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कैसे एक शोधपत्र (Research Paper) लिखें

इस आर्टिकल के सहायक लेखक (co-author) हमारी बहुत ही अनुभवी एडिटर और रिसर्चर्स (researchers) टीम से हैं जो इस आर्टिकल में शामिल प्रत्येक जानकारी की सटीकता और व्यापकता की अच्छी तरह से जाँच करते हैं। wikiHow's Content Management Team बहुत ही सावधानी से हमारे एडिटोरियल स्टाफ (editorial staff) द्वारा किये गए कार्य को मॉनिटर करती है ये सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि सभी आर्टिकल्स में दी गई जानकारी उच्च गुणवत्ता की है कि नहीं। यहाँ पर 8 रेफरेन्स दिए गए हैं जिन्हे आप आर्टिकल में नीचे देख सकते हैं। यह आर्टिकल १,४४,२२३ बार देखा गया है।

स्कूल की ऊंची कक्षाओं में पढ़ने के दौरान और कॉलेज पीरियड में हमेशा ही, आपको शोध-पत्र तैयार करने के लिए कहा जाएगा। एक शोध-पत्र का इस्तेमाल वैज्ञानिक, तकनीकी और सामाजिक मुद्दों की ख़ोज-बीन और पहचान में किया जा सकता है। यदि शोध-पत्र लेखन का आपका यह पहला अवसर है, तो बेशक कुछ डरावना भी लग सकता है, पर मस्तिष्क को अच्छी तरह से संयोजित और एकाग्र करें, तो आप खुद के लिए इस प्रक्रिया को आसान बना सकते हैं। शोध-पत्र तो स्वयं नहीं लिख जाएगा, पर आप इस प्रकार से योजना बना सकते हैं, और ऐसी तैयारी कर सकते हैं कि लेखन व्यावहारिक रूप में खुद-ब-खुद जेहन में उतरता चला जाए।

अपने विषयवस्तु का चयन

• आम तौर पर, वेबसाइट जिनके नाम के अंत में .edu, .gov, या .org होता है, ऎसी सूचनाएं रखती हैं जिन्हें इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। ऐसा इसलिए है कि ये वेबसाइट स्कूलों, सरकार या उन संगठनों की होती हैं जो आपके विषय से सम्बंधित हैं।
• अपनी खोज का प्रश्न बार-बार बदलें ताकि आपके विषय पर अलग-अलग तरह के खोज परिणाम मिलें। अगर कुछ भी मिलता नज़र न आये तो ऐसा हो सकता है कि आपकी खोज का प्रश्न अधिकाँश लेखों के शीर्षक से मेल नहीं खा रहा है जो आपके विषय पर हैं।

• ऐसे डेटाबेस ढूंढ़िए जो आपके विषय को ही सम्मिलित करते हों। उदहारण के लिए PsycINFO एक ऐसा डेटाबेस है जो कि केवल मनोविज्ञान और समाजशास्त्र के क्षेत्र में ही विद्वानों द्वारा किये काम को सम्मिलित करता है। एक सामान्य खोज के मुकाबले यह आपको अपने अनुरूप शोध सामग्री पाने में मदद करेगा। [२] X रिसर्च सोर्स
• पूछताछ के एकाधिक खोज-बॉक्स या केवल केवल एक ही प्रकार के स्रोत वाले आर्काइव के साथ अधिकाँश अकादमिक डेटाबेस आपको ये सुविधा देते हैं कि आप बेहद विशिष्ट सूचना मांग सकें (जैसे केवल जर्नल आलेख या केवल समाचार पत्र)। इस सुविधा का लाभ उठाकर जितने अधिक खोज बॉक्स आप इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं उतना करें।
• अपने विभाग के पुस्तकालय जाएँ और लाइब्रेरियन से अकादमिक डेटाबेस, जिनकी सदस्यता ली गयी है, की पूरी सूची और उनके पासवर्ड ले लें।

एक रूपरेखा का निर्माण

• रूपरेखा बनाने और शोधपत्र लिखने का काम आखिरकार आसान करने के लिए टीका-टिप्पणी का काम गहनता से कीजिये। जिस चीज़ के महत्वपूर्ण होने का आपको ज़रा भी अंदेशा हो या जो आपके शोधपत्र में इस्तेमाल हो सकता है, उसकी निशानदेही कर लीजिए।
• जैसे-जैसे आप अपने शोध में महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सों को चिन्हित करते जाएँ, अपनी टिप्पणी और नोट जोड़ते जाएँ कि इन्हें आप अपने शोध-पत्र में कहाँ इस्तेमाल करेंगे। अपने विचारों को लिखना जैसे-जैसे वे आते जाएँ, आपके शोधपत्र लेखन को कहीं आसान बना देगा और ऎसी सामग्री के रूप में रहेगा जिसे आप सन्दर्भ के लिए फिर-फिर इस्तेमाल कर सकें।

• हर उद्धरण या विषय जिसे आपने चिन्हित किया है उसे अलग-अलग नोट कार्ड पर लिखने की कोशिश कीजिए। इस तरह से आप अपने कार्डों को मनचाहे ढंग से पुनर्व्यवस्थित कर सकेंगे।
• अपने नोट का रंगों में कोड बना लें, ताकि वे आसान हो जाएँ। अलग-अलग स्रोतों से जो भी नोट आप ले रहे हैं, उन्हें सूची बद्ध कर लें, और फिर सूचना के अलग-अलग वर्गों को अलग-अलग रंगों में चिन्हित कर लें। उदाहरण के लिए, जो कुछ भी आप किसी विशेष किताब या जर्नल से ले रहे हैं उन्हें एक कागज़ पर लिख लें ताकि नोट्स को सुगठित किया जा सके, और फिर जो कुछ भी चरित्रों से सम्बंधित है उसे हरे से चिन्हित करें, कथानक से जुड़े सबकुछ को नारंगी रंग में चिन्हित करें, आदि-आदि।

• एक तार्किक शोधपत्र विवादित विषयों पर एक पक्ष लेता है और एक दृष्टिकोण के लिए तर्क प्रस्तुत करता है। मुद्दे पर एक तर्कसंगत प्रतिपक्ष के साथ बहस की जानी चाहिए।
• एक विश्लेषणात्मक शोधपत्र किसी महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय पर नए सिरे से दृष्टिपात करता है। विषय आवश्यक नहीं है कि विवादित हो, पर आपको अपने पाठकों को सहमत करना पड़ेगा कि आपके विचारों में गुणवत्ता है। यह महज आपके शोध से विचारों की उबकाई भर नहीं, बल्कि अपने उन विशिष्ट अद्वितीय विचारों की प्रस्तुति है जिन्हें आपने गहन शोध से सीखा है।

• थीसिस विकसित करने का आसान तरीका है कि उसे एक प्रश्न के रूप में ढालिए जिसका आपका निबंध उत्तर देगा। वह मुख्य प्रश्न या हाइपोथीसिस क्या है जिसको आप अपने शोधपत्र में प्रमाणित करना चाहते हैं? उदाहरण के लिए आपकी थीसिस का प्रश्न हो सकता है, “मानसिक बीमारियों के इलाज की सफलता को सांस्कृतिक स्वीकृति कैसे प्रभावित करती है?” यह प्रश्न आपकी थीसिस क्या होगी उसे निर्धारित कर सकता है – इस प्रश्न के लिए आपका जो भी उत्तर होगा, वही आपका थीसिस-कथन होगा।
• शोधपत्र के सभी तर्कों को दिए बिना या उसकी रूपरेखा बताये बिना ही आपकी थीसिस को आपके शोध के मुख्य विचार को व्यक्त करना होगा। यह एक सरल कथन होना चाहिए, न कि कई सहायक वाक्यों का एक समूह, आपका बाक़ी शोधपत्र तो इस काम के लिए है ही!

• जब आप अपने मुख्य विचारों की रूप-रेखा बनाएं, उनको एक विशिष्ट क्रम में रखना अहम है। अपने सबसे मज़बूत तर्कों को निबंध के सबसे पहले और सबसे अंत में रखिये। जबकि ज्यादा औसत बिन्दुओं को निबंध के बीचोंबीच या अंत की तरफ रखिये।
• सबसे मुख्य बिन्दुओं को एक ही पैराग्राफ में समेटना ज़रूरी नहीं है, विशेष करके अगर आप एक अपेक्षाकृत लंबा शोधपत्र लिख रहे हैं। प्रमुख विचारों को जितने पैराग्राफ में आप ज़रूरी समझें फैलाकर लिख सकते हैं।

• अपनी हर बात को साक्ष्यों से पुष्ट करें। क्योंकि यह एक शोधपत्र है इसलिए ऐसी टिप्पणी न करें जिसकी पुष्टि सीधे आपके शोध के तथ्यों से न हो।
• अपने शोध में पर्याप्त व्याख्याएं दीजिये। बिना तथ्यों के अपने मत के बखान का विलोम बगैर किसी व्याख्या के बिना तथ्यों को देना होगा। यद्यपि आप निश्चित ही पर्याप्त प्रमाण देना चाहते हैं, तो भी जहां भी संभव हो अपनी टिप्पणी जोड़ते हुए यह सुनिश्चित कीजिए कि शोधपत्र पर आपकी मौलिक और विशिष्ट छाप हो।
• बहुत सारे सीधे लम्बे उद्धरण देने से बचें। यद्यपि आपका निबंध शोध पर आधारित है, फिर भी महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि आपको अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करने हैं। जिस उद्धरण का आप इस्तेमाल करना चाहते हैं, जब तक वह बेहद अनिवार्य न हो, उसे अपने ही शब्दों में व्यक्त और विश्लेषित करने की कोशिश कीजिए।
• अपने पेपर में साफ़-सुथरे और संतुलित गति से एक बिंदु से दूसरे तक जाने का प्रयास करें। निबंध में स्वछन्द तारतम्य और प्रवाह होना चाहिए, इसके बजाय कि अनाड़ी की तरह रुक-रुक कर क्रम टूटे और फिर अचानक शुरू हो जाए। यह ध्यान रखें कि लेख के मुख्य भाग वाला हर पैरा अपने बाद वाले से जाकर मिलता हो।

• आपके निष्कर्ष का लक्ष्य, साधारण शब्दों में, इस प्रश्न का उत्तर देना है, “तो क्या?” ध्यान रखें कि पाठक आख़िरकार महसूस करे कि उसे कुछ प्राप्त हुआ है।
• कई कारणों से अच्छा नुस्खा तो यह है कि, निष्कर्ष को भूमिका के पहले लिख लिया जाये। पहली बात तो यह है कि जब प्रमाण आपके दिमाग में ताज़ा हों तो निष्कर्ष लिखना ज्यादा आसान होता है। उससे भी बड़ी बात यह है, सलाह दी जाती है कि आप निष्कर्ष में अपने सबसे चुनिन्दा शब्द और भाषा का मजबूती से इस्तेमाल करें और फिर उन्हीं विचारों को भिन्न शब्दों में अपेक्षाकृत कम वेग के साथ भूमिका में रख दें, न कि इसका उल्टा करें; यह पाठकों पर ज्यादा स्थायी प्रभाव छोड़ेगा।

• MLA फॉर्मेट को विशेष रूप से साहित्यिक शोध-पत्रों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है और इसमें ‘उद्धृत सामग्री’ की एक सूची अंत में जोड़नी होती है, इस विधि में अंतरपाठीय उद्धरण प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।
• APA फॉर्मेट का इस्तेमाल सामाजिक विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में शोधपत्रों के लिए शोधकर्त्ताओं द्वारा किया जाता है, और इसमें भी अंतरपाठीय उद्धरण देने होते हैं। इसमें निबंध का अंत “सन्दर्भ” पृष्ठ के साथ होता है, और इसमें मुख्य भाग के पैराग्राफों के बीच में अनुच्छेद शीर्षक का प्रयोग भी किया जा सकता है।
• शिकागो फोर्मटिंग को प्रमुखतः ऐतिहासिक शोधपत्रों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है और इसमें अंतरपाठीय उद्धरण के स्थान पर पृष्ठ के नीचे फुटनोट का प्रयोग होता है और साथ में एक ‘उद्धृत सामग्री’ और सन्दर्भों का पृष्ठ जुड़ता है। [७] X रिसर्च सोर्स

• अपने पेपर का सम्पादन यदि खुद आपने किया है, तो उस पर वापस आने से पहले कम से कम तीन दिन प्रतीक्षा कीजिए। अध्ययन दिखाते हैं कि, लेख समाप्त करने के बाद भी दो-तीन दिन तक यह आपके जेहन में ताज़ा बना रहता है, और इसलिए ज्यादा संभावना यह रहेगी कि आम तौर पर आप जिन बुनियादी त्रुटियों को पकड़ पाते, उन्हें भी अपनी सरसरी नज़र में नजरअंदाज कर जाएँगे।
• दूसरों के द्वारा संपादन को महज इसलिए नजरअंदाज न करें कि उनसे आपका काम बढ़ जाएगा। अगर वे आपके पेपर के किसी अंश को दोबारा लिखे जाने की सलाह दे रहे हों तो उनके इस आग्रह का संभवतया उचित कारण है। अपने पेपर के सघन सम्पादन पर समय दीजिए। [८] X रिसर्च सोर्स

• रिसर्च के दौरान महत्वपूर्ण थीम, प्रश्नों और केन्द्रीय मुद्दों को ढूँढ़ें।
• यह समझने की कोशिश करें कि, आप वास्तव में निर्दिष्ट रूप में किस चीज़ का अन्वेषण करना चाहते हैं, इसके बजाय कि पेपर में ढेर सारे व्यापक विचारों को ठूस दिया जाए।
• ऐसा करने के लिये अंतिम क्षण तक प्रतीक्षा मत कीजिए।
• अपने असाइंमेंट को समयानुसार पूरा करना सुनिश्चित कीजिए।

संबंधित लेखों

• ↑ http://www.infoplease.com/homework/t3sourcesofinfo.html
• ↑ http://www.ebscohost.com/academic
• ↑ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/552/03/
• ↑ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/02/
• ↑ http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtml
• ↑ http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/content.php?pid=83923&sid=3619280
• ↑ http://writing.yalecollege.yale.edu/why-are-there-different-citation-styles
• ↑ http://professionalonlineediting.com/how-to-edit-your-essay-or-research-paper-fast.asp

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Synopsis / शोध प्रारूपिका (लघु शोध व शोध के विद्यार्थियों हेतु)

किसी भी क्षेत्र में शोध करने से पूर्व मनोमष्तिष्क में एक तूफ़ान एक हलचल महसूस होती है, शोध परिक्षेत्र की तलाश प्रारम्भ होती है, विषय की तलाश से लेकर परिणति तक का आयाम मुखर होने लगता है और इसी मनोवेग वैचारिक तूफ़ान को शोध एक सृजनात्मक आयाम देता है एवं अस्तित्व में आता है शोध प्रोपोज़ल या शोध प्रारूपिका। हमारे शोधार्थियों में इसके लिए शब्द प्रचलन में है: —- Synopsis.

शोध को क्रमबद्ध वैज्ञानिक स्वरुप देने हेतु लघुशोध व शोध के विद्यार्थी सरलता से कार्य कर सहजता से इस परिणति तक ले जा सकते हैं, Synopsis के चरणों(Steps) को इस प्रकार क्रम दिया जा सकता है –

1. प्रस्तावना 2. आवश्यकता क्यों? 3. समस्या 4.उद्देश्य 5.परिकल्पना 6. प्रतिदर्श 7. शोध विधि 8. शोध उपकरण 9. प्रयुक्त सांख्यिकीय विधि 10. परिणाम, निष्कर्ष एवं सुझाव 11. प्रस्तावित रूपरेखा (शोध स्वरूपानुसार)

1. प्रस्तावना(Introduction)-

जिस तरह रत्नगर्भा पृथ्वी के गर्भ से प्राप्त अयस्क परिशोधन से शुद्ध धात्वीय स्वरुप प्राप्त करते हैं उसी प्रकार हमारे मस्तिष्क में उमड़ते-घुमड़ते तथ्य प्रगटन के लिए अपने परिशुद्ध स्वरुप को प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करते हैं और हम अपनी क्षमता के अनुसार उसे बोधगम्य बनाकर उसका प्रारम्भिक स्वरुप प्रस्तुत करते हैं जो मूलतः हमारे विषय से सम्बन्ध रखता है, शीर्षक से जुड़ाव का यह मुखड़ा, भूमिका या प्रस्तावना का स्वरुप लेता है इसके शब्द हमारी क्षमता अधिगम स्तर और प्रस्तुति कौशल के अनुसार अलग-अलग परिलक्षित होता है इसमें वह आलोक होता है जो हमारे शोध का उद्गार बनने की क्षमता रखता है।

2. आवश्यकता क्यों?(Importance)-

यह बिंदु विषय-वस्तु के महत्त्व को प्रतिपादित करता है और उस पर कार्य करने के औचित्य को सिद्ध करता है कि आखिर अमुक चर को या अमुक पात्र या विषय वस्तु को ही हमने अपने अध्ययन का आधार क्यों बनाया? हमें देश, काल, परिस्थितियों के आलोक में अपने विषय और उसी परिक्षेत्र पर कार्य करने की तीव्रता का परिचय कराना होता है इसे ऐसे शब्दों में लिखा जाना चाहिए कि पढ़ने वाला उसकी तीव्रता को महसूस कर सके और उसका मानस सहज रूप से आपके तर्कों का कायल हो जाए।

3. समस्या(Problem)-

यहाँ समस्या या समस्या कथन से आशय शोध के ‘शीर्षक’ से है। शीर्षक संक्षिप्त, सरल, सहज बोधगम्य व सार्थक भाव युक्त होना चाहिए अनावश्यक विस्तार या अत्यधिक कठिन शब्दों के प्रयोग से बचकर उसे अधिक पाठकों की बोधगम्यता परिधि में लाया जा सकता है यह शुद्ध व भाव स्पष्ट करने में समर्थ होना चाहिए। शोध स्वरूपानुसार इसका उपयुक्त चयन व शुद्ध निरूपण होना चाहिए।

4. उद्देश्य(Objectives)-

उद्देश्य बहुत सधे शब्दों में बिन्दुवार दिए जाने चाहिए। तुलनात्मक अध्ययन में निर्धारित चर के आधार पर न्यादर्श के प्रत्येक वर्ग का दुसरे से तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करना, उद्देश्य का अभीप्सित होगा यह शोधानुसार क्रमिक रूप से व्यवस्थित किए जा सकते हैं।

5. परिकल्पनाएं(Hypothesis)-

परिकल्पनाओं का स्वरुप शोध के स्वरुप पर अवलम्बित होता है। सकारात्मक, नकारात्मक और शून्य परिकल्पना अस्तित्व में है लेकिन शोध हेतु शून्य परिकल्पना सर्वाधिक उत्तम रहती है, इसको भी क्रमवार तुलना के स्वरुप के आधार पर व्यवस्थित करते हैं। यदि ग्रुप ‘A’ और ग्रुप ‘B’ के लड़कों की ‘कम्प्यूटर के प्रति भय’ के आधार पर तुलना करनी हो तो इसे इस प्रकार लिखेंगे :

ग्रुप ‘A’ और ग्रुप ‘B’ के लड़कों में कम्प्यूटर के प्रति भय के आधार पर कोई सार्थक अन्तर नहीं है।

6. प्रतिदर्श(Sample)-

प्रतिदर्श या न्यादर्श शोध की प्रतिनिधिकारी जनसंख्या होती है यह समस्या के स्वरुप, शोधार्थी की क्षमता, समय व साधनों द्वारा निर्धारित होती है। शोध हेतु चयनित जनसंख्या का शोध स्वरूपानुसार विभिन्न वर्गों में वितरण कर लेते हैं जिससे परस्पर तुलना सुगम हो जाती है यह भी परिकल्पना निर्धारण में सहायक होती है।

7. शोध विधि(Research Method)-

इसका निर्धारण शोध शीर्षक के स्वरुप पर अवलम्बित होता है हिस्टॉरिकल रिसर्च या सर्वेक्षण आधारित शोध Synopsis के पूरे स्वरुप को प्रभावित करते हैं। शोध विधि, शोध की दिशा तय करने में सक्षम है।

8. शोध उपकरण(Research Tools)-

शोध स्वरूपानुसार ही इसकी आवश्यकता होती है कुछ प्रामाणिक शोध उपकरण मौजूद हैं एवं कभी आवश्यकता अनुसार खुद भी स्व आवाश्यक्तानुसार शोध उपकरण विकसित करना होता है। वर्णनात्मक शोध प्रबन्ध में इसकी आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

9. प्रयुक्त सांख्यिकीय विधि(Used Statistical Method)-

जिन शोध के प्राप्य समंक होते हैं उनसे किसी निष्कर्ष तक पहुँचने में शोध की प्रवृत्ति के अनुसार सांख्यिकी का प्रयोग करना होता है यहां केवल प्रयुक्त सूत्र एवं उसमे प्रयुक्त अक्षर का आशय लिखना समीचीन होगा।

10. परिणाम, निष्कर्ष एवं सुझाव(Result, Outcome & Suggestion)-

इस भाग में केवल इतना लिखना पर्याप्त होगा कि ‘प्रदत्तों का सांख्यकीय विश्लेषण से प्राप्त परिणामों के आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकाला जायेगा एवं भविष्य हेतु सुझाव सुनिश्चित किए जाएंगे।

11. प्रस्तावित रूपरेखा (शोध स्वरूपानुसार)(Proposed Framework)-

• सम्बन्धित साहित्य का अध्ययन
• अध्ययन की योजना का प्रारूप
• आकङों का विश्लेषण एवं विवेचन
• शोध निष्कर्ष एवं सुझाव

जहां सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण आवश्यक नहीं है उन वर्णनात्मक, ऐतिहासिक या विवेकनात्मक शोध में चतुर्थ अध्याय आवश्यकतानुसार परिवर्तनीय होगा।

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शोध पत्र कैसे लिखें [how to write a research paper ], measurment (मापन), परिकल्पना: कार्य, महत्त्व, विशेषता( hypothesis: functions, importance, characteristics).

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Dissertation/Thesis Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a winning dissertation that showcases your study and earns you marks. 

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What’s Covered In The Template?

This dissertation template is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your document has a smooth, logical flow. Here’s how it’s structured:

• The title page/cover page
• Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
• Table of contents
• List of figures /list of tables
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• Chapter 3: Methodology
• Chapter 4: Research findings /results 
• Chapter 5: Discussion /analysis of findings
• Chapter 6: Conclusion
• Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. We’ve also included practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required in each section.

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FAQs: Dissertation & Thesis Template

Faqs: dissertation template, what format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The dissertation template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of dissertations/theses can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research projects such as dissertations or theses, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Will this work for a research paper?

A research paper follows a similar format, but there are a few differences. You can find our research paper template here .

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my dissertation/thesis be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, Masters-level projects are usually 15,000 – 20,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects are often in excess of 60,000 words.

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this dissertation template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our dissertation and thesis coaching services .

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If you’re working on a dissertation or thesis, be sure to also check these resources out…

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Dissertation layout and formatting

Published on October 21, 2015 by Koen Driessen . Revised on February 20, 2019.

The layout requirements for a dissertation are often determined by your supervisor or department. However, there are certain guidelines that are common to almost every program, such as including page numbers and a table of contents.

If you are writing a paper in the MLA citation style , you can use our  MLA format guide .

Table of contents

Font, font size, and line spacing, tables and figures, referencing, paragraph marks, headers and footers, page numbering, dissertation printing.

Use a clear and professional font. Some examples include Verdana, Times New Roman, and Calibri (which is the default font in Microsoft Word). Font size is best set to 10 or 11.

In scientific articles and theses, a line spacing of 1.15 or 1.5 is generally preferred, as it makes the document more readable and enables your supervisor to post comments between the lines of text.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

With tables, the number and title should be placed above; with figures and all other illustrations, the number and title should be placed below.

Microsoft Word has a feature that can help you to automatically place these numbers and titles in the correct position. Select the graphic, right-click, and choose “Insert Caption…” In the dialogue box that appears, specify whether it is a table or figure and enter a title. Once you click “Okay,” the number and the title will be generated in the right place.

Another advantage of using this Word feature to label your graphics is that you will later be able to generate lists of tables and figures with a push of a button.

Different heading styles are frequently used to help the reader differentiate between chapters, sections, and subsections of your dissertation. For instance, you may choose to bold all chapter headings but to italicize all lower-level headings.

Once you decide on the scheme you will use, it is important that you apply it consistently throughout your entire dissertation. Using the “Styles” feature of Microsoft Word can be very helpful in this regard. After you have created a heading, just highlight it and select a style (such as Heading 1 or Heading 2) from the home tool bar. Keeping a list may help you keep track of what style to use when.

Citing sources in a correct and appropriate manner is crucial in a dissertation, as failing to do so can make you guilty of plagiarism . It is important that these references follow certain standards.

The APA standard is most commonly used. After realizing how difficult it is to create correctly formatted citations manually, we developed the APA Citation Generator  to assist you. You can use this free and simple tool to easily generate citations that follow the official APA style.

We also recommend that you use a plagiarism scanner to check for unintended plagiarism.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

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Using the “Show paragraph marks” feature can help you to avoid this scenario. To turn it on, click on the paragraph symbol in your home tool bar (as shown in the above illustration). A black paragraph symbol will then be shown after every paragraph and “hard return” in your document, which allows you to see how the layout is constructed.

This can be very helpful when you are trying to determine the cause of mysterious jumps and other problems.

Headers and footers can give your dissertation a very professional look. They also make it immediately clear to readers what document is before them.

A header or footer can be added by double-clicking respectively at the top or bottom of a page in your document. There are generally no firm rules about what you must include; the following are common choices:

• The name/logo of your home educational institution
• The name/logo of the company or organization where you completed a placement
• The title of your dissertation (which may be shortened if necessary)
• Page numbers

Page numbers are commonly placed in the lower right-hand corner of the page. They can easily be added by simply creating a footer. Bear in mind that a page number is usually not included on the title page of a dissertation.

• To ensure that the page numbering doesn’t start on the cover page, but the numbering begins on page 1, place the cursor on the bottom of the page where you want to start with page numbering (if you want to start on page 2, click at the bottom of the first page).
• Next go to “Page layout” and then “Breaks”. Next, choose the submenu “Next page”.
• Switch to the side, where the numbering should begin (in this case, page 2). In the edit mode of the header or footer, choose “link to previous”, after that click on “Move to footer” and click on the “Link to previous” again.
• Now, to add a page number, click on the “Insert” tab, then on the “Header and footer” group, and then click “Page number”. Now you can also choose where the page number should be (top of the page, bottom of the page or page margins) and you can choose a design.
• Finally select the option “format page number” and enter the page numbers, in what page you want the numbering to begin. After you have pressed “ok”, the page number then begins with the number from the previously selected break.

A clear and well-presented title page is a nice finishing touch for your dissertation. Certain information should be included here by default. We have prepared a separate article on title pages that includes a handy checklist you can use to make sure you don’t forget anything.

Always make sure that everything in your dissertation is in the correct order and placed in the appropriate chapter. More information on how to put your document together can be found in our article on structure a dissertation .

If you are interested in seeing how other students have tackled preparing their theses, you may find it useful to check out these dissertation examples .

The last step is usually to prepare a hardcopy of your final document. There are many issues to think about, such as whether you will make it single- or double-sided.

Before you print, however, we recommend that you check one last time that your document meets all of the below requirements!

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Free Cover Page templates

Create impressive cover pages for your assignments and projects online in just a click. choose from hundreds of free templates and customize them with edit.org..

Create impressive cover pages in a few minutes with Edit.org, and give your projects and assignments a professional and unique touch. A well-designed title page or project front page can positively impact your professor's opinion of your homework, which can improve your final grade!

Create a personalized report cover page

After writing the whole report, dissertation, or paper, which is the hardest part, you should now create a cover page that suits the rest of the project. Part of the grade for your work depends on the first impression of the teacher who corrects it.

We know not everyone is a professional designer, and that's why Edit.org wants to help you. Having a professional title page can give the impression you've put a great deal of time and effort into your assignment, as well as the impression you take the subject very seriously. Thanks to Edit.org, everyone can become a professional designer. This way, you'll only have to worry about doing a great job on your assignment.

On the editor, you will also find free resume templates  and other educational and professional designs.

Customize an essay cover page with Edit.org

• Go to formats on the home page and choose Cover pages.
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• You can add your images or change the template background color.
• Add your report information and change the font type and colors if needed.
• Save and download it. The cover page is ready to make your work shine!

Free editable templates for title pages

As you can see, it's simple to create cover pages for schoolwork and it won’t take much time. We recommend using the same colors on the cover as the ones you used for your essay titles to create a cohesive design. It’s also crucial to add the name and logo of the institution for which you are doing the essay. A visually attractive project is likely to be graded very well, so taking care of the small details will make your work look professional.

On Edit.org, you can also reuse all your designs and adapt them to different projects. Thanks to the users' internal memory, you can access and edit old templates anytime and anywhere.

Take a look at other options we propose on the site. Edit.org helps design flyers, business cards, and other designs useful in the workplace. The platform was created so you don't need to have previous design knowledge to achieve a spectacular cover page! Start your cover page design now.

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• Dissertation

Dissertation title page

Published on 30 May 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 18 October 2022.

The title page (or cover page) of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper should contain all the key information about your document. It usually includes:

• Dissertation or thesis title
• The type of document (e.g., dissertation, research paper )
• The department and institution
• The degree program (e.g., Master of Arts)
• The date of submission

It sometimes also includes your student number, your supervisor’s name, and your university’s logo.

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Table of contents

Title page format, title page templates, title page example, frequently asked questions about title pages.

Your department will usually tell you exactly what should be included on your title page and how it should be formatted. Be sure to check whether there are specific guidelines for margins, spacing, and font size.

Title pages for APA and MLA Style

The format of your title page can also depend on the citation style you’re using. There may be guidelines in regards to alignment, page numbering, and mandatory elements.

• MLA guidelines for formatting the title page
• APA guidelines for formatting the title page

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

We’ve created a few templates to help you design the title page for your thesis, dissertation, or research paper. You can download them in the format of your choice by clicking on the corresponding button.

Research paper Google doc

Dissertation Google doc

Thesis Google doc

A typical example of a thesis title page looks like this:

The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.

The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.

Usually, no title page is needed in an MLA paper . A header is generally included at the top of the first page instead. The exceptions are when:

• Your instructor requires one, or
• Your paper is a group project

In those cases, you should use a title page instead of a header, listing the same information but on a separate page.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, October 18). Dissertation title page. Scribbr. Retrieved 27 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/title-page/

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Other students also liked, thesis & dissertation acknowledgements | tips & examples, dissertation table of contents in word | instructions & examples, research paper appendix | example & templates.

Thesis Writing

How to Write a Thesis in Hindi?

• December 19, 2022
• No Comments

Table Of Content

Thesis Writing in Hindi is not an easy task. It requires a lot of time, research, and the development of ideas. You have to put in the effort before you can write your thesis paper . The best way to do this is by sitting down with a dictionary for some time so that you can find out about new words that come up while writing in Hindi language. 

What is a Hindi thesis?  

A Thesis is a research paper that you write while pursuing your higher education in Hindi language. This document is a culmination of all the research work you have done during your studies. It is a document that you submit to your college or university for evaluation. 

There are several types of thesis papers, depending on the topic and structure of the paper: 

• Thesis proposal – A proposal for writing an academic study on some subject matter (usually concerning literature). This type of thesis also includes an outline and bibliography listing all sources used in preparing it; 
• Thesis proposal/dissertation – A form of dissertation written by students who have completed their coursework but have not yet defended their dissertations (or “theses”). These students often use this term when referring to their dissertations. 

How to write a thesis in Hindi?  

Writing a Thesis in Hindi is not an easy task. It requires you to put a lot of time and effort into research work and developing ideas to address the selected topic. You should be ready for some hard work because, apart from writing your own thesis statement or introduction, you will have to fulfill all other requirements such as references and bibliography sections as well as editing your text at least once before submitting it for evaluation by supervisors or peers. 

There are many ways to write a Thesis in Hindi:  

• You can choose among several methods that have been developed over time; these include: narrative essay (including research papers ), expository essay (including arguments), argumentative essay (including dialogues). 

Steps involved in writing a thesis in Hindi  

• Researching and Developing Ideas 
• Writing the Thesis Statement  
• Writing the Essay Body and Conclusion 

How to find the best topic for your thesis in Hindi?  

To find the best thesis topic , you should read the topic carefully. Look for a topic that is relevant to you, and look for something you can research about. You should also look at how much time and effort it will take to write this paper. If it takes too long, then maybe this isn’t the right type of assignment for your academic career! 

Once all these factors have been considered, think about what would make this assignment stand out above all others (a great idea is if there were no other similar ones). This may sound obvious but when we’re talking about writing our first Thesis in Hindi or any other language…it IS important! 

Research and analyze the topic first.  

Research is the key to writing a good thesis paper . It is important to identify the problem or issue you are studying and doing some background research on it. Come up with ideas for your thesis statement , outline, and research method before starting to write your thesis paper . 

• Identify the Problem or Issue: Write down what you want to study in detail so that when it comes time for writing, there will be no confusion about what needs to be covered in this particular paper (or essay). 
• Do Some Background Research : This can include reading articles online or books that have been written on the same topic as yours; interviewing people who have lived through similar experiences; watching documentaries about past events related once again by someone else who lived through them too! 

Define your goals and objectives

The next step is to define your goals and objectives. This will help you plan a research project that will help you accomplish these goals. 

The first thing to do is determine the purpose of your thesis in Hindi . What do you want this paper or research project to achieve? The answer should be clear from what has gone before in this section of the paper, especially if it’s an introduction or conclusion. If there isn’t any clear aim for what needs doing, then consider asking yourself: “What does this paper need?” You might also want to consider whether there are any wider implications for other people reading it; if so then consider making those connections between different parts of your work together too! 

Outline the steps and milestones

• Outline the steps and milestones. 
• Write down the steps and milestones in a clear, organized manner that helps you to remember them easily. 
• Follow every bullet and write about the steps properly. This will ensure that every topic has been covered in your thesis. 

Conduct proper research work

The most important part of your Thesis in Hindi is the research work. It is the foundation of your thesis, and it must be done properly. 

In order to conduct proper research work, you need to know what type of research is needed for your particular topic. For example, if your topic is related to the history of Hindi and linguistics then you need to find out what famous linguists say about that particular topic. 

Gather information from reliable sources.  

You can gather information from reliable sources. You can use the Internet to find information on your topic, or you can go to a library and look through books. If you don’t have access to a library, there are many online journals and magazines that will help you learn more about your topic. There are also many websites, such as Wikipedia and Britannica, where people share their knowledge with others by writing articles about different topics related to their field of study or profession (for example: “How do scientists discover new things?”). 

You might want something simple like “How do scientists discover new things?” But if you’re looking for something more specific like “Why did the Greeks build so many temples?”, then we recommend going straight over there! 

Order your data into paragraphs

The first step to writing a thesis in Hindi is to order your data into paragraphs. This will help you stay organized and keep the flow of your argument going smoothly. 

Paragraphs are the building blocks of the thesis, so they should be logical and well-organized. This means that each paragraph should have a topic sentence (which provides an overall direction), followed by several supporting sentences that help explain what you’re talking about in more detail or expand upon the main point made in your topic sentence. 

Finally, make sure that each paragraph has its own conclusion at all times—even if it takes multiple pages! 

Write the Thesis in Hindi language.  

It is important to write a Thesis in Hindi language . A thesis is a summary of what you have researched and written down, so that it can be used as evidence for your paper. That’s why it is important to write a Thesis in Hindi language . 

Thesis writing can be done by using many different styles, but there are some general rules which apply to all types of theses: 

Check out the grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary while pursuing Hindi for your Thesis

• Check the grammar 
• Check the sentence structure 
• Use a thesaurus to find synonyms for words you don’t know 
• Check your grammar and sentence structure using an online tool like Grammarly or Ask A Linguist 

Writing a thesis in Hindi requires you to put a lot of time and effort into research work and developing ideas to address the selected topic.  

Writing a thesis in Hindi requires you to put a lot of time and effort into research work and developing ideas to address the selected topic. This process can be challenging because it requires research on your own, which may take some time. However, if you want to write your thesis paper in Hindi language then there are several ways that you can do so: 

• You can hire someone who is fluent in Hindi language as an editor or writer for your thesis paper . They will help with writing down all of your thoughts into words while also providing feedback on how they look when they are written down properly; this way they will make sure that everything looks correct before submitting it back again! 
• You could also ask one of these editors/writers if they know any good sources online where people post articles about subjects like this one – maybe even ones written by experts who have studied at the top universities of India? 

A thesis is not just about writing, but also about finding the right topic and presenting your findings in an interesting manner. With the help of these tips, you will be able to write your thesis paper in Hindi easily. 

Frequently Asked Questions

Start with a topic sentence that states what you’re going to write about. Then state your hypothesis, which is the reason why you think this topic will help solve a problem or answer an issue. Next, state your methods and data sources you’re going to use in your research project. Finally, address any potential conflicts of interest or ethical concerns that might arise from conducting this study (if any).

Start with a topic sentence that states what you’re going to write about. Then state your hypothesis, which is why you think this topic will help solve a problem or answer an issue. Next, state the methods and data sources you’re going to use in your research project. Finally, address any potential conflicts of interest or ethical concerns that might arise from conducting this study (if any).

You should always write your thesis with proper grammar and spelling because it will help you communicate better with others through written documents and papers, etc., which are all required for writing a good paper or thesis at the school or University level too! You can also use good words which are used widely in everyday life like “I”, “You”, “We”, “Myself”, “Myself”, etc. so that you don’t have much trouble when writing your thesis in the Hindi language!

You can follow these steps to write a thesis in Hindi: Choose an interesting topic which is related to your field of study. Read and understand the relevant books, magazines or journals on this topic. Write down all the points you have gathered from reading these materials in a notebook.

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What is a PhD Thesis: Structure, Importance, and Key Elements

What is the difference between dissertation and Thesis? 

Understanding Dissertation Meaning: Key Sections, Formatting, and Common Challenges

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Trapped in dissertation revisions?

Sample dissertation cover page + how to, published by steve tippins on may 26, 2020 may 26, 2020.

Last Updated on: 6th June 2024, 02:20 am

If you’re wondering about making your dissertation cover page, chances are you’re nearing the final stretch of your doctoral journey. Congratulations!

Luckily, making your title page is one of the simplest tasks you’ll have to complete. Generally speaking, there’s a template your institution will use and you just have to fill in your information.

What Should a Dissertation Cover Page Include?

The inner artist in you might want to make your dissertation cover page beautiful: printed in color, maybe with pictures, or with an interesting font or design. However, you’re going to be limited by your university. 

Pretty much every university that I’ve come across has a template and guidelines that you must follow for your dissertation cover page. You may just be filling in things like your title, name, your university’s name, maybe your committee members’ names, and not much more. You won’t have much (if any) creative license.

The advantage of this is, by the time you get to that stage, you may be tired of writing and it will be easier to follow directions than to come up with something creative. Your dissertation cover page doesn’t need to be a work of art. It just needs to convey what the dissertation is about.

Dissertation Cover Page: The Title

The aspect of your dissertation cover page that you have the most control over is the title . It’s also the most important to get right. 

The main thing to remember is, keep the title simple . It should simply tell a person what they’re going to read in the document. Don’t try to intrigue people or be too clever, just tell them directly. Having a straightforward title helps your committee approve your dissertation more quickly.

Over 50% of doctoral candidates don’t finish their dissertations.

Your title should include relevant information that gives the reader a complete picture of what your study was about. Generally speaking, you’ll want to cover a few specific areas.

Quantitative Title Requirements

• Type of relationship between variables.
• Key variables (independent and dependent).
• Population.

Qualitative Title Requirements

• Central conceptual issue investigated.
• Qualitative tradition applied.
• Participant group.

See this article for a more in-depth discussion of choosing your dissertation’s title .

Sample Dissertation Cover Page

Your dissertation cover page should look something like this:

While each university has slightly different requirements, generally speaking, a dissertation cover page looks something like this, above. The required sections are as follows:

A Dissertation

Submitted to XXXXX University

Graduate Faculty of the School of XXXXXXXX

in Partial Fulfillment of the 

Requirements for the Degree of 

DOCTOR OF XXXXXXXXXX

City, State (of the university)

Final Thoughts

While your dissertation title page doesn’t have to be fancy, it’s important that it aligns with your university’s requirements. Take a look at their rubric and, if needed, look at completed dissertations’ title pages as well. If all else fails, ask your mentor for help.

Once you’ve finished this, pat yourself on the back. You’re almost done!

PS. Need support getting through the final stages of your dissertation, or moving into the world of your career? As a dissertation coach and career coach , I’ve helped countless students achieve their dreams. Let’s achieve yours. Book a free 30-minute consultation today.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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The JNU library has over 22,000 theses and dissertations, which belongs to Humanities, Social Sciences & Sciences discipline awarded by the University and its affiliated Institutes. The collection contains approximately 19,000 unique theses and dissertation titles. The Library has digitised all M.Phil/Ph.D. Theses covering over 30 lacs pages and the metadata has been captured as per MARC21 standard. The full text of M.Phil./Ph.D. Theses and Dissertations can be access through JNU Web-OPAC on the intranet. For any information please contact Mr. Amar Professional assistant Ph:011-26704543

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