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Introduction to Medical Parasitology

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Parasites are organisms that feed at the expense of another organism over a long period of time. As a result of the specific way of life of parasites, a series of adaptations appear, which are reflected in the fact that some organs stunt or disappear, while others develop at their expense. The consequences of the presence of parasites on the host can vary from small changes in behaviour, through obvious pathological changes in the tissues, to death in some cases.

Parasitism is a form of symbiosis in which an organism (parasite) lives in or on another organism and benefits at the expense of the host. This host-parasite association may eventuate to the injury of the hosting organism. Parasites may be grouped in endo- and ectoparasites. Infections with endoparasites can cause systemic diseases with possible dermatological signs, whereas infestations with ectoparasites only cause cutaneous lesions. The burden of parasitoses often rests on communities in countries of hot climate zones, but parasitic infections and infestations are also on the rise in clinical practices in developed countries due to the increase of traveling individuals and migrating populations. The debilitating impact which a persistent itch of certain parasitosis may have must be taken into account when assessing these conditions. Ectoparasites can also be vectors of pathogens, as discussed in other chapters; in humans they are comprised of two major animal groups, parasitic ar...

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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY (An introduction)

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Medical Parasitology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• Medical Parasitology

Medical Parasitology Cheng Yanbin chengyb_at_mail.xjtu.edu.cn Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Introduction to Medical ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

• Cheng Yanbin
• chengyb_at_mail.xjtu.edu.cn
• Department of Parasitology,
• School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University
• Definition of Medical Parasitology
• Conceptions related to medical parasitology
• Relationships between parasite and host
• The basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases
• The preventive measures of parasitic diseases
• Parasites Parasitic diseases
• Parasite and type of parasites
• Host and common type of host
• Life cycle and type of life cycle
• ------The relationship beween two living things (animals). Two living things live together and involve protection or other advantages to one or both partner.
• Commensalism
• ------ Both partners are able to lead indepenent lives, but one may gain advantage from the association when they are together and least not damage to the other.
• ------ An association which is beneficial to both living things.
• ------ An association which is beneficial to one partner and harmful to the other partner. The former that is beneficial to is called parasite, the latter that is harmful to is called host.
• Human / Hookworm
• Parasite It is an animal that is dependent
• on another animal (host) for its
• Type of parasites
• Parasites Helminths Trematodes Endo-
• Arthropods ---------------- Ecto-
• ----A parasite which lives in or on the body of the host is called endoparasite (protozoa and heminthes) or ectoparasite (arthropods).
• Host An organism that harbors the parasite usually larger than the parasite.
• Intermediate host The host harboring the larvae or asexual stage of parasite.
• Final host The host harboring adult or sexual stage of parasite.
• Reservoir host Animals harboring the same species of parasites as man. Potential sources of human infection.
• Life cycle The whole process of parasite growing and developing.
• The direct life-cycle Only one host (no intermediate host).
• The indirect life cycle Life cycle with more than one host (intermediat host and final host).
• Parasites harbour in Host (animal or human)
• to response immune produce
• Effects of the parasites on the host
• Effects of the host on the parasites
• Depriving the host of essential substance
• Hookworm Suck blood Anemia
• Mechanical effects of parasites on the host
• Ascaris Perforate/Obstruction
• Toxic and allergy effect
• E.h Proteolytic enzyme Necrosis
• Parasite antigen Immune system
• e.g Anaphylaxix
• ----The host can produce certain degree resistance to parasites in human body or re-infection. The resistance (Immunity) is not very strong. In general, It dont wipe out parasites completely, but may limit the number of parasites and establish balance with parasites.
• Innate immunity
• Acquired immunity
• Barrier Prevent parasites to invade in certain degree. Skin/Mucous membrance/Placenta.
• Acid in skin or stomach can cause damage of the parasites.
• Phagocytosis of phagocyte.
• ----Non-specific/effective against a wide range of parasitic infection/controlled by genetical factors. But not very strong!
• Mechanism cellular and humoral immunity.
• Sterilizing immunity Wipe out the parasites completely, meanwhile get a long-term specific resistance to re-infection. Rare!
• Non-sterilizing immunity Wipe out most of the parasites, but not completely. Common! No parasite, no immunity!
• Parasitic diseases Infectious diseases Transmission
• The source of the infection
• The routes of transmission
• The susceptible host
• ----The combined effect of those factors determine the dipersibility and the prevalence of the parasites at a given time and place and regulate the incidence of the parasitic diseases in certain local population.
• Patient Persons who have parasites in their body and show clinical symptoms.
• Carrier Persons who have parasites in their body, not show symptoms.
• Reservoir host Animals that harbors the same species of parasites as man. Sometimes, the parasites in animals can transmit into human.
• Congenital transmission From mother to infant. Toxoplasmosis
• Contact transmission Direct contact---Trichomona s vaginalis Indirect contact---Ascaris lumbricodes
• Food transmission The infectious stage of parasites contaminated food / The meat of the intermediate hosts containing infectious stage of parasites.
• Water transmission Drink or contact the water contaminated the infectious stage of parasites.
• Soil transmission Contamintion of the soil by feces containing the certain stage of parasites and this stage can develop into stage.
• Arthropod transmission Vectors of certain parasitic diseases.
• ----In general, most people is the susceptible host (Why?). The parasite reaching a susceptible host must gain entrance and set up a favorable residence in order to complete its life cycle and cause the transmission of parasitic diseases.
• Digestive tract Most common avenue of entrance. (Food/ Water transmission)
• Skin Infective larvae perforate skin and reach to body and establish infection. (soil/ water transmission)
• Blood Bloodsucking insects containing infective parasites bite the skin and inject parasites into human blood. (Arthropod transmission---malaria).
• Controlling the source of the infection.
• ----Treatment of the patients, carriers and reservoir hosts.
• Intervention at the routes of transmission
• ----Managing feces and water resource,controlling or eliminating vectors and intermediate hosts.
• Protecting the susceptible hosts.
• ----Paying attention to personal hygiene, changing bad eating habit, taking medicine.

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