, which is the most common form of communication.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communications in business take place over the phone or in person. The medium of the message is oral. Let’s return to our printer cartridge example. This time, the message is being conveyed from the sender (the manager) to the receiver (an employee named Bill) by telephone. We’ve already seen how the manager’s request to Bill (“Buy more printer toner cartridges!”) can go awry. Now let’s look at how the same message can travel successfully from sender to receiver.

Manager (speaking on the phone): “Good morning Bill!”

( By using the employee’s name, the manager is establishing a clear, personal link to the receiver .)

Manager: “Your division’s numbers are looking great.”

( The manager’s recognition of Bill’s role in a winning team further personalizes and emotionalizes the conversation .)

Manager: “Our next step is to order more printer toner cartridges. Would you place an order for 1,000 printer toner cartridges with Jones Computer Supplies? Our budget for this purchase is $30,000, and the printer toner cartridges need to be here by Wednesday afternoon.”

( The manager breaks down the task into several steps. Each step consists of a specific task, time frame, quantity, or goal .)

Bill: “Sure thing! I’ll call Jones Computer Supplies and order 1,000 more printer toner cartridges, not exceeding a total of $30,000, to be here by Wednesday afternoon.”

( Bill, a model employee, repeats what he has heard. This is the feedback portion of the communication. Feedback helps him recognize any confusion he may have had hearing the manager’s message. Feedback also helps the manager hear if she has communicated the message correctly .)

Storytelling has been shown to be an effective form of verbal communication that serves an important organizational function by helping to construct common meanings for individuals within the organization. Stories can help clarify key values and also help demonstrate how certain tasks are performed within an organization. Story frequency, strength, and tone are related to higher organizational commitment (McCarthy, 2008). The quality of the stories is related to the ability of entrepreneurs to secure capital for their firms (Martens, Jennings, & Devereaux, 2007).

While the process may be the same, high stakes communications require more planning, reflection, and skill than normal day-to-day interactions at work. Examples of high stakes communication events include asking for a raise or presenting a business plan to a venture capitalist. In addition to these events, there are also many times in our professional lives when we have crucial conversations , which are defined as discussions in which not only are the stakes high, but also the opinions vary and emotions run strong (Patterson et al., 2002). One of the most consistent recommendations from communications experts is to work toward using “and” instead of “but” when communicating under these circumstances. In addition, be aware of your communication style and practice being flexible; it is under stressful situations that communication styles can become the most rigid.

OB Toolbox: 10 Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Your Conversations

• Be the first to say hello . Use your name in your introduction, in case others have forgotten it.
• Think before you speak . Our impulse is often to imitate movies by offering fast, witty replies in conversation. In the real world, a careful silence can make us sound more intelligent and prevent mistakes.
• Be receptive to new ideas . If you disagree with another person’s opinion, saying, “Tell me more,” can be a more useful way of moving forward than saying, “That’s stupid!”
• Repeat someone’s name to yourself and then aloud, when being introduced . The form of the name you use may vary. First names work with peers. Mr. or Ms. is common when meeting superiors in business.
• Ask questions . This establishes your interest in another person.
• Listen as much, if not more, than you speak . This allows you to learn new information.
• Use eye contact . Eye contact shows that you are engaged. Also, be sure to smile and make sure your body language matches your message.
• Mirror the other person . Occasionally repeat what they’ve said in your own words. “You mean… ?”
• Have an exit strategy ready . Ideal conversations are brief, leaving others wanting more.
• Be prepared . Before beginning a conversation, have three simple facts about yourself and four questions about someone else in mind.

Source: Adapted from information contained in Gabor, D. (1983). How to start a conversation and make friends . New York: Legacy; Post, E. (2005). Emily Post’s etiquette advantage in business . New York: Collins Living; Fine, D. (2005). The fine art of small talk . New York: Hyperion.

Written Communication

In contrast to verbal communications, which are oral, written business communications are printed messages . Examples of written communications include memos, proposals, e-mails, letters, training manuals, and operating policies. They may be printed on paper or appear on the screen. Written communication is often asynchronous. That is, the sender can write a message that the receiver can read at any time, unlike a conversation that is carried on in real time. A written communication can also be read by many people (such as all employees in a department or all customers). It’s a “one-to-many” communication, as opposed to a one-to-one conversation. There are exceptions, of course: A voice mail is an oral message that is asynchronous. Conference calls and speeches are oral one-to-many communications, and e-mails can have only one recipient or many.

Normally, a verbal communication takes place in real time. Written communication, by contrast, can be constructed over a longer period of time. It also can be collaborative. Multiple people can contribute to the content on one document before that document is sent to the intended audience.

Verbal and written communications have different strengths and weaknesses. In business, the decision to communicate verbally or in written form can be a powerful one. As we’ll see below, each style of communication has particular strengths and pitfalls. When determining whether to communicate verbally or in writing, ask yourself: Do I want to convey facts or feelings ? Verbal communications are a better way to convey feelings. Written communications do a better job of conveying facts.

Picture a manager making a speech to a team of 20 employees. The manager is speaking at a normal pace. The employees appear interested. But how much information is being transmitted? Probably not as much as the speaker believes. The fact is that humans listen much faster than they speak. The average public speaker communicates at a speed of about 125 words a minute, and that pace sounds fine to the audience. (In fact, anything faster than that probably would sound unusual. To put that figure in perspective, someone having an excited conversation speaks at about 150 words a minute.) Based on these numbers, we could assume that the audience has more than enough time to take in each word the speaker delivers, which actually creates a problem. The average person in the audience can hear 400 to 500 words a minute (Lee & Hatesohl, 2008). The audience has more than enough time to hear. As a result, their minds may wander.

As you can see, oral communication is the most often used form of communication, but it is also an inherently flawed medium for conveying specific facts. Listeners’ minds wander. It’s nothing personal—in fact, it’s a completely normal psychological occurrence. In business, once we understand this fact, we can make more intelligent communication choices based on the kind of information we want to convey.

Most jobs involve some degree of writing. According to the National Commission on Writing, 67% of salaried employees in large American companies and professional state employees have some kind of writing responsibility. Half of responding companies reported that they take writing into consideration when hiring professional employees, and 91% always take writing into account when hiring (Flink, 2007). Luckily, it is possible to learn to write clearly.

Here are some tips on writing well. Thomas Jefferson summed up the rules of writing well with this idea: “Don’t use two words when one will do.” Put another way, half the words can have twice the impact. One of the oldest myths in business is that writing more will make us sound more important. The opposite is true. Leaders who can communicate simply and clearly project a stronger image than those who write a lot but say nothing.

Putting Jefferson’s Rules Into Action: Five Ways to Communicate More With Fewer Words

• Picture the receiver in your mind before you begin to write . After all, a written communication is a link between people.
• Choose simple words . When in doubt, choose the shorter word (“Automobile or car? Car!”)
• Be polite and clear . Your message will make a strong, clear impact.
• Make your message brief and direct by trimming redundant words or phrases . “Having thus explored our first option, I would now like to begin to explore the second option that may be open to us.” versus “After considering Option 1, I would like to look at Option 2.”
• Choose strong, active verbs . “I suggest…” instead of “It would seem to me that we might…”

Remember, concise writing equals effective communication.

Nonverbal Communication

What you say is a vital part of any communication. Surprisingly, what you don’t say can be even more important. Research shows that nonverbal cues can also affect whether or not you get a job offer. Judges examining videotapes of actual applicants were able to assess the social skills of job candidates with the sound turned off. They watched the rate of gesturing, time spent talking, and formality of dress to determine which candidates would be the most socially successful on the job (Gifford, Ng, & Wilkinson, 1985). Research also shows that 55% of in-person communication comes from nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, body stance, and tone of voice. According to one study, only 7% of a receiver’s comprehension of a message is based on the sender’s actual words, 38% is based on paralanguage (the tone, pace, and volume of speech), and 55% is based on nonverbal cues (body language) (Mehrabian, 1981). To be effective communicators, our body language, appearance, and tone must align with the words we’re trying to convey. Research shows that when individuals are lying, they are more likely to blink more frequently, shift their weight, and shrug (Siegman, 1985).

Listen Up and Learn More!

To learn more about facial language from facial recognition expert Patrician McCarthy as she speaks with Senior Editor Suzanne Woolley at Business Week , view the online interview at feedroom.businessweek.com/ind...41fa625f5b0744

A different tone can change the perceived meaning of a message. See the table below for how clearly this can be true. If we only read these words, we would be left to wonder, but during a conversation, the tone conveys a great deal of information.

Don’t Use That Tone With Me!

Changing your tone can dramatically change your meaning.

Source: Based on ideas in Kiely, M. (October, 1993). When “no” means “yes.” Marketing , 7–9.

Now you can see how changing the tone of voice in a conversation can incite or diffuse a misunderstanding. For another example, imagine that you’re a customer interested in opening a new bank account. At one bank, the bank officer is dressed neatly. She looks you in the eye when she speaks. Her tone is friendly. Her words are easy to understand, yet professional sounding. “Thank you for considering Bank of the East Coast. We appreciate this opportunity and would love to explore ways that we can work together to help your business grow,” she says with a friendly smile. At the second bank, the bank officer’s tie is stained. He looks over your head and down at his desk as he speaks. He shifts in his seat and fidgets with his hands. His words say, “Thank you for considering Bank of the West Coast. We appreciate this opportunity and would love to explore ways that we can work together to help you business grow,” but he mumbles his words, and his voice conveys no enthusiasm or warmth. Which bank would you choose? The speaker’s body language must match his or her words. If a sender’s words and body language don’t match—if a sender smiles while telling a sad tale, for example—the mismatch between verbal and nonverbal cues can cause a receiver to actively dislike the sender.

Following are a few examples of nonverbal cues that can support or detract from a sender’s message.

Body Language

A simple rule of thumb is that simplicity, directness, and warmth conveys sincerity. Sincerity is vital for effective communication. In some cultures, a firm handshake, given with a warm, dry hand, is a great way to establish trust. A weak, clammy handshake might convey a lack of trustworthiness. Gnawing one’s lip conveys uncertainty. A direct smile conveys confidence.

Eye Contact

In business, the style and duration of eye contact varies greatly across cultures. In the United States, looking someone in the eye (for about a second) is considered a sign of trustworthiness.

Facial Expressions

The human face can produce thousands of different expressions. These expressions have been decoded by experts as corresponding to hundreds of different emotional states (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2008). Our faces convey basic information to the outside world. Happiness is associated with an upturned mouth and slightly closed eyes; fear with an open mouth and wide-eyed stare. Shifty eyes and pursed lips convey a lack of trustworthiness. The impact of facial expressions in conversation is instantaneous. Our brains may register them as “a feeling” about someone’s character. For this reason, it is important to consider how we appear in business as well as what we say. The muscles of our faces convey our emotions. We can send a silent message without saying a word. A change in facial expression can change our emotional state. Before an interview, for example, if we focus on feeling confident, our face will convey that confidence to an interviewer. Adopting a smile (even if we’re feeling stressed) can reduce the body’s stress levels.

The position of our body relative to a chair or other person is another powerful silent messenger that conveys interest, aloofness, professionalism, or lack thereof. Head up, back straight (but not rigid) implies an upright character. In interview situations, experts advise mirroring an interviewer’s tendency to lean in and settle back in a seat. The subtle repetition of the other person’s posture conveys that we are listening and responding.

The meaning of a simple touch differs between individuals, genders, and cultures. In Mexico, when doing business, men may find themselves being grasped on the arm by another man. To pull away is seen as rude. In Indonesia, to touch anyone on the head or to touch anything with one’s foot is considered highly offensive. In the Far East and some parts of Asia, according to business etiquette writer Nazir Daud, “It is considered impolite for a woman to shake a man’s hand” (Daud, 2008). Americans, as we have noted above, place great value in a firm handshake. But handshaking as a competitive sport (“the bone-crusher”) can come off as needlessly aggressive both at home and abroad.

Anthropologist Edward T. Hall coined the term proxemics to denote the different kinds of distance that occur between people. These distances vary among cultures. The chart below outlines the basic proxemics of everyday life and their associated meaning (Hall, 1966).

Standing too far away from a colleague (public speaking distance) or too close to a colleague (intimate distance for embracing) can thwart an effective verbal communication in business.

Communication Channels

The channel, or medium, used to communicate a message affects how accurately the message will be received. Channels vary in their “information-richness.” Information-rich channels convey more nonverbal information. Research shows that effective managers tend to use more information-rich communication channels than less effective managers (Allen & Griffeth, 1997′ Yates & Orlikowski, 1992). The figure below illustrates the information richness of different channels.

Figure 8.10

Information channels differ in their richness.

Sources: Adapted from information in Daft, R. L., & Lenge, R. H. (1984). Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol . 6 (pp. 191–233). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; Lengel, R. H., & Daft, D. L. (1988). The selection of communication media as an executive skill. Academy of Management Executive , 11 , 225–232.

The key to effective communication is to match the communication channel with the goal of the message (Barry & Fulmer, 2004). For example, written media may be a better choice when the sender wants a record of the content, has less urgency for a response, is physically separated from the receiver, and doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the receiver, or when the message is complicated and may take some time to understand.

Oral communication, on the other hand, makes more sense when the sender is conveying a sensitive or emotional message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent record of the conversation.

Figure 8.11 Guide for When to Use Written versus Verbal Communication

Like face-to-face and telephone conversations, videoconferencing has high information richness, because receivers and senders can see or hear beyond just the words that are used—they can see the sender’s body language or hear the tone of their voice. Handheld devices, blogs, and written letters and memos offer medium-rich channels, because they convey words and pictures or photos. Formal written documents, such as legal documents and budget spreadsheets, convey the least richness, because the format is often rigid and standardized. As a result, the tone of the message is often lost.

The growth of e-mail has been spectacular, but it has also created challenges in managing information and increasing the speed of doing businesses. Over 100 million adults in the United States use e-mail at least once a day (Taylor, 2002). Internet users around the world send an estimated 60 billion e-mails each day, and a large portion of these are spam or scam attempts (60 Billion emails sent daily worldwide, 2006). That makes e-mail the second most popular medium of communication worldwide, second only to voice. Less than 1% of all written human communications even reaches paper these days (Isom, 2008). To combat the overuse of e-mail, companies such as Intel have even instituted “no e-mail Fridays.” During these times, all communication is done via other communication channels. Learning to be more effective in your e-mail communications is an important skill. To learn more, check out the OB Toolbox on business e-mail do’s and don’ts.

OB Toolbox: Business E-mail Do’s and Don’ts

• DON’T send or forward chain e-mails.
• DON’T put anything in an e-mail that you don’t want the world to see.
• DON’T write a message in capital letters—this is the equivalent of SHOUTING.
• DON’T routinely CC everyone. Reducing inbox clutter is a great way to increase communication.
• DON’T hit send until you’ve spell-checked your e-mail.
• DO use a subject line that summarizes your message, adjusting it as the message changes over time.
• DO make your request in the first line of your e-mail. (And if that’s all you need to say, stop there!)
• DO end your e-mail with a brief sign-off such as, “Thank you,” followed by your name and contact information.
• DO think of a work e-mail as a binding communication.
• DO let others know if you’ve received an e-mail in error.

Sources: Adapted from information in Leland, K., & Bailey, K. (2000). Customer service for dummies . New York: Wiley; Information Technology Services. (1997). Top 10 email dos and top ten email don’ts. Retrieved July 1, 2008, from the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center Web site: www.uic.edu/hsc/uicmc/its/cus...email-tips.htm; Kawasaki, G. (2006, February 3). The effective emailer. Retrieved July 1, 2008, from How to Change the World Web site: blog.guykawasaki.com/2006/02/...fective_e.html.

An important although often ignored rule when communicating emotional information is that e-mail’s lack of richness can be your loss. As we saw in the chart above, e-mail is a medium-rich channel. It can convey facts quickly. But when it comes to emotion, e-mail’s flaws make it a far less desirable choice than oral communication—the 55% of nonverbal cues that make a conversation comprehensible to a listener are missing. Researchers also note that e-mail readers don’t pick up on sarcasm and other tonal aspects of writing as much as the writer believes they will (Kruger, 2005).

The sender may believe that certain emotional signifiers have been included in a message. But, with written words alone, those signifiers are not there. This gap between the form and content of e-mail inspired the rise of emoticons—symbols that offer clues to the emotional side of the words in each message. Generally speaking, however, emoticons are not considered professional in business communication.

You might feel uncomfortable conveying an emotionally laden message verbally, especially when the message contains unwanted news. Sending an e-mail to your staff that there will be no bonuses this year may seem easier than breaking the bad news face-to-face, but that doesn’t mean that e-mail is an effective or appropriate way to break this kind of news. When the message is emotional, the sender should use verbal communication. Indeed, a good rule of thumb is that more emotionally laden messages require more thought in the choice of channel and how they are communicated.

Career Advice

Communication can occur without you even realizing it. Consider the following: Is your e-mail name professional? The typical convention for business e-mail contains some form of your name. While an e-mail name like “LazyGirl” or “DeathMonkey” may be fine for chatting online with your friends, they may send the wrong signal to individuals you e-mail such as professors and prospective employers.

Is your outgoing voice mail greeting professional ? If not, change it. Faculty and prospective recruiters will draw certain conclusions if, upon calling you, they get a message that screams, “Party, party, party!”

Do you have a “private” social networking Web site on MySpace.com, Facebook.com, or Xanga.com ? If so, consider what it says about you to employers or clients. If it is information you wouldn’t share at work, it probably shouldn’t be there.

Googled yourself lately ? If not, you probably should. Potential employers have begun searching the Web as part of background checking, and you should be aware of what’s out there about you.

Direction of Communication Within Organizations

Information can move horizontally, from a sender to a receiver, as we’ve seen. It can also move vertically, down from top management, or up from the front line. Information can also move diagonally between and among levels of an organization, such as a message from a customer service rep to a manager in the manufacturing department or a message from the chief financial officer sent down to all department heads.

There is a chance for these arrows to go awry, of course. As Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, author of best-selling books such as Flow , has noted, “In large organizations the dilution of information as it passes up and down the hierarchy, and horizontally across departments, can undermine the effort to focus on common goals.” [1]

The organizational status of the sender can impact the receiver’s attentiveness to the message. For example, consider the following: A senior manager sends a memo to a production supervisor. The supervisor, who has a lower status within the organization, is likely to pay close attention to the message. The same information conveyed in the opposite direction, however, might not get the attention it deserves. The message would be filtered by the senior manager’s perception of priorities and urgencies.

Requests are just one kind of communication in business. Other communications, either verbal or written, may seek, give, or exchange information. Research shows that frequent communications with one’s supervisor is related to better job performance ratings and overall organizational performance (Snyder & Morris, 1984; Kacmar et al., 2003). Research also shows that lateral communication done between peers can influence important organizational outcomes such as turnover (Krackhardt & Porter, 1986).

External Communications

External communications deliver specific businesses messages to individuals outside an organization. They may announce changes in staff or strategy, earnings, and more. The goal of an external communication is to create a specific message that the receiver will understand and share with others. Examples of external communications include the following.

Press Releases

Public relations professionals create external communications about a client’s product, services, or practices for specific receivers. These receivers, it is hoped, will share the message with others. In time, as the message is passed along, it should appear to be independent of the sender, creating the illusion of an independently generated consumer trend, public opinion, and so on.

The message of a public relations effort may be b2b (business to business), b2c (business to consumer), or media related. The message can take different forms. Press releases try to convey a newsworthy message, real or manufactured. It may be constructed like a news item, inviting editors or reporters to reprint the message in part or as a whole, with or without acknowledgement of the sender’s identity. Public relations campaigns create messages over time through contests, special events, trade shows, and media interviews in addition to press releases.

Advertising places external business messages before target receivers through media buys. A media buy is a fee that is paid to a television network, Web site, magazine, and so on by an advertiser to insert an advertisement. The fee is based on the perceived value of the audience who watches, reads, listens to, or frequents the space where the ad will appear.

In recent years, receivers have begun to filter advertiser’s messages. This phenomenon is perceived to be a result of the large amount of ads the average person sees each day and a growing level of consumer wariness of paid messaging. Advertisers, in turn, are trying to create alternative forms of advertising that receivers won’t filter. The advertorial is one example of an external communication that combines the look of an article with the focused message of an ad. Product placements in videos, movies, and games are other ways that advertisers strive to reach receivers with commercial messages.

A Web page’s external communication can combine elements of public relations, advertising, and editorial content, reaching receivers on multiple levels and in multiple ways. Banner ads, blogs, and advertiser-driven “click-through” areas are just a few of the elements that allow a business to deliver a message to a receiver online. The perceived flexibility of online communications can impart a less formal (and therefore, more believable) quality to an external communication. A message relayed in a daily blog post, for example, will reach a receiver differently than if it is delivered in an annual report. The popularity and power of blogs is growing, with 11% of Fortune 500 companies having official blogs (up from 4% in 2005). In fact, blogs have become so important to companies such as Coca-Cola Company, Eastman Kodak Company, and Marriott International Inc. that they have created official positions within their organizations titled “chief blogging officer” (Chief blogging officer, 2008). The “real-time” quality of Web communications may appeal to receivers who might filter out traditional ads and public relations messages because of their “prefab” quality. Despite a “spontaneous” feel, many online pages can be revisited many times in a single day. For this reason, clear and accurate external communications are as vital for online use as they are in traditional media.

Customer Communications

Customer communications can include letters, catalogs, direct mail, e-mails, text messages, and telemarketing messages. Some receivers automatically filter these types of bulk messages. Others will be receptive. The key to a successful external communication to customers is to convey a business message in a personally compelling way—dramatic news, a money-saving coupon, and so forth.

Key Takeaways

Types of communication include verbal, written, and nonverbal. Surprisingly, 55% of face-to-face communication comes from nonverbal cues such as tone or body language. Different communication channels are more or less effective at transmitting different kinds of information. In addition, communication flows in different directions within organizations.

• How aware are you of your own body language? Has your body language ever gotten you in trouble while communicating with someone?
• In your experience, how is silence used in communication?
• If the meaning behind verbal communication is only 7% words, what does this imply for written communication?
• How could you use your knowledge of communication richness to be more effective in your own communications?
• What are the three biggest advantages and disadvantages you see regarding technology and communications?

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EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Oct 15, 2014

8.01k likes | 17.67k Views

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. AGENDA. What is communication Filters in communication Effective communication Barriers to communication Listening vs Hearing Communication styles Communication with DISC styles. COMMUNICATION.

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Presentation Transcript

AGENDA • What is communication • Filters in communication • Effective communication • Barriers to communication • Listening vs Hearing • Communication styles • Communication with DISC styles

COMMUNICATION • We all must use a variety of communication techniques to both understand and understood. • and who is better In speech than He who [says: "My Lord is Allâh (believes In his Oneness)," and Then stands Straight (acts upon his Order), and] invites (men) to Allâh's (Islâmic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds, and says: "I am one of the Muslims.“41VS33

COMMUNICATION O You who believe! keep Your duty to Allâh and fear him, and speak (Always) the truth. He will direct You to do righteous good deeds and will forgive You Your sins. and Whosoever obeys Allâh and his Messenger (Sal-Allaahu 'alayheWaSallam) He has indeed achieved a great achievement (i.e. He will be saved from the Hell-fire and made to enter Paradise). Ahzab vs 70-71 SuratulHujurat vs 6

COMMUNICATION “Thesinglebiggestproblemin communication is the illusion that it has taken place” What if communication werenot possible? Frustration and Chaos!

ACTIVITY Think of a recent example in which you were involved in a miscommunication and answer the following questions: 1. Why did the miscommunication occur? 2. What impact did it have? 3. If you had a chance to do it over again, what specifically would you do differently?

Do You Know? • An average person spends 50% of his or her time communicating? • Business success is 85% dependent on effective communication and interpersonal skills? • 45% of time spent communicating is listening? • Writing represents 9% of communication time? • 25% of all workplace mistakes are the result of poor communication? • A remarkable 75% of communication is non-verbal?

What is Communication? QUIZ: 1, 2, NEITHER, BOTH • A process where information is exchanged between at least two people resulting in a common understanding 2. The successful transfer of information in such a way that is received, understood and correctly acted upon

Goals of Communication • To change behavior • To get action • To persuade • To ensure understanding

Types of Communication • Mass Communication • One-to-One Communication • One-to-Group Communication • Verbal Communication • Non-Verbal Communication

Component of Communication • Verbal Communication • Vocal communication • Non-verbal communication

Filters in Communication • Filters’representourperceptionsof everythingweencounterandare basedonthesumtotal of whoweare • Filters impact: • How we see others, • How we Interpret situations • How we act and feel • “We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are.”

Features of Effective Communication • Active Listening • Eye contact • Posture • Simple language • Questioning skills

Barriers to Communication

Listening VS Hearing • Hearing – Physical process, natural, passive • Listening – - Physical as well as mental process, active, • - learned process, a skill • Listening is hard. You must choose to participate in the process of listening.

Active Listening The process of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting communicated messages and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. • Steps to Effective Listening: - Hearing, - Interpretation (clear your mind) • Evaluation - Respond (Give Verbal and non Verbal acknowledgement) • Make eye contact - Adjust your body posture • Avoid distracting behaviours (you can’t multitask)

Roadblocks to Active Listening • Emotional Interference • Defensiveness • Hearing only facts and not feelings • Not Seeking clarification • Hearing what is expected instead of what is said • The ‘halo’ effect (i.e., the tendency for something to be influenced by a loosely associated factor) • Automatic dismissal (e.g., “We’ve never done it that way before”) • Resistance to change

Communication Variables • Differences between sender and receiver - Attitudes - Information levels - Communication skills - Social systems - Sensory channel • Differences in previous experiences • Cultural differences • Differences in communication styles

Communication Styles

Dominant Style • Value control. • Driven by a strong inner need to lead/achieve results. • Take-charge people who seek to reach goals. • Focus on results rather than process. • Tend to downplay feelings and emotions. • Sometimes viewed as “unfeeling

Influence Style • Crave action and an energetic pace. • Seek opportunities to “shine” or to be “on stage.” • Relationships take priority over tasks. • Focus is on outcomes. • Try to influence others with optimism and friendliness. • Recognition and approval are strong motivators

Steadiness Style… • Easy going and relationship focused. • Value security. • Work to maintain stable relationships/environments. • Find change difficult. • Reliable and good at follow- through. • Appreciate respect from others. • Value others’ respect of them

Conscientious • Goal-oriented; driven to be precise and controlled. • Can seem uncomfortable at expressing or dealing with emotions. • Logical thinkers who value accuracy and organization. • Like to think through tasks before starting. • Feel a need to do things themselves. • Perfectionists and strong desire for things to be “right

Think About it… When we work with people whose natural communication style is different than our own, what are the potential conflicts?

Communicating with Dominance StylesFocus on the Fact First! So you … • support, guide, maintain self esteem • display reasoning • provide concise data • agree on goal, then get out of the way • allow them to “do their own thing” • modify workload focus • compliment on achievements • set parameters, let them take lead • argue with facts, not emotion Dominance Styles… • are concerned with being #1 • think logically • want facts and highlights • strive for results • like changes • prefer to delegate • want notice of accomplishments • need to be in charge • reflect a tendency toward conflict

Communicating with Influence StylesFocus on the Relationship First! So you … • show them you admire/like them • be optimistic/upbeat setting • support their feelings • focus on big picture • interact/participate with them • vary routine • compliment them often • do it together • avoid arguing on a personal basis • keep up a fast, lively pace • provide positive feedback Influence Styles… • are concerned with approval • seek enthusiastic situations • think emotionally • want general expectations • need contact with people • like change/innovation • want others to notice them • need help getting organized • dislike conflict • like action and stimulation • want feedback that they look good

Communicating with Steadiness StylesFocus on the Relationship First! So you … • show how to minimize risk • show reasoning • provide data, proof • demonstrate personal interest • walk through instructions • compliment steady follow-thru • give personal assurances • act non-aggressively • allow them to support others • provide friendly atmosphere • provide cooperative group • acknowledge their help/manner Steadiness Styles… • are concerned with stability • think logically • want documentation/facts • like personal involvement • need step-by-step sequence • want notice of perseverance • avoid risks/changes • dislike conflict • accommodate others • like calmness/peace • enjoy teamwork • want to be appreciated

Communicating with Conscientious StylesFocus on the Fact First! So you … • use an indirect, non-threatening approach • show reasoning • give it in writing • provide explanation/rationale • allow them to think, inquire, check • compliment them on thoroughness • let them assess/be involved in process • use tact to gain clarification/assistance • allow time to find “correct” answer • tell them the “why” and “how” Steadiness Styles… • think logically • seek data • need to know the process • use caution • want notice of their accuracy • gravitate toward quality control • avoid conflict • need to be right • like to contemplate • do not like aggressive approaches

Summary • What is Communication? • Barriers to communication • Communication filters • Listening vs Hearing • Communication Styles • Communicating with DiSC Styles

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