Defining medical terms built from word components is easily accomplished by analyzing the components of the term, defining each component, and then building the overall definition of the medical term.
For example, see Table 1.2c for instructions on how the definition of the medical term “osteoarthropathy” can be identified by breaking down its components and defining them.
Table 1.2c. Technique for Defining Medical Terms Based on Their Components
1. Divide into word parts. 2. Label the word parts. 3. Underline and label each combining form. | 1. oste/o/arthr/o/pathy 2. = WR/; = CV/; = WR/; = CV/; = S 3. oste/o/arthr/o/pathy | |
1. Define each word part in the term. | 1. = bone; = joint; = disease | |
1. Place word parts together to define the term. Begin by defining the suffix, and then move to the beginning of the term in the order they appear. 2. Add combining vowels to pronounce the term. | 1. of the and 2. oste/ /arthr/ /pathy |
When breaking down medical terms into its components, place slashes between the components and a slash on each side of a combining vowel. Notice how the term is defined by beginning with the meaning of the suffix and then shifts to the beginning of the term with the meaning of the word parts in the order they appear. Additional examples of identifying definitions of medical terms by analyzing their components are provided in the following box.
Additional Examples of Identifying Definitions of Medical Terms by Analyzing Their Components
Example: Osteoarthritis 1. Analyze Components: oste/o/arthr/itis 2. Define Components: oste is a word root (WR) that means “bone” /o/ is a combining vowel (CV) arthr is a word root (WR) that means “joint” -itis is a suffix (S) that means “inflammation” 3. Build Definition: Inflammation of bone and joint
Example: Intravenous 1. Analyze Components: intra/ven/ous 2. Define Components: intra- is a prefix (P) that means “within” ven is a word root (WR) that means “vein” -ous is a suffix (S) that means “pertaining to” 3. Build Definition: Pertaining to within a vein
Language rules are a good place to start when building foundational knowledge of medical terminology. Many medical terms are built from word parts and can be translated literally. At first, literal translations sound awkward. However, after you build a medical vocabulary and become proficient at using it, the awkwardness will slip away. Suffixes will no longer be stated and will be assumed. For example, the definition of intravenous can be condensed from “pertaining to within a vein” to “within the vein.” It should be noted that as with all language rules there are always exceptions, often referred to as “rebels.”
By the end of this book, by using these simple rules and processes, you will easily learn hundreds of medical terms.
Pronouncing complex medical terms can be challenging. When learning how to pronounce medical terms, special marking above vowels indicates the proper pronunciation. When you see a macron (i.e., straight line) above the vowel, that means the vowel sound is long. A u-shaped symbol above a vowel indicates a short vowel sound. Additionally, capital letters indicate where to place the emphasis when pronouncing a word. See examples of pronunciation markings in the Table 1.2d. Try pronouncing each example out loud.
Table 1.2d. Pronunciation Guidelines
Markings indicate the proper phonetic sounds. | doctor (dŏk-tŏr) |
A macron (a line above the letter) indicates a long vowel sound. Examples: ā in “play” ē in “bee” ī in “wine” ō in “go” ū in “mule” | prorate (prō-rāt) |
A u-shaped mark above the vowel indicates a short sound. Examples: ă in “mad” ĕ in “bet” ĭ in “tip” ŏ in “mop” ŭ in “cup” | medical (mĕd-ĭ-căl) |
Primary emphasis of pronunciation is indicated by capital letters. | debride (di-BRĒD) dehydration (dē-hī-DRĀ-shŏn) |
Medical terms can be classified into the following general categories of terms:
These categories will be used to discuss medical terms by body systems throughout the remaining chapters of the book.
Medical Terminology - 2e Copyright © 2024 by Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
Whether you’re starting work as a medical professional, a patient in a doctor’s office or considering a healthcare career , it can sometimes be hard to follow an experienced doctor’s explanations. That’s because medical terminology uses unfamiliar terms to the average person. Even the simplest words and phrases can sound like a foreign language. If you can relate, this article on basic medical terminology for beginners is sure to help!
If you think medical terminology sounds like another language, that’s because it is! Most medical terms have Greek and Latin roots, sometimes strung together like tongue twisters. So, there’s no reason to feel bad if you find medical terms confusing, as they come from a foreign language.
Still, you can learn some tricks to unlock the meaning of these complex terms. Medical terms have three essential components — root words, prefixes and suffixes. Some terms only consist of a root word and suffix or prefix and root word. When all three components are together, the typical structure is prefix + root word + suffix. Once you learn the meanings of common medical prefixes, suffixes and root words, you can decode medical terms by breaking them into their different components and understanding them through association.
For example, if you break the term “hypothyroidism” into its prefix, root word and suffix, you get hypo + thyroid + ism. The prefix “hypo” means below, beneath or deficient. Thyroid is the root term for the thyroid gland, while the suffix “ism” refers to a process or condition. Through association, you can decipher that term as a condition where someone has a deficient thyroid gland.
Since the root words form the foundation of a medical term’s meaning, it makes the most sense to start there. As such, here are some common root words in medical terminology.
Medical prefixes have various purposes. Some designate when or where the condition or procedure occurs, while others indicate a condition’s behavior or characteristics, such as the size, function or quantity. With that in mind, here are some medical prefixes indicating position, location or direction:
Some common medical prefixes signifying when a condition occurs or its speed and rate of activity include:
As for medical prefixes that have to do with size or quantity, these include:
Medical prefixes concerning procedural or conditional behavior or characteristics include:
In general, medical suffixes refer to a procedure or a pathology, condition or function. As with prefixes, many of the suffixes help provide context to root medical terms, even though they aren’t unique to medical terminology. Some common medical suffixes of pathology, condition or function include the following.
Suffixes related to medical procedures include:
Now, it’s time to put some of those root words, prefixes and suffixes together! Here are a few of the most common medical words to help you get started.
If this crash course on medical terminology has piqued your interest in working in the healthcare field , AIHT is an excellent place to begin that journey. AIHT equips students with all the essential skills to thrive in applied health sciences. Feel free to request more information on how you can enter the healthcare field with AIHT!
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Have you ever wondered why you can't read the doctor's note or the letters and numbers on a prescription? Health care professionals often quickly scribble notes with important medical information that they would like a patient to reference in regard to the type of current, or recently diagnosed disease, syndrome, or other health condition(s). Have you ever seen the doctor's notes in your medical record and found peculiar abbreviations and jargon? Do you wonder what the letters and numbers mean on your prescriptions or other items related to a disease, syndrome, or disorder?
Doctors and other health care professionals commonly use a list of abbreviations, acronyms, and other medical terminology as a reference to rapidly search and accurately record information about, and give instructions to their patients. There is no standard or approved list used by health care professionals to search for medical acronyms or abbreviations. Therefore, it is important to understand the context in which the abbreviation or term has been used.
Abbreviations, acronyms, and medical terminology are used for many conditions, and for instructions on medication prescribed by your doctor. This is a shortlist of common abbreviations you may have seen on a doctor's notepad; a prescription drug package or bottle; lab or other test results; or in your doctor's notes.
Use this list as a resource for common abbreviations and acronyms used in the health care community, to quickly search and answer your questions about those letters and numbers of a drug your doctor has prescribed to you, or other notes from your doctor or other medical professionals.
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About medical presentations.
Medical presentations are fundamentally different from other presentation types. In fact, they are one of the toughest type of presentations to design.
Medical slides have research facts, data charts, diagrams and illustrations that demand a totally different approach to design. You need a slide creation method that considers the unique problems you face as a medical presenter. In this guide, you will Tips, Tutorials and resources to get your started with making over your Medical slides.
We will start with some general tips and tricks on creating medical slides and then proceed to step by step tutorials.
Tips to create Medical Presentations
How to Present Lists & Text
How to use animations effectively, creative morph transition ideas, making medical slides easy to understand, powerpoint delivery tips, powerpoint tips & tricks, issue with typical medical slides, medical slides makeover examples, medical powerpoint templates, free medical & healthcare icons, free medical presentation images, more resources for medical presentations, tips to create medical presentations, how to avoid overwhelming audience in technical presentations.
Do you want to improve how you explain concepts in a technical presentation? In this article, you will find a powerful technique called ‘Telescopic explanation’ to make your technical presentations much clearer and more memorable for your audience. To know more, read this post over on PrezoTraining.com
There are two major facets to a presentation: the content and how you present it. Let’s face it, no matter how great the content, no one will get it if they stop paying attention.
Here are some pointers on how to create clear, concise content for scientific presentations – and how to deliver your message in a dynamic way. Find the tips over on Elsevier connect .
If you have never presented a paper at a scientific meeting, or would like to polish your research presentations, this post contains information that will improve your presentation.
This article contains a set of guides and checklists to help you in the preparation of your presentation. Read this post on ACP .
Whether you are presenting an audit or a case report at a local meeting, presenting a paper at a conference, presenting a business case to your Trust, or even presenting on a hot topic at your medical interview, you will need to know how to prepare medical slides which attract your audience rather than distract it. This post on ISC Medical provides 10 tips for Medical presentations.
For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free E-course.
In the following sections, you'll find step by step PowerPoint tutorials & Makeover Ideas to help you makeover different parts of your presentation.
Information presentations use a lot of text and bullet list. In this section, you will find some creative ways to design these type of slides.
If you have a Long Lists of items on One Slide here is a one-click trick on how to do this. Watch the video below to know more.
Find a useful PowerPoint SmartArt Trick to convert Bullet Point Text to Graphics quickly and easily. Learn how to take the graphics to the next level with some creative ideas from Ramgopal.
For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course.
Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.
Medical presentations usually have a lot of pictures. Especially the training and informational slides. Here are some ways in which you can present the pictures in your presentations in a creative way.
Learn the benefit of showcasing pictures using SmartArt tool in PowerPoint. In the video below we start with a typical picture Showcase slide used by presenters. Though the slide looks quite attractive in the first glance, there are some issues that makes the slide ineffective. Watch the video below to know more:
Learn a super easy trick to crop a picture in PowerPoint in a step by step way. This trick will help you crop a picture in the shape you want, in a single click.
A PowerPoint slide with too much content can be overwhelming for the audience. If you learn to sequence the way you present your information, you make it easy for your audience to understand your presentation.
Here are different ways you can use Custom Animations and Morph Transition effects to sequence information.
In this tutorial, you will find how to create a useful and practical slide with pictures and text to show a process or a timeline diagram. Learn how to create and present it to make an impact.
Learn to create an Animated Picture Reveal Effect in PowerPoint. Present your important picture with this effect. Watch the video to preview the effect and learn how to create it:
This trick is super useful for medical presentations where you need to present an image step by step. Since it is an image you cannot break it up and present it in parts. However with this useful technique you can highlight one part of an image at a time with animation.
For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course. Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.
In PowerPoint for Office 365, Microsoft introduced the Morph Transition. It is an effective way to create animations fast. Here are some ideas on how you can use this feature to create your slides.
Learn how to create an easy animated scales diagram with Morph Transition Effect. This effect is available in PowerPoint for Office 365. You can also sign up & download the original PowerPoint file over at our website .
In this video you will find how to use PowerPoint Morph Transition to replace Custom Animations. See how this can be done with this example of a slide with multiple pictures with text.
Convert your boring text-based slides, blog articles or research papers into clear & beautiful visual slides - even if you have zero Design skills, zero PowerPoint skills & very little time - using our ‘4-step Neuro Slide Design System for Medical Presentations’
Watch the video below to learn more:
Medical presentations also usually contain a component of data. This could be related to statistics or research. In this section, you will find some easy ways to makeover your slides with numbers.
Learn how to create a Pie chart in PowerPoint with this step by step tutorial. This video also covers how to adjust the Pie chart settings and also how to add Donut charts.
Learn a trick to Animate a PowerPoint Table. PowerPoint does not have the feature of animating parts of a table.
Learn to create a PowerPoint conditional formatting chart that changes color and direction of bar chart automatically for negative values. The positive values are displayed in green color and the negative values in red color.
Here are some tips for when you are actually delivering your presentation. Present confidently with these ideas!
How to use Presenter View in PowerPoint to present your slides like a PRO (Presentation Delivery Tips). This view is for the presenter only - when the slideshow This requires 2 monitors (your laptop and the projector screen). Even if you want to use Presenter View in 1 monitor it is possible. Learn how with this video.
In this video, you will find a PowerPoint Tip on how to use Hidden slides to present confidently. This feature is especially useful when creating business presentations.
Here are some useful PowerPoint Slideshow Shortcuts you can use when delivering your next presentation. Hope you find these PowerPoint tips useful.
If you wish to improve the quality of your medical slides in a reliable way, take a look at the first video over on this page .
Here are some tips and tricks to reduce time taken to create your slides.
In this PowerPoint tips tutorial, you will find how to set up the Quick Access Toolbar. It is a great time-saving tool for any version of PowerPoint.
Learn this trick to use PowerPoint Auto-correct option to save time and effort in creating your presentations. Write complex medical terminology accurately & easily in PowerPoint!
Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & offers.
Many of the medical slides you may see may look like this:
These slides are taken from various sources online like Slideshare and YouTube and represent various types of presentations. The common issues with such slides include:
It is quite common to see well researched medical content being totally ignored by the audience - because the presentation slides look busy and boring. And… You can’t blame your audience for tuning out of your presentation.
The quality of your slides makes or breaks your medical presentations.
In this section, we'll makeover usual text filled PowerPoint slides into a visual and interesting slides.
The original slides are taken from various sources online like Slideshare and YouTube and represent various types of presentations.
Original title slide:
Title slide after makeover:
Original training slide:
Training slide after makeover:
Original slide with quote:
Quote slide after makeover:
Slide after makeover:
In the Medical Presentations Bundle with Neuro Slide Design Training, you can watch me make over Text-based slides, a Blog article, a Wikipedia article and a 11-page Research paper. I go through each of the 4 steps to transform these text-based documents to clear and beautiful visual slides.
The Bundle includes 900 Fully Editable PowerPoint Templates. Go over and checkout the bundle .
One of the ways to quickly improve the quality of your slides is to use good quality templates create with the needs of medical presenters in mind. Here are some resources...
Leawo website provides free medical title templates for download. These templates are suitable for different type of medical presentations. You can preview and download them here .
FPPT website provides similar free title templates for use as well. You can find title templates related to medical and health fields over here on FPPT .
While free medical PowerPoint Templates are good enough for student or non-critical presentations, if you are consultant or specialist, you may prefer to use high-quality PowerPoint Templates.
Create Medical Slides You Feel Proud to Present Using the Breakthrough Slide Design System created using proven Brain research principles. You can preview templates from our Medical Templates Bundle below:
Browse more templates and know more about the Medical PowerPoint Templates Bundle here .
Icons are useful to represent ideas on slides. Here are some useful links for downloading Healthcare and Medical Icons online.
ICONFINDER : This website has a good collection of vector icons without too many ads or links to other websites.. You can search iconfinder by keyword and specifically look for free to use icons. You can also search by types of icons like glyphs, outline, flat, filled outline, 3D and more.
VECTEEZY : This website provides both free and premium icons. The license may require you to provide attribution to the author. There are lot of popups and ads, and the focus in on their premium icons.
POWERPOINT : If you are using Office 365, you can find a lot of free icons right in PowerPoint. There are icons for people, technology and electronics, communication, business, analytics, commerce, education, signs and symbols, arrows, medical and much more. You can edit the fill colors of these icons to customize them.
Make your slides look professional and visual with these icons. Icons make it easy for your audience to remember the information you are presenting. Learn the secret to finding icons for free right within PowerPoint.
The Medical Presentations Bundle includes 300+ Medical Icons for PowerPoint. You can break these icons into individual components, mix and match them to create custom icons that meet your specific needs. As one of the doctors using this Bundle said, it is a “ ONE STOP SHOP” for every busy medical practitioner.
Medical presentations can be made more interesting and engaging by the addition of relevant images. If you are looking for high-quality free images, here are some suggestions:
FREEIMAGES.COM : Images on this website are free for use for personal and commercial purposes. You can find a range of generic medical and healthcare images here.
PICJUMBO.COM : This site provides free and interesting images for backgrounds.
WIKIPEDIA is a great source for free images and illustrations. However, there are a couple of things to keep in mind when you use images from Wikipedia.
1) Please check the copyright terms for each image. You may need to provide attribution as per their terms.
2) Images may be of different formats, sizes, color schemes and quality.
Here is a collection of images from Wikipedia related to Brain:
In the Medical Presentations Bundle we have already done the hard work of putting together a large collection of high quality Medical, Pharma and Science photos & editable illustrations to use in your presentations.
Remember, these are not the usual photos of smiling Doctors and pretty handshakes. These are practical medical photos you can use in your medical slides to illustrate your ideas. As one of the doctors using this Bundle said, it is a “ONE STOP SHOP” for every busy medical practitioner.
For a 5-Part series on how to make your Medical Slides Clear and Visual , sign up for our Free e-course. Get access to exclusive members-only e-courses & downloads.
PowerPoint Skills for Medical Professionals Learn the 14 essential PowerPoint techniques that every medical professional needs to know to design clear medical slides. This training is part of Medical Presentations Bundle .
Advanced PowerPoint Video Tutorials Enhance your presentations with these ideas. In this section you will find extensive video tutorials for 2D and 3D Diagrams, Models, Picture Effects, Animations and More… Click here to browse
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Here you can find out what some of the most common medical abbreviations mean. This may be useful if you want to understand your health records. An abbreviation is a short way of writing a longer word or phrase.
Healthcare staff sometimes use the same abbreviations to mean different things.
If you do not know what something in your health records means, ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
Abbreviation | Meaning |
---|---|
# | broken bone (fracture) |
A&E | accident and emergency |
a.c. | before meals |
a.m., am, AM | morning |
AF | |
AMHP | approved mental health professional |
APTT | activated partial thromboplastin time (a measure of how long it takes your blood to clot) |
ASQ | Ages and Stages Questionnaire (a set of questions about children's development) |
b.d.s, bds, BDS | 2 times a day |
b.i.d., bid, bd | twice a day / twice daily / 2 times daily |
BMI | body mass index |
BNO | bowels not open |
BO | bowels open |
BP | |
c/c | chief complaint |
CMHN | community mental health nurse |
CPN | community psychiatric nurse |
CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
CSU | catheter stream urine sample |
CT scan | |
CVP | central venous pressure |
CXR | chest |
DNACPR | |
DNAR | do not attempt resuscitation |
DNR | do not resuscitate |
Dr | doctor |
DVT | |
Dx | diagnosis |
ECG | |
ED | emergency department |
EEG | |
EMU | early morning urine sample |
ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate (a type of used to help diagnose conditions associated with inflammation) |
EUA | examination under anaesthetic |
FBC | full blood count (a type of ) |
FOBT | faecal occult blood test (a test to check for blood traces in your poo) |
FIT | faecal immunochemical test (a test to check for blood traces in your poo) |
FY1 FY2 | foundation doctor |
GA | |
gtt., gtt | drop(s) |
h., h | hour |
h/o | history of |
Hb | haemoglobin (a substance in that moves oxygen around the body) |
HCA | healthcare assistant |
HCSW | healthcare support worker |
HDL | high-density lipoprotein (a type of ) |
HRT | |
Ht | height |
Hx | history |
i | 1 tablet |
ii | 2 tablets |
iii | 3 tablets |
i.m., IM | injection into a muscle |
i.v., IV | injection directly to a vein |
INR | international normalised ratio (a measure of how long blood takes to clot) |
IVI | intravenous infusion |
IVP | intravenous pyelogram (an X-ray of your urinary tract) |
Ix | investigations |
LA | |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein (a type of ) |
LFT | liver function test (a type of measuring enzymes and proteins in your liver) |
LMP | last menstrual period |
M/R | modified release |
MRI | |
MRSA | |
MSU | mid-stream urine sample |
n.p.o., npo, NPO | nothing by mouth / not by oral administration |
NAD | nothing abnormal discovered |
NAI | non-accidental injury |
NBM | nil by mouth |
NG | nasogastric (running between your nose and stomach) |
nocte | every night |
NoF | neck of femur |
NSAID | |
o.d., od, OD | once a day |
o/e | on examination |
OT | |
p.c. | after food |
p.m., pm, PM | afternoon or evening |
p.o., po, PO | orally / by mouth / oral administration |
POD | podiatrist |
p.r., pr, PR | rectally |
p.r.n., prn, PRN | as needed |
p/c | presenting complaint |
PT | |
POP | plaster of paris |
PTT | partial thromboplastin time (a measure of how quickly your blood clots) |
PU | passed urine |
q. | every |
q.1.d., q1d | every day |
q.1.h., q1h | every hour |
q.2.h., q2h | every 2 hours |
q.4.h., q4h | every 4 hours |
q.6.h., q6h | every 6 hours |
q.8.h., q8h | every 8 hours |
q.d., qd | every day / daily |
q.d.s, qds, QDS | 4 times a day |
q.h., qh | every hour, hourly |
q.i.d, qid | 4 times a day |
q.o.d., qod | every other day / alternate days |
q.s., qs | a sufficient quantity (enough) |
RN | registered nurse |
RNLD | learning disability nurse |
ROSC | return of spontaneous circulation |
RTA | road traffic accident |
Rx | treatment |
s.c., SC | injection under the skin |
S/R | sustained release |
SLT | speech and language therapist |
SpR | specialist registrar |
stat. | immediately, with no delay, now |
STEMI | |
t.d.s, tds, TDS | 3 times a day |
t.i.d., tid | 3 times a day |
TCI | to come in |
TFT | thyroid function test |
TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
TPR | temperature, pulse and respiration |
TTA | to take away |
TTO | to take out |
U&E | urea and electrolytes |
u.d., ud | as directed |
UCC | urgent care centre |
UTI | |
VLDL | very-low density lipoprotein (a ) |
VTE | venous thromboembolism (a blood clot that forms in a vein) |
Wt | weight |
Speak to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist for help with understanding your health records.
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Type 4 tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures: surgical treatment early outcomes and a presentation of the distal cortical fixation.
2. materials and methods, statistical analysis, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Materials and Methods | Results | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technique Group | Sex | Age | Side | Injury Setting/Mechanism | Follow-Up Duration | NWB (Weeks) | Immobilization Duration (Weeks) | Wound Complications | Change in Coronal Alignment (Degrees) | Change in Sagittal Alignment (Degrees) | |
1 | DCF | F | 13.98 | L | Running in soccer | 89 | 5 | 5 | None | −0.60 | 1.80 |
2 | DCF | F | 13.87 | R | fall | 24 | 3 | 3 | None | 2.60 | 0.90 |
3 | DCF | F | 13.84 | L | Jumping in gymnastics | 74 | 6 | 6 | None | −0.50 | 1.40 |
4 | DCF | M | 17.23 | L | Foot caught | 449 | 6 | 6 | None | −1.00 | 0.80 |
5 | DCF | M | 14.01 | L | Trampoline | 33 | 4 | 6 | None | 0.00 | 0.30 |
6 | DCF | M | 15.20 | L | Basketball, hit knee on a pole | 605 | 7 | 7 | None | 2.00 | 0.70 |
7 | DCF | M | 14.66 | L | Jumping in basketball | 140 | 5 | 5 | None | 0.50 | −0.80 |
8 | DCF | M | 15.51 | R | Football, while Running | 89 | 5 | 5 | None | 3.10 | 1.40 |
9 | DCF | M | 15.83 | L | Kicked in leg playing soccer | 209 | 4 | 4 | None | −2.10 | −3.00 |
10 | DCF | M | 12.44 | L | Ran and felt a “pop” | 60 | 4 | 4 | None | 0.80 | −5.10 |
11 | DCF | M | 15.59 | L | Jumping in basketball | 15 | 2 | no sufficient follow-up | None | 0.80 | −0.70 |
12 | DCF | M | 18.16 | L | Playing basketball | 36 | 5 | 5 | None | 1.00 | −1.70 |
13 | DCF | M | 14.37 | r | Jumping at basketball | 775 | 2 | 4 | Serous drainage 2 years after surgery | −3.00 | −3.10 |
14 | DCF | M | 13.72 | L | Running in soccer | 179 | 0 | 3 | None | −3.40 | −4.30 |
15 | DCF | M | 15.22 | R | Felt a “pop” while running | 583 | 6 | 4 | None | 0.50 | 1.50 |
16 | DCF | M | 15.23 | L | Running in basketball | 78 | 4 | 4 | None | −0.10 | 0.20 |
17 | DCF | M | 15.66 | R | Jumping in basketball | 155 | 0 | 4 | None | −1.60 | −0.50 |
18 | DCF | M | 14.04 | L | Playing bsketball | 289 | 5 | 5 | None | 1.20 | 3.20 |
19 | DCF | M | 14.68 | L | Abrupt stop while running | 31 | 6 | 4 | None | 4.10 | −2.20 |
20 | DCF | M | 16.24 | L | Jumping in basketball | 391 | 7 | 7 | None | 1.50 | −1.50 |
21 | DCF | M | 12.97 | L | Running in dodgeball, head a “pop” | 836 | 4 | 3 | None | 3.00 | −9.30 |
22 | PST | M | 14.12 | R | Jumping at basketball | 157 | 4 | 4 | None | −4.30 | −3.30 |
23 | PST | M | 14.64 | L | Jumping rope | 194 | 4 | 4 | None | 1.60 | 0.10 |
24 | PST | M | 13.91 | L | Trampoline park | 240 | 4 | 4 | None | 1.50 | −10.40 |
25 | PST | M | 12.72 | Bil | Slipped on water playing basketball | 366 | 6 | 6 | wound dehiscence | 1.60 | −2.40 |
26 | PST | M | 15.68 | L | Jumping hurdles | 117 | 6 | 6 | None | 1.70 | 3.10 |
27 | PST | M | 12.87 | R | Trampoline | 41 | 7 | 3 | None | −1.00 | unmeasurable |
28 | PST | M | 15.59 | L | 72 | 7 | 7 | None | −0.10 | 1.10 | |
29 | PST | M | 14.76 | R | Running/“roughhousing” | 468 | 2 | 8 | None | 2.70 | 1.40 |
30 | Crossed | M | 15.50 | R | Jumping in basketball | 97 | 4 | 4 | None | 2.60 | 2.80 |
31 | Crossed lateral and medial | M | 14.09 | L | Soccer | 98 | 2 | 7 | None | 1.70 | −4.10 |
32 | Crossed lateral and medial | M | 16.35 | R | Jumping on trampoline | 141 | 4 | 4 | None | −1.30 | 8.60 |
33 | Crossed lateral and medial | M | 15.85 | R | Stepped wrong on ladder, fell, and hit his knee | 26 | 6 | 3.5 | None | 2.60 | 3.10 |
34 | Crossed lateral and medial | M | 15.50 | R | Jumping in basketball | 103 | 4 | 2 | None | 0.10 | 2.20 |
35 | Multiple | M | 15.30 | R | Jumping over fence | 366 | 0 | 6 | None | −1.50 | 0.20 |
36 | Multiple | M | 15.84 | R | Jumping in basketball | 358 | 6 | 6 | None | −1.60 | 1.00 |
37 | Multiple | M | 13.79 | L | Fell while running in baseball | 343 | 4 | 4 | None | −0.20 | −2.60 |
Variable | DCF (n = 21, 56.75%) | PST (n = 8, 21.62%) | Crossed/Other (n = 8, 21.62%) | Total (n = 37, 100%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials and Methods | |||||
18 (85.7%) | 8 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 34 (91.9%) | 0.395 | |
14.88 ± 1.35 | 14.28 ± 1.11 | 15.28 ± 0.88 | 14.83 ± 1.23 | 0.263 | |
16 (76.2%) | 5 (62.5%) | 2 (25%) | 23 (62.2%) | 0.059 | |
0.644 | |||||
9 (42.9%) | 4 (50%) | 5 (62.5%) | 18 (48.6%) | ||
9 (42.9%) | 2 (25%) | 3 (37.5%) | 14 (37.8%) | ||
3 (14.3%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (13.5%) | ||
78.73 ± 20.35 | 75.42 ± 17.63 | 74.43 ± 19.42 | 77.09 ± 19.17 | 0.888 | |
84.34 ± 19.96 | 95.76 ± 4.79 | 76.26 ± 24.9 | 84.77 ± 19.91 | 0.14 | |
1.57 ± 2.29 | 2.75 ± 3.41 | 1.13 ± 0.354 | 1.73 ± 2.29 | 0.679 | |
0.004 | |||||
1 (4.8%) | 3 (37.5%) | 4 (50%) | 8 (21.6%) | ||
0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.7%) | ||
80.05 ± 26.13 | 68.88 ± 28.59 | 57.25 ± 11.89 | 72.5 ± 25.59 | 0.102 | |
10 (47.6%) | 4 (50%) | 6 (75%) | 20 (54.1%) | 0.45 | |
0.014 | |||||
2 (9.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8.1%) | ||
14 (66.7%) | 5 (62.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 20 (54.1%) | ||
5 (23.8%) | 2 (25%) | 3 (37.5%) | 10 (27%) | ||
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (2.7%) | ||
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 3 (8.1%) | ||
0.006 | |||||
3 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
15 (71.4%) | 5 (62.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | |||
2 (9.5%) | 2 (25%) | 2 (25%) | |||
1 (4.8%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (25%) | |||
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (37.5%) | |||
12 (57.1%) | 4 (50%) | 1 (12.5%) | 17 (45.9%) | 0.115 | |
13 (61.9%) * | 8 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 29 (78.4%) | 0.021 | |
0.814 | |||||
2 (9.5%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (10.8%) | ||
5 (23.8%) | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 7 (18.9%) | ||
1 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.7%) | ||
35.17 ± 36.79 | 30.03 ± 20.84 | 28 ± 19.58 | 32.51 ± 30.34 | 0.883 | |
4.7 ± 1.22 | 5.25 ± 1.75 | 4.56 ± 1.63 | 4.79 ± 1.42 | 0.707 | |
4.29 ± 1.98 | 5 ± 1.77 | 3.75 ± 1.98 | 4.32 ± 1.93 | 0.435 | |
21 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 7 (87.5%) | 36 (97.3%) | 0.432 | |
0.517 | |||||
4 (19%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (16.2%) | ||
13 (61.9%) | 6 (75%) | 7 (87.5%) | 26 (70.3%) | ||
4 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 5 (13.5%) | ||
0 (0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.4%) | 0.685 | |
0.761 | |||||
15 (71.4%) | 7 (87.5%) | 6 (75%) | 28 (75.7%) | ||
3 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8.1%) | ||
3 (14.3%) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25%) | 6 (16.2%) |
Variable | DCF (n = 21, 56.75%) | PST (n = 8, 21.62%) | Crossed/Other (n = 8, 21.62%) | Total (n = 37, 100%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
88.2 ± 1.86 | 86.96 ± 2.08 | 86.47 ± 1.41 | 87.56 ± 1.93 | ||
87.78 ± 1.57 | 86.5 ± 1.48 | 86.17 ± 2.6 | 87.16 ± 1.91 | ||
0.41 ± 1.97 | 0.46 ± 2.24 | 0.3 ± 1.78 | 0.4 ± 1.94 | 0.872 | |
9.7 ± 4.95 | 9.91 ± 7.84 | 8.85 ± 4.68 | 9.55 ± 4.94 | ||
8.75 ± 3.58 | 8.11 ± 5.01 | 10.25 ± 4.18 | 8.93 ± 3.99 | ||
0.95 ± 2.86 | 1.48 ± 4.52 | −1.4 ± 3.87 | 0.53 ± 3.51 | 0.296 |
Refs. | mWJ4 Cases (n) | Relevant Findings and Conclusions |
---|---|---|
[ ] | 24 | The authors’ perception was that longer bi-cortical screws were necessary to stabilize the posterior fracture fragment. Accordingly, they stated that a screw purchase in this fragment should be achieved whenever possible. In their series, 4 patients required a supplemental plate fixation. |
[ ] | 26 | In all, 79% of the mWJ4/5 fractures were treated operatively. The authors did not separate types 4 and 5 in their analysis. Although they did not elaborate on the technique in the text, the image provided by the authors presented a PST as their surgical method. |
[ ] | 13 | A total of 12 cases were operated with uni-cortical fixation, while only 1 case was treated with a mixed uni- and bi-cortical fixation. The authors concluded that a uni-cortical fixation might be suitable in mWJ4 fractures. |
[ ] | 10 | All fractures were fixated by a PST construct utilizing 2 (in a few cases) or 3 (in most cases) screws, most commonly 6.5 mm cancellous. The entry points were medial and lateral to the tibial tuberosity without violating the tibial apophysis. |
[ ] | 5 | The authors used 4.5 mm cannulated screws and pointed out that while mWJ 1–3 could be treated with uni-cortical screws, mWJ4 fractures required greater stability, especially for the posterior component. For this reason, they used bi-cortical screws that engaged this component to form a construct regarded by them to be more effective. |
[ ] | review | The authors presented a review of tibial tuberosity fractures. In their review, they did not discuss the specifications of the screw trajectory but did provide an image that represented their concept of a proper screw position for fixating mWJ4 fractures. In that image, the posterior component was captured with a PST, with two fully threaded screws that were inserted through the tibial tuberosity midline. |
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Segal, D.; Dillenkofer, M.; Wall, E.J.; Tamai, J. Type 4 Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion Fractures: Surgical Treatment Early Outcomes and a Presentation of the Distal Cortical Fixation. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 5695. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195695
Segal D, Dillenkofer M, Wall EJ, Tamai J. Type 4 Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion Fractures: Surgical Treatment Early Outcomes and a Presentation of the Distal Cortical Fixation. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(19):5695. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195695
Segal, David, Michael Dillenkofer, Eric J. Wall, and Junichi Tamai. 2024. "Type 4 Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion Fractures: Surgical Treatment Early Outcomes and a Presentation of the Distal Cortical Fixation" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 19: 5695. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195695
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Presentation (medical) In medicine, a presentation is the appearance in a patient of illness or disease—or signs or symptoms thereof—before a medical professional. In practice, one usually speaks of a patient as presenting with this or that. Examples include:
presentation. (prĕz′ən-tā′shən, prē′zən-) n. Medicine. a. The position of the fetus in the uterus at birth with respect to the mouth of the uterus. b. A symptom or sign or a group of symptoms or signs that is evident during a medical examination: The patient's presentation was consistent with a viral illness. c.
Key elements of each presentation type are described below. Examples of how these would be applied to most situations are provided in italics. The formats are typical of presentations done for internal medicine services and clinics. Note that there is an acceptable range of how oral presentations can be delivered.
Slide 6. Here's an example of how each is used. The first word is cardiology. The word root is cardi (pronounced CARD-ee) which means heart. So our term cardiology means study of the heart. The second word example is tachycardia (pronounced tacky-CARD-ee-uh). The prefix is tachy (pronounced tacky), which means fast.
The oral presentation is a critically important skill for medical providers in communicating patient care wither other providers. It differs from a patient write-up in that it is shorter and more focused, providing what the listeners need to know rather than providing a comprehensive history that the write-up provides.
What do we mean by "relevance"? A clinical and rhetorical definition with implications for teaching and learning the case-presentation format. Academic Medicine. 74(10):S124-S127. ... The attending physician will ask the patient's permission to have the medical student present their case. After making the proper introductions the attending ...
The word root "tonsil" refers to the tonsils, an anatomical part of the body found in the throat. The suffix "-itis" refers to inflammation. Therefore, the definition of the medical term tonsillitis is "inflammation of the tonsils.". Combining vowel (CV) is typically the letter "o" that helps with pronunciation.
Medical terminology is the language of healthcare. It's the means for healthcare professionals to confer on the intricacies of the human body, both in states of health and states of injury or disease. As such, medical terminology comprises the lexicon of labels for all known anatomical features, physiological processes, and medical ...
Ultra-, indicating excessive or beyond. Medical prefixes concerning procedural or conditional behavior or characteristics include: Acu-, meaning sharp or severe. Chemo-, which represents chemical. Encephal/o-, which refers to the brain. Estro-, meaning female. Fibro-, which refers to fibers.
100-question medical terminology test review Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.
Abbreviations, acronyms, and medical terminology are used for many conditions, and for instructions on medication prescribed by your doctor. This is a shortlist of common abbreviations you may have seen on a doctor's notepad; a prescription drug package or bottle; lab or other test results; or in your doctor's notes.
Medical terminology is language that is used to describe anatomical structures, processes, conditions, medical procedures, and treatments. At first glance, medical terms may appear intimidating, but once you understand basic medical word structure and the definitions of some common word elements, the meaning of thousands of medical terms is easily unlocked.
more prefixes or suffixes. This handout will describe how word parts create meaning to provide a strategy for decoding medical terminology and unfamiliar words in the English language. Word Parts . If all three word parts are present in medical terminology, they will be in the order of prefix root word suffix.
Enlist cooperation required for patient care: A short presentation focusing on the impact your audience can have in addressing the patient's issues. Preparation: Patient evaluation: history, physical examination, review of tests, studies, procedures, and consultants' recommendations. Selected reading: reference texts; to build a ...
adjective. pre· sent· ing pri-ˈzent-iŋ. : of, relating to, or being a symptom, condition, or sign which is evident or disclosed by a patient on physical examination. may be the presenting sign of a severe systemic disease H. H. Roenigk, Jr.
Medical Dictionary. Search medical terms and abbreviations with the most up-to-date and comprehensive medical dictionary from the reference experts at Merriam-Webster. Master today's medical vocabulary. Become an informed health-care consumer!
Management of Land and Natural Resources (Social Science) Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science) Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science) AbstractThis chapter provides concise details of the clinical features, immediate management, key investigations, and further management of all of the comm.
0 shares Share0 Share +10 Tweet0 Pin0 Share0 About Medical PresentationsMedical presentations are fundamentally different from other presentation types. In fact, they are one of the toughest type of presentations to design.Medical slides have research facts, data charts, diagrams and illustrations that demand a totally different approach to design. You need a slide creation method […]
ESR. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (a type of blood test used to help diagnose conditions associated with inflammation) EUA. examination under anaesthetic. FBC. full blood count (a type of blood test) FOBT. faecal occult blood test (a test to check for blood traces in your poo) FIT.
PPT in Medical commonly refers to Pain Pressure Threshold, which is a measure used to assess the sensitivity to pain and the level of pressure that elicits a pain response in individuals. It is a crucial parameter in pain management and research. Explore categories such as Medical and Healthcare for more information. 8.
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS The following list contains some of the most common abbreviations found in medical records. Please note that in medical terminology, the capitalization of letters bears significance as to the meaning of certain terms, and is often used to distinguish terms with similar acronyms. @—at A & P—anatomy and ...
Background: The most published surgical technique for fixating Type 4 (Salter-Harris II) tibial tubercle avulsion fractures is uni-cortical in nature, and stability is suboptimal. This study presents a technique modification that is consistent with AO principles, by which the screws are aimed distally to purchase the posterior cortex of the distal fragment. This technique is defined as a ...