( : Барнау́л IPA: bərnɐˈul] and of , , located at the of the and in the . As of the , its population was 630,877, making it the and the fourth-largest in the .
Located in the south of on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy family, who intended to develop the production of and , which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.
Barnaul is the of the krai. Within the , it is, together with the of and twenty-four , incorporated as the of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the . As a , the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as .
Barnaul is located in the zone of the , on the left bank of the , at its confluence with the .
The is 345 km (210 mi) to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the . The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian and the .
.The area around the city has been inhabited by , and , for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for and various .
While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724. It was granted city status in 1771. Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy family. The Demidovs wanted to develop the in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest riot in Russia during . There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.
Mary 'Marie' 'Maria' Stepanovna Zudilova Tatuloff Zacharenko Gurdin (1908–1998) was reputedly born in this city. She later became the mother of American actresses and . Her father Stepan was reputedly killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Mary and her siblings as refugees to . Mary married Alexander Tatuloff there in 1925, and they had a daughter Olga together. Mary eventually immigrated to the United States, where she divorced Alexander in 1936 and later married Nicholas Zacharenko, from Ussuriysk, and had two daughters with him.
Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.
In 2012, when residents of Barnaul were denied a permit for a street protest, they ingeniously circumvented the restriction by staging a demonstration with toys such as teddy bears, Lego figures, and toy soldiers holding signs denouncing electoral corruption. The photos of these rebellious figurines quickly spread across Russia, prompting others to replicate the protest. Faced with an awkward dilemma, Putin's government decided to ban the toy protests, asserting that toys, not being Russian citizens, were ineligible to participate in public gatherings, as explained by a government official.
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:
Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|
492,285 | 95.9% | |
2,701 | 0.5% | |
2,644 | 0.5% | |
1,759 | 0.3% | |
1,668 | 0.3% | |
Other Ethnicities | 12,398 | 2.4% |
Year | ||
---|---|---|
1897 | 21,073 | — |
1926 | 73,206 | +247.4% |
1939 | 148,162 | +102.4% |
1959 | 305,046 | +105.9% |
1970 | 439,134 | +44.0% |
1979 | 533,263 | +21.4% |
1989 | 601,811 | +12.9% |
2002 | 600,749 | −0.2% |
2010 | 612,401 | +1.9% |
2021 | 630,877 | +3.0% |
Source: Russian Census |
Barnaul is an important industrial centre of Western Siberia . There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear. [22] The Barnaul Cartridge Plant , a major manufacturer of small-arms ammunition, is located in the city.
Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines. [23]
Barnaul has public transport of Buses, Minibuses, Trolleybuses, Trams and Taxies. Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.
Barnaul International Airport is located 16 kilometres West of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.
The humid continental climate of Barnaul ( Köppen Dfb ) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian forest steppe : it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 mm (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.
Climate data for Barnaul (1991–2020, extremes 1838–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 32.3 (90.1) | 37.4 (99.3) | 38.5 (101.3) | 37.9 (100.2) | 38.3 (100.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 27.4 (81.3) | 16.6 (61.9) | 7.2 (45.0) | 38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) | −7.8 (18.0) | 0.2 (32.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 20.2 (68.4) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.3 (79.3) | 24.5 (76.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 9.6 (49.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | −8.8 (16.2) | 8.7 (47.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.2 (2.8) | −13.6 (7.5) | −5.7 (21.7) | 5.0 (41.0) | 12.9 (55.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 17.6 (63.7) | 11.0 (51.8) | 4.0 (39.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | −13.1 (8.4) | 2.8 (37.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −20.7 (−5.3) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −10.9 (12.4) | −0.3 (31.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.8 (53.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | −0.2 (31.6) | −9.9 (14.2) | −17.6 (0.3) | −2.4 (27.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −48.2 (−54.8) | −46.1 (−51.0) | −38.9 (−38.0) | −27.6 (−17.7) | −8.8 (16.2) | −1.2 (29.8) | 2.9 (37.2) | 0.0 (32.0) | −7.8 (18.0) | −27.0 (−16.6) | −42.8 (−45.0) | −43.9 (−47.0) | −48.2 (−54.8) |
Average mm (inches) | 23 (0.9) | 18 (0.7) | 19 (0.7) | 28 (1.1) | 41 (1.6) | 54 (2.1) | 72 (2.8) | 45 (1.8) | 36 (1.4) | 35 (1.4) | 40 (1.6) | 32 (1.3) | 443 (17.4) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 38 (15) | 47 (19) | 45 (18) | 6 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 8 (3.1) | 23 (9.1) | 47 (19) |
Average rainy days | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 118 |
Average snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 122 |
Average (%) | 78 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 55 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 71 |
Mean monthly | 77 | 112 | 178 | 218 | 272 | 315 | 320 | 265 | 199 | 109 | 75 | 64 | 2,204 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990) |
Barnaul is twinned with: [27] [28]
Biysk is a city in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Biya River not far from its confluence with the Katun River. It is the second largest city of the krai. Population: 183,852 (2021 Census) ; 210,115 (2010 Census) ; 218,562 (2002 Census) ; 233,238 (1989 Soviet census) .
Romanovsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:
Troitsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:
Rubtsovsk is a city in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Aley River 281 kilometers (175 mi) southwest of Barnaul. Population: 147,002 (2010 Census) ; 163,063 (2002 Census) ; 171,792 (1989 Soviet census) ; 167,000 (1975); 111,000 (1959); 75,334 (1939).
Novoaltaysk is a town in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Ob River, in the lower reaches of its right tributary the Chesnokovka, 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) across from Barnaul, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 70,437 (2010 Census) ; 60,015 (2002 Census) ; 53,642 (1989 Soviet census) ; 51,000 (1974); 9,000 (1939).
Aleysk is a town in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Aley River, 120 kilometers (75 mi) southwest of Barnaul. Population: 29,510 (2010 Census) ; 28,551 (2002 Census) ; 30,309 (1989 Soviet census) ; 32,000 (1968).
Gornyak is a town and the administrative center of Loktevsky District of Altai Krai, Russia, located 360 kilometers (220 mi) southwest of Barnaul, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 13,918 (2010 Census) ; 15,779 (2002 Census) ; 15,833 (1989 Soviet census) . It was previously known as Zolotukha . It lies adjacent to the Kazakhstan–Russia border.
Industrialny City District is the name of several city divisions in Russia. The name literally means " industrial ".
Altaysky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai. The area of the district is 3,400 square kilometers (1,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Altayskoye. Population: 25,645 (2010 Census) ; 26,984 (2002 Census) ; 26,287 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Altayskoye accounts for 53.5% of the district's total population.
Blagoveshchensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the west of the krai. The area of the district is 3,700 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Blagoveshchenka. Population: 30,783 (2010 Census) ; 34,878 (2002 Census) ; 44,849 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Blagoveshchenka accounts for 37.8% of the district's total population.
Bystroistoksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern central part of the krai. The area of the district is 1,924 square kilometers (743 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Bystry Istok. Population: 10,150 (2010 Census) ; 12,484 (2002 Census) ; 13,618 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Bystry Istok accounts for 38.0% of the district's total population.
Pavlovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the north of the krai. The area of the district is 2,230 square kilometers (860 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Pavlovsk. Population: 40,235 (2010 Census) ; 41,495 (2002 Census) ; 38,458 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Pavlovsk accounts for 36.1% of the district's total population.
Pervomaysky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the krai. The area of the district is 3,616 square kilometers (1,396 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Novoaltaysk. Population: 50,100 (2010 Census) ; 47,467 (2002 Census) ; 45,484 (1989 Soviet census) .
Togulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 2,000 square kilometers (770 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Togul. Population: 8,478 (2010 Census) ; 10,450 (2002 Census) ; 11,431 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Togul accounts for 51.3% of the district's total population.
Ust-Kalmansky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the center of the krai. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ust-Kalmanka. Population: 15,365 (2010 Census) ; 18,470 (2002 Census) ; 20,144 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Ust-Kalmanka accounts for 41.5% of the district's total population.
Bayevo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Bayevsky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 4,707 (2010 Census) ; 5,175 (2002 Census) ; 5,556 (1989 Soviet census) .. The population estimate as of 2016 was 4,188
Volchikha is a rural locality and the administrative center of Volchikhinsky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 10,396 (2010 Census) ; 11,301 (2002 Census) ; 10,420 (1989 Soviet census) .
Soloneshnoye is a rural locality and the administrative center of Soloneshensky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 4,441 (2010 Census) ; 4,753 (2002 Census) ; 4,623 (1989 Soviet census) .
Verkh-Suyetka is a rural locality and the administrative center of Suyetsky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 2,224 (2010 Census) ; 2,666 (2002 Census) ;
Khabary is a rural locality and the administrative center of Khabarsky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 5,552 (2010 Census) ; 5,942 (2002 Census) ; 5,843 (1989 Soviet census) . As of 2016, population was 5,141 in 2016.
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