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- My Hero - Biography of Jose Rizal
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- José Rizal - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
- Who was José Rizal and what were his major contributions to Filipino history?
- What were José Rizal's most famous literary works and what themes did they explore?
- How did José Rizal's writings influence the Philippine independence movement?
- What were the key events that led to José Rizal's execution, and how did it impact the Filipino people?
- How is José Rizal remembered and honored in the Philippines today?
- What were José Rizal's views on education and social reform in the Philippines?
- How did José Rizal's travels in Europe influence his perspective on Filipino society?
- What was José Rizal's role in the formation of La Liga Filipina, and what were the organization's goals?
- How did José Rizal's family background shape his political and social views?
- How has José Rizal's legacy influenced modern Filipino literature and culture?
José Rizal (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila) was a patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.
The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid . A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country , though he never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892.
In 1887 Rizal published his first novel , Noli me tangere ( The Social Cancer ), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines . A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed ), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement , contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad , published in Barcelona . Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina , in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao . He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan , a Filipino nationalist secret society , revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “ Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
Jose Rizal Biography
Birthday: June 19 , 1861 ( Gemini )
Born In: Calamba, Laguna
Hailed as the greatest national hero of the Philippines, Jose Rizal was a man of strong convictions who sacrificed his life for the nationalist cause. During his time Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule and Rizal advocated for peaceful reforms in his home country. Rizal was not just a nationalist, he was a multifaceted personality who was a qualified doctor, writer, and an artist who could draw, paint, sculpt and carve. He was a prolific writer and poet who through his eloquent writings inspired the nationalists for peaceful reforms as well as armed conflicts where the need arose. Born into a family which valued education, he was encouraged to study well and gain knowledge about a variety of subjects. Even as a youngster he was known to harbor thoughts of political freedom and individual rights which were considered radical by the authorities who frowned upon him. A well traveled man, he became involved in the Propaganda Movement where he joined other Filipinos who wanted reforms. He also wrote about the dark aspects of Spanish rule in a book which was banned in Philippines. Even though he was a supporter of peaceful reforms, he was exiled from his home country, and later on convicted of sedition and sentenced to death. The execution of this young nationalist fuelled the Filipinos’ desire for independence further.
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Also Known As: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Died At Age: 35
Spouse/Ex-: Josephine Bracken
father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado de Alejandro
mother: Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda de Quintos
siblings: Concepción, José Protasio, Josefa, Lucia, Maria, Narcisa, Paciano Rizal, Saturina, Soledad, Trinidad
children: Francísco Rizal y Bracken
Born Country: Philippines
Revolutionaries Filipino Men
Died on: December 30 , 1896
place of death: Bagumbayan, Manila[
Cause of Death: Execution
Founder/Co-Founder: La Liga Filipina
education: University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Ateneo de Manila University, University of Paris, Complutense University of Madrid, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, University of Santo Tomas
awards: - FAMAS Awards for Best Story category for Gerardo de León's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere
You wanted to know
Why is jose rizal considered a national hero in the philippines.
Jose Rizal is considered a national hero in the Philippines because of his significant role in the country's fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule. He was a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution and used his writings to inspire and mobilize Filipinos to stand up against oppressive colonial forces.
What were Jose Rizal's major contributions to Philippine society and history?
Jose Rizal made major contributions to Philippine society and history through his literary works, which exposed the injustices and abuses of the Spanish colonial government. His novels, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," sparked nationalistic sentiments and paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
How did Jose Rizal's ideas and writings influence the Philippine Revolution?
Jose Rizal's ideas and writings greatly influenced the Philippine Revolution by awakening the national consciousness of Filipinos and inspiring them to fight for their rights and freedom. His works challenged the status quo and encouraged Filipinos to resist colonial oppression and work towards independence.
What was Jose Rizal's stance on education and reform in the Philippines?
Jose Rizal advocated for education and reform in the Philippines as a means to uplift the country and its people. He believed that education was key to national progress and emphasized the importance of critical thinking, civic responsibility, and cultural pride in shaping a better future for the nation.
How did Jose Rizal's martyrdom impact the course of Philippine history?
Jose Rizal's martyrdom, through his execution by the Spanish authorities, further fueled the flames of revolution in the Philippines. His death served as a rallying cry for Filipinos to continue the fight for independence and galvanized the movement towards nationhood and self-determination.
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Jose Rizal was a talented artist and was skilled in sculpting, painting, and sketching. He even used his artistic abilities to create political cartoons that criticized the Spanish colonial government.
Rizal was a polyglot, proficient in several languages, including Spanish, English, French, German, and Chinese. This linguistic talent allowed him to communicate with people from various backgrounds and cultures.
Rizal was an advocate for women's rights and believed in gender equality. He supported women's education and empowerment, and his writings reflected his progressive views on gender roles in society.
Rizal was an accomplished fencer and marksman. He excelled in these sports and even won various fencing competitions during his time in Europe.
See the events in life of Jose Rizal in Chronological Order
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Novels and other writing, program of reforms, exile and courtship, trial and execution.
- Ph.D., History, Boston University
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José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.
Fast Facts: José Rizal
- Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
- Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
- Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
- Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
- Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
- Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
- Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
- Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
- Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.
From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.
Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.
Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.
In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.
In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.
Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.
Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.
During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.
Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.
Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."
In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .
Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.
In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.
During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.
In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.
The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.
He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.
He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.
José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.
Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.
- de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
- Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
- Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
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| José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda | |
|---|---|
| A photo of José Rizal, National hero of the Philippines. | |
| Alternate name(s): | José Rizal |
| Date of birth: | June 19, 1861 |
| Place of birth: | Calamba, Laguna, |
| Date of death: | December 30 1896 (aged 35) |
| Place of death: | Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park), , |
| Major organizations: | La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina |
| Major monuments: | Rizal Park |
José P. Rizal (full name: José Prota [1] Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda ) (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino polymath , nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is considered the Philippines' national hero and the anniversary of Rizal's death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday called Rizal Day. Rizal's 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution.
The seventh of eleven children born to a wealthy family in the town of Calamba, Laguna (province), Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree sobresaliente. He enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas and then traveled alone to Madrid , Spain, where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg.
- 2 Education
- 4 Exile in Dapitan
- 5 Last days
- 6 Execution
- 7.1 'Retraction' controversy
- 7.2 "Mi último adiós"
- 7.3 Josephine Bracken
- 8 Criticism
- 11 References
- 12 External links
He was known as a hero, author, and an eye doctor. As a political figure, Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo . He was a proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. The general consensus among Rizal scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution.
José Rizal's parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandra II (1818-1898) and Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos (1827-1911), [2] were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (1850-1913), Paciano (1851-1930), Narcisa (1852-1939), Olympia (1855-1887), Lucia (1857-1919), Maria (1859-1945), José Protasio (1861-1896), Concepcion (1862-1865), Josefa (1865-1945), Trinidad (1868-1951) and Soledad (1870-1929).
Rizal was a sixth-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese: 柯仪南 ; pinyin : Ke Yinan ), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-seventeenth century. [2] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname "Mercado" ("market") to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. In 1849, Governor-General Narciso Claveria ordered all Filipino families to choose new surnames from a list of Spanish family names. José's father Francisco adopted the surname "Rizal" (originally Ricial , "the green of young growth" or "green fields"). [2] However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname "Mercado."
Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, José dropped the last three names that make up his full name, at the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal." Of this, Rizal wrote: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" [3] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with Filipino priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, José and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities. At age 8 (in 1869) he wrote his first poem Sa aking mga Kabata and had for its theme the love of one's native language. [4] Despite the name change, Jose, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El Filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he wrote to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name." [3] José became the focal point by which the family became known, at least from the point of view of colonial authorities.
Aside from indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). They gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, the father of Teodora. Austin Craig mentions Lakandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor.
Rizal first studied under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna. He was sent to Manila and enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters where he studied Philosophy and Letters. Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine , specializing in ophthalmology at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery but did not complete the program, claiming discrimination by the Spanish Dominican friars against the Filipino students. [4]
Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Europe, to Madrid in May 1882 to study medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. In Berlin he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famous pathologist, Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the anthropological society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg," which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West.
At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned Prof. Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented opthalmoscope (invented by the famous Professor Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: “I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends.” He lived in a Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhemsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of “Noli Me Tangere”
Rizal's multi-facetedness was described by his German friend, who was an ornithologist and anthropologist, Dr. Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous." [5] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and subjects. [6] [7] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor , painter , educator, farmer , historian , playwright, and journalist . Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in architecture , cartography , economics, ethnology , anthropology , sociology , dramatics, martial arts, fencing , and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason , joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in Spain, selecting Dimasalang as his symbolic name within the Craft. [8]
José Rizal's most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These writings angered both the Spaniards and the hispanicized Filipinos due to their insulting symbolism . They are highly critical of Spanish friars and the atrocities committed in the name of the Church. Rizal's first critic was Ferdinand Blumentritt, a Sudetan-German professor and historian whose first reaction was of misgiving. Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith . This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface of El Filibusterismo after he had translated Noli me Tangere into German. Noli was published in Berlin (1887) and Fili in Ghent (1891) with funds borrowed largely from Rizal's friends. As Blumentritt had warned, these led to Rizal's prosecution as the inciter of revolution and eventually, to a military trial and execution. The intended consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.
As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays , allegories, poems , and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. The core of his writings centered on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines were battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"–corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda: In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states:
Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and transitory. [9]
- That the Philippines be a province of Spain
- Representation in the Cortes
- Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars—Augustinians, Dominicans , and Franciscans—in parishes and remote sitios
- Freedom of assembly and speech
- Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)
The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms even though they were openly endorsed by Spanish intellectuals such as Morayta, Unamuno , Margall and others.
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor . At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novels .
Exile in Dapitan
Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture . Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial.
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Father Sanchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Father Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal expresses an ecumenical spirit more common today. [10]
We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra! …I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written…. No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork.' [9]
As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, "Mi Retiro," with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars. The poem, with its concept of a spontaneous creation and speaking of God as Plus Supra , is considered his accommodation of evolution.
...the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows, the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind timeless stories beneath the shroud of night. Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed, when thousands of beings surged out of nothing, and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted, to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted. [11]
His best friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout. [9] Despite the fact that he condemned the uprising, all the members of the Katipunan made him honorary president and used his name as a war-cry. From the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, this was enough to demonstrate his complicity in it.
Near the end of his exile he met and courted the stepdaughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth and was not known to be clearly against revolution. He nonetheless considered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy... [12]
By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the first proclamation of a democratic republic in Asia. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Blanco later was to present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.
Before he left Dapitan, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was arrested en route, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition , and conspiracy. During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death . Governor General Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Polavieja in his stead, sealing Rizal's fate.
In 1896 while Rizal was in prison in Fort Santiago, his brother Paciano was tortured by Spaniards trying to extract evidence of Jose's complicity in the revolution. Two officers took turns applying pins under Paciano's fingernails; with his hands bound behind him and raised several feet, he was dropped repeatedly until he lost consciousness.
His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it," referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes," in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. [6]
In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896." [9]
In his final letter, to the Sudeten-German professor Ferdinand Blumentritt - Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion... [9] He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When Blumentritt received it he broke down and wept.
According to tradition, moments before his execution by a firing squad of Filipino native infantry , backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take Rizal's pulse; it was normal. Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising '¡vivas!' with the partisan crowd. His last words were that of Jesus Christ: " consummatum est — it is done." [13] [7] Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day. Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard," "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish than those wretched men—forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what they did—those wretched men, who over his still warm body hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!' [14]
He was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with civil guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there being ever no ground burials there, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ."
A national monument
A monument, with his remains, now stands near the place where he fell, designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the famed William Tell sculpture. Interestingly, Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886. [15] The statue carries the inscription:
I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him. [9]
'Retraction' controversy
That his burial was not on holy ground led to issues raised on the veracity of accounts of his 'retraction,' which the Church ever since has been vigorously defending. Many continue to believe that Rizal neither married his sweetheart Josephine Bracken in Roman Catholic rites hours before his execution nor ever retracted those parts of his writings that were anti-Roman Catholic. [16] [17]
Those who deny the retraction point out to a revealing clue tucked in 'Adiós', I go where there are no slaves, no hangmen or oppressors, where faith does not kill... [18] Whether this stanza was his final comment on the Catholic Church is a subject of dispute. In most of his writings Rizal maintained that the men of the cloth were the real rulers and the real government. Much of the Church's case rests on claims of a signed retraction, a copy of which could not be produced and shown to the Rizal family despite their repeated requests. The retraction controversy was documented in a film Bayaning Third World by Mike de Leon.
"Mi último adiós"
The poem is more aptly titled, "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Country"). By virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words come from the first line of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under 'Mi último pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus, when the Jesuit Father Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he had written. His account was to elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adiós."
Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?" The American government, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not grant full autonomy until 1946—1950 years after Rizal's death.
Josephine Bracken
Josephine Bracken promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud, and helped operate a reloading jig for Mauser cartridges at the arsenal at Imus. The short-lived arsenal under the Revolutionary General Pantaleon Garcia had been reloading spent cartridges again and again and the reloading jig was in continuous use, but Imus was under threat of recapture that the operation had to move, with Josephine, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite. She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily, returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera. She died in Hong Kong in 1902, a pauper's death, buried in an unknown grave, and never knew how a line of verse had rendered her immortal. [19]
She bore a stillborn child with Rizal, who was buried in Dapitan, Mindanao. The child's birth is portrayed in the Marilou Diaz-Abaya film "Rizal."
Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen. Years after his return to Spain, while visiting Giron in Cataluña , circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.
Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic, have served to keep him a living issue. Rizal has remained a controversial figure. In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camelias.' The writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La Dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account in Viola's letter whether it was more than a one-night event and if it was more of a business transaction than an amorous affair. [20]
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet," said of him, "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair." [21] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, "Pure and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable." [22] In the same tenor, Rizal condemned the uprising when Bonifacio asked for his support. Bonifacio, in turn, openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. Bonifacio denounced him, at the same time, he mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Ft. Santiago [7] Rizal believed that an armed struggle for independence was premature and ill-conceived. Here Rizal is speaking through Father Florentino:
…our liberty will (not) be secured at the sword's point… we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn. [22]
Rizal never held a gun or sword in the battlefield to fight for freedom. This fact leads some to question his ranking as the nation's premier hero, with a few who believe in the beatification of Bonifacio in his stead. In his defense, the historian, Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the sword of Bonifacio produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement. [23]
Rizal was a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. [6] He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin , Greek , German, Portuguese, Italian, English, Dutch and Japanese. Rizal also made translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, and Sanskrit . He translated the poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun. [7]
Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he copied word for word from the British Museum and had published, called attention to an antiquated book, a testimony to the well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression,' and the Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement, the demoralization—'the indio should not be separated from his carabao', the endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracy —all these factors, according to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio "on a level with the beast." [24]
He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo . [25] These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the nucleus of literature that inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries against 333 years of Spanish rule.
Rizal's advocacy of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution makes him Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of political reforms. Forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi and contemporary of Tagore and Sun Yat Sen , all four created a new climate of thought throughout Asia, leading to the attrition of colonialism and the emergence of new Asiatic nations by the end of World War II . Rizal's appearance on the scene came at a time when European colonial power had been growing and spreading, mostly motivated by trade, some for the purpose of bringing Western forms of government and education to peoples regarded as backward. Coinciding with the appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed. He stated in his essay, "The Philippines: A Century Hence":
The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be generated. [26]
Such sentiment was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a forerunner in the cause of freedom . Jawaharlal Nehru , in his prison letters to his daughter Indira , acknowledged Rizal's significant contributions in the Asian freedom movement. These leaders regarded these contributions as keystones and acknowledged Rizal's role in the movement as foundation layer.
Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of Spain's early relations with his people. [24] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's atrocities giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
His biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building. [13] According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking. [27]
Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy. [28]
A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker, while in Wilhemsfeld, a smaller version of the Rizal Park with his bronze statue stands and the street where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer’s house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhemsfeld, stands.
The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal, and Act 346 authorizing a government subscription for the erection of a national monument in Rizal's honor. Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature that would include in all high school and college curricula a course in the study of his life, works and writings. The wide acceptance of Rizal is partly evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor. Monuments in his honor were erected in Toronto Canada, Madrid , Spain,> Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, Jinjiang, Fujian , China, Chicago , Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey, San Diego , [29] and Seattle , U.S.A., Reforma Avenue in Mexico City, Mexico, La Molina in Lima, Peru and many poetic titles were bestowed on him: "Pride of the Malay Race," "the First Filipino," "Greatest Man of the Brown Race," among others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a sublimation of Christ .
On June 19, 2008, a prominent bronze bust relief of Rizal, dubbed "the great Malayan," was unveiled by the President of Singapore Mr S.R. Nathan and the Philippine Department of Education Secretary Jesli Lapus at the Asian Civilisations Museum Green. The historic occasion was witnessed by Philippine Ambassador to Singapore Belen Fule-Anota, Chairman Ambeth Ocampo of the National Historical Institute, Singapore Ambassador-At-Large Prof. Tommy Koh and Mr Michael Koh, Chief Executive Officer of the National Heritage Board Singapore. Also present were members of the diplomatic corps, Singapore government officials and members of the Filipino community in Singapore. The two-sided marker bears a picture of a painting of Rizal by Fabian de la Rosa on one side. The other side was a bronze relief of Rizal by Philippine national artist Guillermo Tolentino, fabricated by Peter de Guzman. This artwork serves to mark the visits (1882, 1887, 1891,1896) of Rizal to Singapore
Peruvians on November 22, 2008 erected a monument in the Rizal Park at La Molina district, Lima , Peru , to honor Rizal. A bronze bust, designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, is mounted atop a pedestal base where 4 inaugural plaque markers with the inscription on one marker: “Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Héroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political, Escritor, Linguistica y Poeta, 1861-1896.”
- ↑ Prota, not Protacio. Prota is a version of San Protasio (Saint Protasius/Protase). The name Protasio was used later on his school registration.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cielito G. Reyno, National Rizal’s Paternal Lineage National Historical Commission of the Phillipines , September 18, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vicente Rafael, Foreignness and Vengeance: On Rizal's "El Filibusterismo" UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies (2002). Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Teofilo H. Montemayor, Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ The Many-Sided Personality joserizal.ph . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot (Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (original 1913), ISBN 1419130587 ).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila: Community Publishers, 1936).
- ↑ Fred Lamar Pearson, Jr., Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Teodoro Kalaw (ed.), Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal, (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930-1938).
- ↑ Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996, ISBN 9715501230 ).
- ↑ Mi Retiro , stanzas 7 and 8.
- ↑ Mi Ultimo Adios , stanza 14.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (London: Oxford University Press, 1968).
- ↑ Wenceslao Emilio Retana, Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal (Nabu Press, 2010 (original 1907), ISBN 978-1149130803 ).
- ↑ Rizal in Berlin, Germany Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ Jesus Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal (Manila: 1956).
- ↑ Ricardo Roque Pascual, Jose Rizal Beyond the Grave (Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962).
- ↑ Mi Ultimo Adiós , stanza 13.
- ↑ Ambeth Ocampo, Rizal without the Overcoat (Manila: Anvil Publishing Co., 2008, ISBN 9789712700439 ).
- ↑ Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" The Centenary of the Rizal Monument . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jose Rizal, El Filibusterismo, translated by Soledad Lacson-Locsin (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007, ISBN 0824831322 ).
- ↑ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall, 1949), 367.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 José Rizal, The Indolence of the Filipino (Hard Press, 2006, ISBN 1406928593 ).
- ↑ His signature book Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial rebellion. Noli me Tangere, translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996, ISBN 9715691889 ).
- ↑ José Rizal, Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años Project Gutenberg Retrieved December 9, 2023.
- ↑ Benedict Anderson, Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the anti colonial imagination (London: Verso Publication, 2005, ISBN 1844670376 ).
- ↑ Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Obituary for Dr. Jose Rizal in 1897 . Retrieved December 9, 2023.(in English)
- ↑ Michael C. Burgess, Dr. Rizal's story is a lesson to us all byronik.com . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
References ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Anderson, Benedict. Under Three Flags: anarchism and the anti colonial imagination. London: Verso Publication, 2005. ISBN 1844670376
- Bonoan, Raul J., S.J. The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence: The hitherto unpublished letters of Jose Rizal and portions of Fr. Pablo Pastells's fourth letter and translation of … background and theological critique. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994/1996. ISBN 9715501230
- Cavanna, Jesus. Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal. Manila, 1983.
- Coates, Austin. Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr . London: Oxford University Press, 1968. ASIN B0006CY030
- Craig, Austin. Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot . Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (original 1913). ISBN 1419130587
- Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum: 1977.
- Kalaw, Teodoro (ed.). Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930-1938.
- Laubach, Frank. Rizal: Man and Martyr. Manila: Community Publishers, 1936.
- Medina, Elizabeth. Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a Revolution. Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia, 1998. ISBN 9567483094
- Ocampo, Ambeth R. Meaning and History: The Rizal Lectures. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9789712711503
- Ocampo, Ambeth R. Calendar of Rizaliana in the vault of the National Library. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1993. ISBN 9789712702945
- Ocampo, Ambeth R. Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1992. ISBN 9789712702747
- Ocampo, Ambeth R. Rizal without the overcoat. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9789712700439
- Palma, Raphael. Pride of the Malay Race. New York: Prentice Hall, 1949. reprinted in 1966 as The pride of the Malay Race: A Biography of JoseÌ Rizal.
- Quirino, Carlos. The Great Malayan. Makati City: Tahanan Books, 1997. ISBN 9716300859
- Retana, Wenceslao Emilio. Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal . Nabu Press, 2010 (original 1907). ISBN 978-1149130803
- Rizal, Jose. El Filibusterismo: Subversion: A Sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Soledad Lacson-Locsin, translator. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. ISBN 0824831322 . in English.
- Rizal, Jose. The Indolence of the Filipino. Hard Press, 2006. ISBN 1406928593 . in English
- Rizal, Jose. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not). Soledad Locsin, translator. Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996. ISBN 9715691889
- Rizal, Jose. The Social Cancer. reprint. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1419182838
- Roque Pascual, Ricardo. Jose Rizal Beyond the Grave: A vindication of the martyr of Bagumbayan. (1935) Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962. (in English)
- Roque Pascual, Ricardo. The philosophy of Rizal. Manila: P.B. Ayuda, 1st edition. 1962. (in English)
- Zaide, Gregorio F. Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore, 2003. ISBN 9710805207
External links
All links retrieved December 8, 2023.
- Works by José Rizal . Project Gutenberg
- Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal by Fred Lamar Pearson, Jr.
- Caiñgat Cayo! original image scans of the pamphlet written in 1889.
- Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet
- José Mercado Rizal Catholic Encyclopedia .
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José Rizal was a physician, writer, and leader of the Philippine reform movement against Spanish colonial rule. He wrote novels exposing the evils of Spanish rule, such as Noli me tangere and El filibusterismo, and was executed in 1896.
Jose Rizal was a Filipino patriot, physician, and writer who exposed the Spanish colonial rule in his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. He was executed by firing squad in 1896 after a trial for rebellion, sedition, and forming an illegal association.
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José Rizal in ₱2 note. José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm held by the Dominicans.Both their families had adopted the additional surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849 ...
Learn about the eight most important literary works by Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. Find out what he wrote during his time at UST, his poems, novels, and letters that exposed the Spanish colonial abuses and inspired the Filipino revolution.
This biography summarizes Jose Rizal's early life and education. Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to a wealthy family. He had a happy childhood and was educated at home by private tutors before attending Ateneo de Manila University from 1872-1877. At Ateneo, Rizal excelled academically in all subjects. He continued developing his skills in writing, art, and languages. The biography ...
Jose Rizal_a Complete Biography - Free ebook download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. 1) Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. He came from a wealthy family that owned large agricultural lands. 2) Rizal was born into a closely-knit family that valued education.